PREFIX dblp: <https://dblp.org/rdf/schema#>
SELECT DISTINCT ?author ?authorName ?affiliation WHERE {
  <https://dblp.org/rec/journals/nar/KanzAABBBBBCCDEFGDHKLLLMMNSSSTTVWZA05> dblp:authoredBy ?author .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?author dblp:creatorName ?authorName
  }
  .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?author dblp:primaryAffiliation ?affiliation
  }
  .
}

Got 32 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| author                                                   | authorName              | affiliation |
| -------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------- | ----------- |
| Katerina Tzouvara (<https://dblp.org/pid/00/5490>)       | Katerina Tzouvara       |             |
| Tamara Kulikova (<https://dblp.org/pid/02/2806>)         | Tamara Kulikova         |             |
| Matias Castro (<https://dblp.org/pid/02/3693>)           | Matias Castro           |             |
| Michelle McHale (<https://dblp.org/pid/06/3076>)         | Michelle McHale         |             |
| Alexandra van den Broek (<https://dblp.org/pid/18/3578>) | Alexandra van den Broek |             |
| ...                                                      | ...                     | ...         |
| Alastair Baldwin (<https://dblp.org/pid/66/1198>)        | Alastair Baldwin        |             |
| Federico Garcia Diez (<https://dblp.org/pid/71/6957>)    | Federico Garcia Diez    |             |
| Vincent Lombard (<https://dblp.org/pid/76/5226>)         | Vincent Lombard         |             |
| Nicola Harte (<https://dblp.org/pid/80/1086>)            | Nicola Harte            |             |
| Rolf Apweiler (<https://dblp.org/pid/87/4317>)           | Rolf Apweiler           |             |

The authors of the paper 'The EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database' (2005) include Katerina Tzouvara, Tamara Kulikova, Matias Castro, Michelle McHale, Alexandra van den Broek, Alastair Baldwin, Federico Garcia Diez, Vincent Lombard, Nicola Harte, and Rolf Apweiler among others. However, the affiliations of these authors are not available in the dblp knowledge graph for this publication.

Who are the authors of the paper 'The EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database' and what are their affiliations?

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
dblp at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/dblp with notes:
1. Use dblp:authoredBy to link publications to authors. The inverse (author -> pubs) is not via dblp:author; queries with dblp:author typically return no results.
2. Publication year is dblp:yearOfPublication (xsd:gYear). Avoid dblp:year. For last N years use YEAR(NOW()) in FILTER; use >= for inclusive bounds. Don’t assume current year in prose. MIN/MAX work on gYear; avoid unnecessary casts.
3. Venue is dblp:publishedIn (string like short name) and/or dblp:publishedInStream (entity IRI for series/journal/conference). For simple venue text, use dblp:publishedIn.
4. To list an author’s publications: SELECT ?pub WHERE { ?pub dblp:authoredBy <authorIRI> }. Then OPTIONAL get dblp:title, dblp:publishedIn, dblp:yearOfPublication.
5. For yes/no authorship checks, use ASK with dblp:authoredBy, e.g., ASK { <pubIRI> dblp:authoredBy <authorIRI> }.
6. Titles are via dblp:title on publication entities. rdfs:label often exists but is less reliable for titles; prefer dblp:title.
7. If dblp:authoredBy on a pub yields a disambiguation author node (e.g., “… (disambiguation)”), treat it as the author IRI to use in joins; it still identifies the creator.
8. Use dblp:createdBy as an alternative to dblp:authoredBy when authoredBy is missing; both link pubs to creators. Prefer authoredBy for authorship semantics.
9. When filtering by venue names, dblp:publishedIn is a short string (e.g., ‘WSC’, ‘ICALT’, ‘Gov. Inf. Q.’). Avoid FILTER on ?pub IRI strings; filter on dblp:publishedIn value.
10. Avoid rdf:type for pubs; rely on authoredBy/title/publishedIn/yearOfPublication. When counting, use COUNT(DISTINCT ?pub). For average per year, take AVG over yearly counts (subquery GROUP BY year); don’t divide by year-span.
11. Avoid using foaf:name/rdfs:label on creators for joins. Creators expose dblp:creatorName/primaryCreatorName and dblp:primaryAffiliation (string). Prefer joins on IRIs; fetch names/affiliations separately. Use SELECT DISTINCT ?author to dedup.
12. When a SELECT returns no rows unexpectedly, check schema via search_property/search_property_of_entity or list the entity. Many failures stem from using wrong props (dblp:author vs dblp:authoredBy).
13. Negations: avoid tautological NOT EXISTS. Prefer ASK { positive pattern } and invert in prose. For “also published in V?”, test other pubs by same authors and exclude the given pub via FILTER(?other != <pubIRI>) together with dblp:publishedIn 'V'.
14. Avoid text search on titles with CONTAINS/LCASE for exact identification; prefer search_entity to get the record IRI, then query structured triples. After search_entity, verify exact title via dblp:title; don’t pick a “closest match” blindly.
15. Be careful with complex ASK + FILTER combinations; QLever may error (CartesianProductJoin assertion). Simplify logic or split into separate queries to avoid engine bugs.
16. For number of authors, prefer dblp:numberOfCreators when available; otherwise COUNT(DISTINCT ?a) over dblp:authoredBy.

General notes for all knowledge graphs:
1. Normalize NL negations to a clear existential query. Prefer ASK { positive pattern }. For negated questions, evaluate the positive fact and invert only in prose. Avoid tautological or heavy NOT EXISTS patterns that can be slow or misleading.
2. For relative time windows (“last N years”), always use YEAR(NOW()) in SPARQL and align inclusive/exclusive bounds with the question phrasing. Do not hardcode current year in answers; base the conclusion strictly on query results.

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
bibtex: <http://purl.org/net/nknouf/ns/bibtex#
cito: <http://purl.org/spar/cito/
datacite: <http://purl.org/spar/datacite/
dblp: <https://dblp.org/rdf/schema#
dblps: <https://dblp.org/rdf/schema-2020-07-01#
literal: <http://purl.org/spar/literal/
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
schema: <http://schema.org/
terms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geosparql: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Search for the entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Execute intermediate queries to get feedback and to verify your assumptions. You may need to refine or rethink your current plan based on the query results and go back to step 2 if needed, possibly multiple times.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not just use or make up entity or property identifiers without verifying their existence in the knowledge graphs first.
3. Always execute your final SPARQL query before giving an answer to make sure it returns the expected results.
4. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
5. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
6. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
7. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
8. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] Who are the authors of the paper 'The EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database' and what are their affiliations?

[Assistant]
To answer the question, I need to find the publication with the title "The EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database" in the dblp knowledge graph. Then I will retrieve the authors of this publication along with their affiliations.

Step 1: Search for the publication entity with the exact title "The EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database".

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Carola Kanz et al.: The EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database. (2005) (<https://dblp.org/rec/journals/nar/KanzAABBBBBCCDEFGDHKLLLMMNSSSTTVWZA05>)
2. Tamara Kulikova et al.: The EMBL...eotide Sequence Database. (2004) (<https://dblp.org/rec/journals/nar/KulikovaAABBBBCDEFGHKLLLLMMNSSSTTVWZA04>)
3. Guenter Stoesser et al.: The EMB...eotide Sequence Database. (2002) (<https://dblp.org/rec/journals/nar/StoesserBBCGKKLLLLRSTTV03>)
4. Guenter Stoesser et al.: The EMB...eotide sequence database. (2001) (<https://dblp.org/rec/journals/nar/StoesserBBCGKKLLPRSST01>)
5. Wendy Baker et al.: The EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database. (2000) (<https://dblp.org/rec/journals/nar/BakerBCHSST00>)
6. Guenter Stoesser et al.: The EMB...eotide sequence database. (1998) (<https://dblp.org/rec/journals/nar/StoesserMSMGS98>)
7. Guenter Stoesser et al.: The EMB...eotide Sequence Database. (1997) (<https://dblp.org/rec/journals/nar/StoesserSTSC97>)
8. Guenter Stoesser et al.: The EMB...eotide Sequence Database. (1999) (<https://dblp.org/rec/journals/nar/StoesserTLS99>)
9. Guenter Stoesser et al.: The EMB...: major new developments. (2003) (<https://dblp.org/rec/journals/nar/StoesserBBGKKLLLLMNSTTV03>)
10. Tamara Kulikova et al.: EMBL Nuc...equence Database in 2006. (2007) (<https://dblp.org/rec/journals/nar/KulikovaAAAABBBBBCCDEFHKLLLLLLMMNPPSSVWZA07>)

[Assistant]
I found multiple publications with the title "The EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database" or similar. The first result is from 2005 with the IRI <https://dblp.org/rec/journals/nar/KanzAABBBBBCCDEFGDHKLLLMMNSSSTTVWZA05>. I will use this publication to retrieve the authors and their affiliations.

Step 2: Retrieve the authors and their affiliations for the publication <https://dblp.org/rec/journals/nar/KanzAABBBBBCCDEFGDHKLLLMMNSSSTTVWZA05>.

[Tool]
Got 32 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| author                                                   | authorName              | affiliation |
| -------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------- | ----------- |
| Katerina Tzouvara (<https://dblp.org/pid/00/5490>)       | Katerina Tzouvara       |             |
| Tamara Kulikova (<https://dblp.org/pid/02/2806>)         | Tamara Kulikova         |             |
| Matias Castro (<https://dblp.org/pid/02/3693>)           | Matias Castro           |             |
| Michelle McHale (<https://dblp.org/pid/06/3076>)         | Michelle McHale         |             |
| Alexandra van den Broek (<https://dblp.org/pid/18/3578>) | Alexandra van den Broek |             |
| ...                                                      | ...                     | ...         |
| Alastair Baldwin (<https://dblp.org/pid/66/1198>)        | Alastair Baldwin        |             |
| Federico Garcia Diez (<https://dblp.org/pid/71/6957>)    | Federico Garcia Diez    |             |
| Vincent Lombard (<https://dblp.org/pid/76/5226>)         | Vincent Lombard         |             |
| Nicola Harte (<https://dblp.org/pid/80/1086>)            | Nicola Harte            |             |
| Rolf Apweiler (<https://dblp.org/pid/87/4317>)           | Rolf Apweiler           |             |

[Tool] Stopped generation process


PREFIX dblp: <https://dblp.org/rdf/schema#>
SELECT ?author ?firstYear WHERE {
  ?pub dblp:authoredBy ?author ; dblp:yearOfPublication ?year .
  FILTER ( ?author IN ( <https://dblp.org/pid/10/1143> , <https://dblp.org/pid/193/8345> , <https://dblp.org/pid/227/4261> , <https://dblp.org/pid/270/5520> ) )
}
GROUP BY ?author ( MIN( ?year ) AS ?firstYear )

The first papers of the authors of 'Enable data privacy, dynamics, and batch in public auditing scheme for cloud storage system' were published in the following years: Zheng Li in 1994, Yilin Yuan in 2017, Jianbiao Zhang in 2018, and Wanshan Xu in 2018.

Find the year in which the first papers of the authors of 'Enable data privacy, dynamics, and batch in public auditing scheme for cloud storage system' were published.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
dblp at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/dblp with notes:
1. Use dblp:authoredBy to link publications to authors. The inverse (author -> pubs) is not via dblp:author; queries with dblp:author typically return no results.
2. Publication year is dblp:yearOfPublication (xsd:gYear). Avoid dblp:year. For last N years use YEAR(NOW()) in FILTER; use >= for inclusive bounds. Don’t assume current year in prose. MIN/MAX work on gYear; avoid unnecessary casts.
3. Venue is dblp:publishedIn (string like short name) and/or dblp:publishedInStream (entity IRI for series/journal/conference). For simple venue text, use dblp:publishedIn.
4. To list an author’s publications: SELECT ?pub WHERE { ?pub dblp:authoredBy <authorIRI> }. Then OPTIONAL get dblp:title, dblp:publishedIn, dblp:yearOfPublication.
5. For yes/no authorship checks, use ASK with dblp:authoredBy, e.g., ASK { <pubIRI> dblp:authoredBy <authorIRI> }.
6. Titles are via dblp:title on publication entities. rdfs:label often exists but is less reliable for titles; prefer dblp:title.
7. If dblp:authoredBy on a pub yields a disambiguation author node (e.g., “… (disambiguation)”), treat it as the author IRI to use in joins; it still identifies the creator.
8. Use dblp:createdBy as an alternative to dblp:authoredBy when authoredBy is missing; both link pubs to creators. Prefer authoredBy for authorship semantics.
9. When filtering by venue names, dblp:publishedIn is a short string (e.g., ‘WSC’, ‘ICALT’, ‘Gov. Inf. Q.’). Avoid FILTER on ?pub IRI strings; filter on dblp:publishedIn value.
10. Avoid rdf:type for pubs; rely on authoredBy/title/publishedIn/yearOfPublication. When counting, use COUNT(DISTINCT ?pub). For average per year, take AVG over yearly counts (subquery GROUP BY year); don’t divide by year-span.
11. Avoid using foaf:name/rdfs:label on creators for joins. Creators expose dblp:creatorName/primaryCreatorName and dblp:primaryAffiliation (string). Prefer joins on IRIs; fetch names/affiliations separately. Use SELECT DISTINCT ?author to dedup.
12. When a SELECT returns no rows unexpectedly, check schema via search_property/search_property_of_entity or list the entity. Many failures stem from using wrong props (dblp:author vs dblp:authoredBy).
13. Negations: avoid tautological NOT EXISTS. Prefer ASK { positive pattern } and invert in prose. For “also published in V?”, test other pubs by same authors and exclude the given pub via FILTER(?other != <pubIRI>) together with dblp:publishedIn 'V'.
14. Avoid text search on titles with CONTAINS/LCASE for exact identification; prefer search_entity to get the record IRI, then query structured triples. After search_entity, verify exact title via dblp:title; don’t pick a “closest match” blindly.
15. Be careful with complex ASK + FILTER combinations; QLever may error (CartesianProductJoin assertion). Simplify logic or split into separate queries to avoid engine bugs.
16. For number of authors, prefer dblp:numberOfCreators when available; otherwise COUNT(DISTINCT ?a) over dblp:authoredBy.

General notes for all knowledge graphs:
1. Normalize NL negations to a clear existential query. Prefer ASK { positive pattern }. For negated questions, evaluate the positive fact and invert only in prose. Avoid tautological or heavy NOT EXISTS patterns that can be slow or misleading.
2. For relative time windows (“last N years”), always use YEAR(NOW()) in SPARQL and align inclusive/exclusive bounds with the question phrasing. Do not hardcode current year in answers; base the conclusion strictly on query results.

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
bibtex: <http://purl.org/net/nknouf/ns/bibtex#
cito: <http://purl.org/spar/cito/
datacite: <http://purl.org/spar/datacite/
dblp: <https://dblp.org/rdf/schema#
dblps: <https://dblp.org/rdf/schema-2020-07-01#
literal: <http://purl.org/spar/literal/
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
schema: <http://schema.org/
terms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geosparql: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Search for the entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Execute intermediate queries to get feedback and to verify your assumptions. You may need to refine or rethink your current plan based on the query results and go back to step 2 if needed, possibly multiple times.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not just use or make up entity or property identifiers without verifying their existence in the knowledge graphs first.
3. Always execute your final SPARQL query before giving an answer to make sure it returns the expected results.
4. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
5. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
6. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
7. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
8. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] Find the year in which the first papers of the authors of 'Enable data privacy, dynamics, and batch in public auditing scheme for cloud storage system' were published.

[Assistant]
To answer this question, I need to follow these steps:

1. Identify the publication entity for the paper titled "Enable data privacy, dynamics, and batch in public auditing scheme for cloud storage system" in the dblp knowledge graph.
2. Retrieve the authors of this publication.
3. For each author, find the earliest year of publication among their papers.
4. Return the years corresponding to the first papers of each author.

I will start by searching for the publication entity using the exact title.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Yilin Yuan et al.: Enable data p...for cloud storage system. (2022) (<https://dblp.org/rec/journals/concurrency/YuanZXL22>)
2. T. Subha and S. Jayashri: Public...urity in Cloud Computing. (2017) (<https://dblp.org/rec/journals/jise/SubhaJ17>)
3. S. Anbuchelian et al.: Efficient...ng data storage in cloud. (2019) (<https://dblp.org/rec/journals/cluster/AnbuchelianSR19>)
4. Xia'nan Zhao and Dongsheng Wang:... in Mobile Cloud Storage. (2022) (<https://dblp.org/rec/conf/ieeesec/ZhaoW22>)
5. Hemalata A. Gosavi and Manish R....urity in Cloud Computing. (2014) (<https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/GosaviU14>)
6. Guangyang Yang et al.: Enabling ...privacy and traceability. (2016) (<https://dblp.org/rec/journals/jss/YangYSSFH16>)
7. Xiaojun Zhang et al.: Conditiona...or Cloud Storage Systems. (2022) (<https://dblp.org/rec/journals/tnsm/ZhangWGXT22>)
8. Hongyu Liu et al.: Insecurity of...e for Cloud Data Storage. (2015) (<https://dblp.org/rec/journals/jucs/LiuCDP15>)
9. Syam Kumar Pasupuleti: Privacy-P...n Exact Regenerated Code. (2019) (<https://dblp.org/rec/journals/ijcac/Pasupuleti19>)
10. Vasudev Chakka et al.: Efficient...gnature in Cloud Storage. (2023) (<https://dblp.org/rec/conf/IEEEants/ChakkaPSABPP23>)

[Assistant] I found the publication entity for the paper titled "Enable data privacy, dynamics, and batch in public auditing scheme for cloud storage system" with the IRI <https://dblp.org/rec/journals/concurrency/YuanZXL22>. Next, I will retrieve the authors of this publication.

[Tool]
Got 4 rows and 1 column:
| author                                                     |
| ---------------------------------------------------------- |
| Zheng Li (disambiguation) (<https://dblp.org/pid/10/1143>) |
| Yilin Yuan (<https://dblp.org/pid/193/8345>)               |
| Jianbiao Zhang (<https://dblp.org/pid/227/4261>)           |
| Wanshan Xu (<https://dblp.org/pid/270/5520>)               |

[Assistant] The authors of the paper are Zheng Li, Yilin Yuan, Jianbiao Zhang, and Wanshan Xu. Now, I will find the earliest year of publication for each of these authors.

[Tool]
Got 4 rows and 2 columns:
| author                                                     | firstYear        |
| ---------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------- |
| Zheng Li (disambiguation) (<https://dblp.org/pid/10/1143>) | 1994 (xsd:gYear) |
| Yilin Yuan (<https://dblp.org/pid/193/8345>)               | 2017 (xsd:gYear) |
| Jianbiao Zhang (<https://dblp.org/pid/227/4261>)           | 2018 (xsd:gYear) |
| Wanshan Xu (<https://dblp.org/pid/270/5520>)               | 2018 (xsd:gYear) |

[Tool] Stopped generation process


PREFIX dblp: <https://dblp.org/rdf/schema#>
SELECT ?pub ?title ?venue WHERE {
  ?pub dblp:authoredBy <https://dblp.org/pid/71/2077> .
  ?pub dblp:title ?title .
  ?pub dblp:publishedIn ?venue .
  FILTER ( LCASE( ?venue ) = "frontiers robotics ai" )
}

Chu K. Loo published the following publication in Frontiers Robotics AI:
- "An Odometry-Free Approach for Simultaneous Localization and Online Hybrid Map Building" (2016)

What publications did Chu K. Loo publish in Frontiers Robotics AI?

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
dblp at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/dblp with notes:
1. Use dblp:authoredBy to link publications to authors. The inverse (author -> pubs) is not via dblp:author; queries with dblp:author typically return no results.
2. Publication year is dblp:yearOfPublication (xsd:gYear). Avoid dblp:year. For last N years use YEAR(NOW()) in FILTER; use >= for inclusive bounds. Don’t assume current year in prose. MIN/MAX work on gYear; avoid unnecessary casts.
3. Venue is dblp:publishedIn (string like short name) and/or dblp:publishedInStream (entity IRI for series/journal/conference). For simple venue text, use dblp:publishedIn.
4. To list an author’s publications: SELECT ?pub WHERE { ?pub dblp:authoredBy <authorIRI> }. Then OPTIONAL get dblp:title, dblp:publishedIn, dblp:yearOfPublication.
5. For yes/no authorship checks, use ASK with dblp:authoredBy, e.g., ASK { <pubIRI> dblp:authoredBy <authorIRI> }.
6. Titles are via dblp:title on publication entities. rdfs:label often exists but is less reliable for titles; prefer dblp:title.
7. If dblp:authoredBy on a pub yields a disambiguation author node (e.g., “… (disambiguation)”), treat it as the author IRI to use in joins; it still identifies the creator.
8. Use dblp:createdBy as an alternative to dblp:authoredBy when authoredBy is missing; both link pubs to creators. Prefer authoredBy for authorship semantics.
9. When filtering by venue names, dblp:publishedIn is a short string (e.g., ‘WSC’, ‘ICALT’, ‘Gov. Inf. Q.’). Avoid FILTER on ?pub IRI strings; filter on dblp:publishedIn value.
10. Avoid rdf:type for pubs; rely on authoredBy/title/publishedIn/yearOfPublication. When counting, use COUNT(DISTINCT ?pub). For average per year, take AVG over yearly counts (subquery GROUP BY year); don’t divide by year-span.
11. Avoid using foaf:name/rdfs:label on creators for joins. Creators expose dblp:creatorName/primaryCreatorName and dblp:primaryAffiliation (string). Prefer joins on IRIs; fetch names/affiliations separately. Use SELECT DISTINCT ?author to dedup.
12. When a SELECT returns no rows unexpectedly, check schema via search_property/search_property_of_entity or list the entity. Many failures stem from using wrong props (dblp:author vs dblp:authoredBy).
13. Negations: avoid tautological NOT EXISTS. Prefer ASK { positive pattern } and invert in prose. For “also published in V?”, test other pubs by same authors and exclude the given pub via FILTER(?other != <pubIRI>) together with dblp:publishedIn 'V'.
14. Avoid text search on titles with CONTAINS/LCASE for exact identification; prefer search_entity to get the record IRI, then query structured triples. After search_entity, verify exact title via dblp:title; don’t pick a “closest match” blindly.
15. Be careful with complex ASK + FILTER combinations; QLever may error (CartesianProductJoin assertion). Simplify logic or split into separate queries to avoid engine bugs.
16. For number of authors, prefer dblp:numberOfCreators when available; otherwise COUNT(DISTINCT ?a) over dblp:authoredBy.

General notes for all knowledge graphs:
1. Normalize NL negations to a clear existential query. Prefer ASK { positive pattern }. For negated questions, evaluate the positive fact and invert only in prose. Avoid tautological or heavy NOT EXISTS patterns that can be slow or misleading.
2. For relative time windows (“last N years”), always use YEAR(NOW()) in SPARQL and align inclusive/exclusive bounds with the question phrasing. Do not hardcode current year in answers; base the conclusion strictly on query results.

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
bibtex: <http://purl.org/net/nknouf/ns/bibtex#
cito: <http://purl.org/spar/cito/
datacite: <http://purl.org/spar/datacite/
dblp: <https://dblp.org/rdf/schema#
dblps: <https://dblp.org/rdf/schema-2020-07-01#
literal: <http://purl.org/spar/literal/
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
schema: <http://schema.org/
terms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geosparql: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Search for the entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Execute intermediate queries to get feedback and to verify your assumptions. You may need to refine or rethink your current plan based on the query results and go back to step 2 if needed, possibly multiple times.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not just use or make up entity or property identifiers without verifying their existence in the knowledge graphs first.
3. Always execute your final SPARQL query before giving an answer to make sure it returns the expected results.
4. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
5. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
6. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
7. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
8. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] What publications did Chu K. Loo publish in Frontiers Robotics AI?

[Assistant]
To answer the question about the publications by Chu K. Loo in the venue "Frontiers Robotics AI," I will follow these steps:

1. Search for the entity representing the author "Chu K. Loo" in the dblp knowledge graph to get the author's IRI.
2. Query the publications authored by this author.
3. Filter the publications to those published in the venue "Frontiers Robotics AI."
4. Retrieve the titles and possibly other relevant information of these publications.

I will start by searching for the author entity of "Chu K. Loo."

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Chu Kiong Loo, also known as Chu Kiong Loo (<https://dblp.org/pid/71/2077>)
2. Chu Kong Loo, also known as Chu Kong Loo (<https://dblp.org/pid/237/3777>)
3. Loo Chu Kiong, also known as Loo Chu Kiong (<https://dblp.org/pid/287/3190>)
4. K. K. Loo, also known as K. K. Loo (<https://dblp.org/pid/29/5211>)
5. K. Chu, also known as K. Chu (<https://dblp.org/pid/340/0128>)
6. Colleen K. Loo, also known as Colleen K. Loo (<https://dblp.org/pid/152/0446>)
7. Kuo-Chung Chu, also known as Kuo-Chung Chu (<https://dblp.org/pid/61/415>)
8. Kang-Ching Chu, also known as Kang-Ching Chu (<https://dblp.org/pid/89/10318>)
9. Wenkung K. Chu, also known as Wenkung K. Chu (<https://dblp.org/pid/04/5378>)
10. Hoang K. Chu, also known as Hoang K. Chu (<https://dblp.org/pid/263/9428>)

[Assistant] I found several entities related to the name "Chu K. Loo." The most relevant one appears to be "Chu Kiong Loo" with the IRI <https://dblp.org/pid/71/2077>. I will use this author IRI to find publications authored by this person and filter those published in "Frontiers Robotics AI."

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 3 columns:
| pub                                                                                | title                                                               | venue                 |
| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------- |
| Wei Hong Chin et al.: An Odometr...line Hybrid Map Building. (2016) (<https://dblp.org/rec/journals/firai/ChinLTK16>) | An Odometry-Free Approach for Si... and Online Hybrid Map Building. | Frontiers Robotics AI |

[Tool] Stopped generation process


PREFIX dblp: <https://dblp.org/rdf/schema#>
PREFIX xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>
SELECT ?title WHERE {
  ?pub dblp:yearOfPublication "2003" ^^ xsd:gYear .
  ?pub dblp:publishedIn "HiPC" .
  ?pub dblp:title ?title .
  FILTER ( CONTAINS( LCASE( ?title ) , "overlay multicast" ) )
}

Got 1 row and 1 column:
| title                                                       |
| ----------------------------------------------------------- |
| POMA: Prioritized Overlay Multicast in Ad Hoc Environments. |

The title of the research paper on Overlay multicast published in the International Conference on High Performance Computing (HiPC) in the year 2003 is "POMA: Prioritized Overlay Multicast in Ad Hoc Environments."

What are the titles of the research papers on Overlay multicast that were published in International Conference on High Performance Computing in the year 2003?

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
dblp at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/dblp with notes:
1. Use dblp:authoredBy to link publications to authors. The inverse (author -> pubs) is not via dblp:author; queries with dblp:author typically return no results.
2. Publication year is dblp:yearOfPublication (xsd:gYear). Avoid dblp:year. For last N years use YEAR(NOW()) in FILTER; use >= for inclusive bounds. Don’t assume current year in prose. MIN/MAX work on gYear; avoid unnecessary casts.
3. Venue is dblp:publishedIn (string like short name) and/or dblp:publishedInStream (entity IRI for series/journal/conference). For simple venue text, use dblp:publishedIn.
4. To list an author’s publications: SELECT ?pub WHERE { ?pub dblp:authoredBy <authorIRI> }. Then OPTIONAL get dblp:title, dblp:publishedIn, dblp:yearOfPublication.
5. For yes/no authorship checks, use ASK with dblp:authoredBy, e.g., ASK { <pubIRI> dblp:authoredBy <authorIRI> }.
6. Titles are via dblp:title on publication entities. rdfs:label often exists but is less reliable for titles; prefer dblp:title.
7. If dblp:authoredBy on a pub yields a disambiguation author node (e.g., “… (disambiguation)”), treat it as the author IRI to use in joins; it still identifies the creator.
8. Use dblp:createdBy as an alternative to dblp:authoredBy when authoredBy is missing; both link pubs to creators. Prefer authoredBy for authorship semantics.
9. When filtering by venue names, dblp:publishedIn is a short string (e.g., ‘WSC’, ‘ICALT’, ‘Gov. Inf. Q.’). Avoid FILTER on ?pub IRI strings; filter on dblp:publishedIn value.
10. Avoid rdf:type for pubs; rely on authoredBy/title/publishedIn/yearOfPublication. When counting, use COUNT(DISTINCT ?pub). For average per year, take AVG over yearly counts (subquery GROUP BY year); don’t divide by year-span.
11. Avoid using foaf:name/rdfs:label on creators for joins. Creators expose dblp:creatorName/primaryCreatorName and dblp:primaryAffiliation (string). Prefer joins on IRIs; fetch names/affiliations separately. Use SELECT DISTINCT ?author to dedup.
12. When a SELECT returns no rows unexpectedly, check schema via search_property/search_property_of_entity or list the entity. Many failures stem from using wrong props (dblp:author vs dblp:authoredBy).
13. Negations: avoid tautological NOT EXISTS. Prefer ASK { positive pattern } and invert in prose. For “also published in V?”, test other pubs by same authors and exclude the given pub via FILTER(?other != <pubIRI>) together with dblp:publishedIn 'V'.
14. Avoid text search on titles with CONTAINS/LCASE for exact identification; prefer search_entity to get the record IRI, then query structured triples. After search_entity, verify exact title via dblp:title; don’t pick a “closest match” blindly.
15. Be careful with complex ASK + FILTER combinations; QLever may error (CartesianProductJoin assertion). Simplify logic or split into separate queries to avoid engine bugs.
16. For number of authors, prefer dblp:numberOfCreators when available; otherwise COUNT(DISTINCT ?a) over dblp:authoredBy.

General notes for all knowledge graphs:
1. Normalize NL negations to a clear existential query. Prefer ASK { positive pattern }. For negated questions, evaluate the positive fact and invert only in prose. Avoid tautological or heavy NOT EXISTS patterns that can be slow or misleading.
2. For relative time windows (“last N years”), always use YEAR(NOW()) in SPARQL and align inclusive/exclusive bounds with the question phrasing. Do not hardcode current year in answers; base the conclusion strictly on query results.

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
bibtex: <http://purl.org/net/nknouf/ns/bibtex#
cito: <http://purl.org/spar/cito/
datacite: <http://purl.org/spar/datacite/
dblp: <https://dblp.org/rdf/schema#
dblps: <https://dblp.org/rdf/schema-2020-07-01#
literal: <http://purl.org/spar/literal/
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
schema: <http://schema.org/
terms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geosparql: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Search for the entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Execute intermediate queries to get feedback and to verify your assumptions. You may need to refine or rethink your current plan based on the query results and go back to step 2 if needed, possibly multiple times.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not just use or make up entity or property identifiers without verifying their existence in the knowledge graphs first.
3. Always execute your final SPARQL query before giving an answer to make sure it returns the expected results.
4. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
5. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
6. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
7. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
8. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] What are the titles of the research papers on Overlay multicast that were published in International Conference on High Performance Computing in the year 2003?

[Assistant]
To answer this question, I need to find research papers that satisfy the following conditions:
1. The paper's title or topic is related to "Overlay multicast".
2. The paper was published in the "International Conference on High Performance Computing".
3. The paper was published in the year 2003.

Step 1: I will search for the exact or close match of the venue name "International Conference on High Performance Computing" in the dblp knowledge graph to find the exact string used for the venue or its IRI.

Step 2: I will search for publications published in 2003 in that venue.

Step 3: I will filter those publications to find those related to "Overlay multicast". Since the knowledge graph does not support full text search on titles, I will try to find publications with titles containing "Overlay multicast" or closely related terms.

I will start with Step 1 and search for the venue "International Conference on High Performance Computing".

[Tool]
No entity items found

No other items found

Top 10 literal alternatives:
1. International Conference on Internet Computing
2. High Performance Computing on Vector Systems
3. International Conference on Internet Computing (1)
4. High Performance Computing Workshop
5. International Conference on Supercomputing
6. High Performance Computing for Imaging
7. High Performance Computing Workshop (1)
8. High Performance Computing Workshop (2)
9. International Conference on Computational Intelligence
10. International Conference on Computational Science

[Assistant]
The exact venue name "International Conference on High Performance Computing" does not appear as a distinct entity or literal in the dblp knowledge graph. However, there are related venue names with parts of the phrase, such as "High Performance Computing Workshop" or "International Conference on Supercomputing," but none exactly match.

I will try a broader approach: I will search for publications from the year 2003 that have "High Performance Computing" in the venue name (dblp:publishedIn) as a substring, and then filter those with titles related to "Overlay multicast."

I will now write a query to find publications published in 2003 with "High Performance Computing" in the venue name.

[Tool] Got no rows and 3 columns

[Assistant] No publications were found in 2003 with "High Performance Computing" in the venue name. I will try to search for publications with "Overlay multicast" in the title published in 2003, and then check their venues to see if any match the conference in question. This might help identify the exact venue name used in dblp.

[Tool]
Got 13 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| pub                                                                                | title                                                               | venue                                          |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------- |
| Dennis M. Moen and J. Mark Pulle...-Based Overlay Multicast. (2003) (<https://dblp.org/rec/conf/dsrt/MoenP03>)           | Enabling Real-Time Distributed V...ng Host-Based Overlay Multicast. | DS-RT                                          |
| Ki-Il Kim et al.: Robust and cos...n mobile ad hoc networks. (2003) (<https://dblp.org/rec/conf/globecom/KimMBSK03>)     | Robust and cost-efficient group ...icast in mobile ad hoc networks. | GLOBECOM                                       |
| Abhishek P. Patil et al.: POMA: ...t in Ad Hoc Environments. (2003) (<https://dblp.org/rec/conf/hipc/PatilLNXE03>)       | POMA: Prioritized Overlay Multicast in Ad Hoc Environments.         | HiPC                                           |
| Baijian Yang et al.: A Tree Buil...ting in DiffServ Domains. (2003) (<https://dblp.org/rec/conf/ic/YangENM03>)           | A Tree Building Technique for Ov...ulticasting in DiffServ Domains. | International Conference on Internet Computing |
| Zhi Li and Prasant Mohapatra: Ho...ay multicasting protocol. (2003) (<https://dblp.org/rec/conf/icc/LiM03>)              | HostCast: a new overlay multicasting protocol.                      | ICC                                            |
| ...                                                                                | ...                                                                 | ...                                            |
| Sungyean Cho and Myong-Soon Park...sm for overlay multicast. (2003) (<https://dblp.org/rec/conf/IEEEcca/ChoP03>)         | FJM: fast join mechanism for overlay multicast.                     | CCA                                            |
| Suman Banerjee et al.: Construct...r Real-time Applications. (2003) (<https://dblp.org/rec/conf/infocom/BanerjeeKKBK03>) | Construction of an Efficient Ove...ture for Real-time Applications. | INFOCOM                                        |
| Kien A. Hua et al.: Overlay Mult...n Demand on the Internet. (2003) (<https://dblp.org/rec/conf/sac/HuaTV03>)            | Overlay Multicast for Video On Demand on the Internet.              | SAC                                            |
| Konstantin Andreev et al.: Desig...t networks for streaming. (2003) (<https://dblp.org/rec/conf/spaa/AndreevMMS03>)      | Designing overlay multicast networks for streaming.                 | SPAA                                           |
| Chao Gui and Prasant Mohapatra: ...r mobile ad hoc networks. (2003) (<https://dblp.org/rec/conf/wcnc/GuiM03>)            | Efficient overlay multicast for mobile ad hoc networks.             | WCNC                                           |

[Assistant]
I found several publications from 2003 with titles related to "Overlay multicast," but none of them were published in a venue named exactly "International Conference on High Performance Computing." One paper is published in "HiPC," which is a common abbreviation for the International Conference on High Performance Computing.

I will now check if "HiPC" stands for "International Conference on High Performance Computing" by searching for the full name or abbreviation "HiPC" in the dblp knowledge graph.

[Tool]
No entity items found

No other items found

Top 10 literal alternatives:
1. HiPC
2. HIPC
3. HiPC Workshops
4. HiPCNA-PG@SC
5. HiPCW
6. HIPCW

[Assistant]
The venue "HiPC" appears as a literal string in dblp:publishedIn, which is a common abbreviation for the International Conference on High Performance Computing.

I will now write a query to get the titles of research papers published in 2003 in the venue "HiPC" with titles containing "Overlay multicast".

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| title                                                       |
| ----------------------------------------------------------- |
| POMA: Prioritized Overlay Multicast in Ad Hoc Environments. |

[Tool] Stopped generation process


PREFIX dblp: <https://dblp.org/rdf/schema#>
SELECT ?pub WHERE {
  ?pub dblp:authoredBy <https://dblp.org/pid/60/161> .
  ?pub dblp:authoredBy <https://dblp.org/pid/77/10786> .
}
LIMIT 1

Yes, there is at least one paper co-authored by P. H. Guzzi and Marianna Milano.

Was a paper not not co-authored by P. H. Guzzi and Marianna Milano?

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
dblp at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/dblp with notes:
1. Use dblp:authoredBy to link publications to authors. The inverse (author -> pubs) is not via dblp:author; queries with dblp:author typically return no results.
2. Publication year is dblp:yearOfPublication (xsd:gYear). Avoid dblp:year. For last N years use YEAR(NOW()) in FILTER; use >= for inclusive bounds. Don’t assume current year in prose. MIN/MAX work on gYear; avoid unnecessary casts.
3. Venue is dblp:publishedIn (string like short name) and/or dblp:publishedInStream (entity IRI for series/journal/conference). For simple venue text, use dblp:publishedIn.
4. To list an author’s publications: SELECT ?pub WHERE { ?pub dblp:authoredBy <authorIRI> }. Then OPTIONAL get dblp:title, dblp:publishedIn, dblp:yearOfPublication.
5. For yes/no authorship checks, use ASK with dblp:authoredBy, e.g., ASK { <pubIRI> dblp:authoredBy <authorIRI> }.
6. Titles are via dblp:title on publication entities. rdfs:label often exists but is less reliable for titles; prefer dblp:title.
7. If dblp:authoredBy on a pub yields a disambiguation author node (e.g., “… (disambiguation)”), treat it as the author IRI to use in joins; it still identifies the creator.
8. Use dblp:createdBy as an alternative to dblp:authoredBy when authoredBy is missing; both link pubs to creators. Prefer authoredBy for authorship semantics.
9. When filtering by venue names, dblp:publishedIn is a short string (e.g., ‘WSC’, ‘ICALT’, ‘Gov. Inf. Q.’). Avoid FILTER on ?pub IRI strings; filter on dblp:publishedIn value.
10. Avoid rdf:type for pubs; rely on authoredBy/title/publishedIn/yearOfPublication. When counting, use COUNT(DISTINCT ?pub). For average per year, take AVG over yearly counts (subquery GROUP BY year); don’t divide by year-span.
11. Avoid using foaf:name/rdfs:label on creators for joins. Creators expose dblp:creatorName/primaryCreatorName and dblp:primaryAffiliation (string). Prefer joins on IRIs; fetch names/affiliations separately. Use SELECT DISTINCT ?author to dedup.
12. When a SELECT returns no rows unexpectedly, check schema via search_property/search_property_of_entity or list the entity. Many failures stem from using wrong props (dblp:author vs dblp:authoredBy).
13. Negations: avoid tautological NOT EXISTS. Prefer ASK { positive pattern } and invert in prose. For “also published in V?”, test other pubs by same authors and exclude the given pub via FILTER(?other != <pubIRI>) together with dblp:publishedIn 'V'.
14. Avoid text search on titles with CONTAINS/LCASE for exact identification; prefer search_entity to get the record IRI, then query structured triples. After search_entity, verify exact title via dblp:title; don’t pick a “closest match” blindly.
15. Be careful with complex ASK + FILTER combinations; QLever may error (CartesianProductJoin assertion). Simplify logic or split into separate queries to avoid engine bugs.
16. For number of authors, prefer dblp:numberOfCreators when available; otherwise COUNT(DISTINCT ?a) over dblp:authoredBy.

General notes for all knowledge graphs:
1. Normalize NL negations to a clear existential query. Prefer ASK { positive pattern }. For negated questions, evaluate the positive fact and invert only in prose. Avoid tautological or heavy NOT EXISTS patterns that can be slow or misleading.
2. For relative time windows (“last N years”), always use YEAR(NOW()) in SPARQL and align inclusive/exclusive bounds with the question phrasing. Do not hardcode current year in answers; base the conclusion strictly on query results.

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
bibtex: <http://purl.org/net/nknouf/ns/bibtex#
cito: <http://purl.org/spar/cito/
datacite: <http://purl.org/spar/datacite/
dblp: <https://dblp.org/rdf/schema#
dblps: <https://dblp.org/rdf/schema-2020-07-01#
literal: <http://purl.org/spar/literal/
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
schema: <http://schema.org/
terms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geosparql: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Search for the entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Execute intermediate queries to get feedback and to verify your assumptions. You may need to refine or rethink your current plan based on the query results and go back to step 2 if needed, possibly multiple times.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not just use or make up entity or property identifiers without verifying their existence in the knowledge graphs first.
3. Always execute your final SPARQL query before giving an answer to make sure it returns the expected results.
4. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
5. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
6. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
7. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
8. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] Was a paper not not co-authored by P. H. Guzzi and Marianna Milano?

[Assistant]
The user question is a negated question: "Was a paper not not co-authored by P. H. Guzzi and Marianna Milano?" which simplifies to "Was there a paper co-authored by P. H. Guzzi and Marianna Milano?"

Step 1: Identify the authors P. H. Guzzi and Marianna Milano in the dblp knowledge graph.

Step 2: Find publications co-authored by both authors.

Step 3: If there exists at least one such publication, the answer is "Yes," otherwise "No."

I will first search for the author entities for "P. H. Guzzi" and "Marianna Milano" in dblp.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Pietro H. Guzzi, also known as Pietro H. Guzzi (<https://dblp.org/pid/60/161>)
2. Pietro H. Guzzi: Ontology-Based Annotation Methods. (2019) (<https://dblp.org/rec/reference/bioinf/Guzzi19d>)
3. Pietro H. Guzzi: Ontology in Bioinformatics. (2019) (<https://dblp.org/rec/reference/bioinf/Guzzi19c>)
4. Pietro H. Guzzi: Functional Enrichment Analysis Methods. (2019) (<https://dblp.org/rec/reference/bioinf/Guzzi19e>)
5. Pietro H. Guzzi: Computing Langu...r Bioinformatics: Python. (2019) (<https://dblp.org/rec/reference/bioinf/Guzzi19a>)
6. Pietro H. Guzzi: Computing Langu...for Bioinformatics: Java. (2019) (<https://dblp.org/rec/reference/bioinf/Guzzi19b>)
7. Pietro Hiram Guzzi et al.: coreS...ssing of Microarray Data. (2014) (<https://dblp.org/rec/journals/tc/GuzziAC14>)
8. Pietro Hiram Guzzi and Mario Can...fymetrix Microarray Data. (2010) (<https://dblp.org/rec/conf/europar/GuzziC10>)
9. Pietro Hiram Guzzi: Algorithms f...nces: Multiple Alignment. (2019) (<https://dblp.org/rec/reference/bioinf/Guzzi19>)
10. Marco Mina and Pietro Hiram Guzz...lysis of Proteomics Data. (2013) (<https://dblp.org/rec/conf/sebd/MinaG13>)

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Marianna Milano, also known as Marianna Milano (<https://dblp.org/pid/77/10786>)
2. Marianna Milano: Gene Prioritization Tools. (2019) (<https://dblp.org/rec/reference/bioinf/Milano19b>)
3. Marianna Milano: Computing Languages for Bioinformatics: R. (2019) (<https://dblp.org/rec/reference/bioinf/Milano19>)
4. Mae Milano, also known as Mae Milano (<https://dblp.org/pid/321/0647>)
5. Michela Milano, also known as Michela Milano (<https://dblp.org/pid/m/MichelaMilano>)
6. Federico Milano 0001, also known as Federico Milano (<https://dblp.org/pid/36/8014>)
7. Francesco Milano 0002, also known as Francesco Milano (<https://dblp.org/pid/198/7396-2>)
8. Francesco Milano 0001, also known as Francesco Milano (<https://dblp.org/pid/198/7396-1>)
9. Marianna Bolognesi, also known as Marianna Bolognesi (<https://dblp.org/pid/227/0290>)
10. Marianna Obrist, also known as Marianna Obrist (<https://dblp.org/pid/63/3913>)

[Assistant]
I found the author entities for the two authors:
- P. H. Guzzi: <https://dblp.org/pid/60/161>
- Marianna Milano: <https://dblp.org/pid/77/10786>

Next, I will check if there exists any publication co-authored by both these authors.

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| pub                                                                                |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| Giuseppe Agapito et al.: Efficie...human phenotype ontology. (2015) (<https://dblp.org/rec/conf/bcb/AgapitoMGC15>) |

[Tool] Stopped generation process


PREFIX dblp: <https://dblp.org/rdf/schema#>
SELECT ?author ?authorName ?affiliation WHERE {
  <https://dblp.org/rec/conf/sitis/LittleMOS11> dblp:authoredBy ?author .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?author dblp:creatorName ?authorName
  }
  .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?author dblp:primaryAffiliation ?affiliation
  }
  .
}

Got 6 rows and 3 columns:
| author                                                  | authorName              | affiliation                            |
| ------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------- | -------------------------------------- |
| Peter Scott (<https://dblp.org/pid/02/3102>)            | Peter Scott             |                                        |
| Suzanne Little (<https://dblp.org/pid/11/2423>)         | Suzanne Little          |                                        |
| Suzanne Little (<https://dblp.org/pid/11/2423>)         | Suzanne Lyttle          |                                        |
| Alexandra Okada (<https://dblp.org/pid/35/9982>)        | Ale Okada               | The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK |
| Alexandra Okada (<https://dblp.org/pid/35/9982>)        | Alexandra Okada         | The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK |
| Alexander Mikroyannidis (<https://dblp.org/pid/74/115>) | Alexander Mikroyannidis | The Open University                    |

The authors of 'Formal Metadata and Shared Experiences for Discovering Tools to Adapt Open Educational Resources' and their affiliations are:
- Peter Scott (no affiliation listed)
- Suzanne Little (no affiliation listed)
- Alexandra Okada, affiliated with The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
- Alexander Mikroyannidis, affiliated with The Open University

List the authors of 'Formal Metadata and Shared Experiences for Discovering Tools to Adapt Open Educational Resources' and their affiliations.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
dblp at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/dblp with notes:
1. Use dblp:authoredBy to link publications to authors. The inverse (author -> pubs) is not via dblp:author; queries with dblp:author typically return no results.
2. Publication year is dblp:yearOfPublication (xsd:gYear). Avoid dblp:year. For last N years use YEAR(NOW()) in FILTER; use >= for inclusive bounds. Don’t assume current year in prose. MIN/MAX work on gYear; avoid unnecessary casts.
3. Venue is dblp:publishedIn (string like short name) and/or dblp:publishedInStream (entity IRI for series/journal/conference). For simple venue text, use dblp:publishedIn.
4. To list an author’s publications: SELECT ?pub WHERE { ?pub dblp:authoredBy <authorIRI> }. Then OPTIONAL get dblp:title, dblp:publishedIn, dblp:yearOfPublication.
5. For yes/no authorship checks, use ASK with dblp:authoredBy, e.g., ASK { <pubIRI> dblp:authoredBy <authorIRI> }.
6. Titles are via dblp:title on publication entities. rdfs:label often exists but is less reliable for titles; prefer dblp:title.
7. If dblp:authoredBy on a pub yields a disambiguation author node (e.g., “… (disambiguation)”), treat it as the author IRI to use in joins; it still identifies the creator.
8. Use dblp:createdBy as an alternative to dblp:authoredBy when authoredBy is missing; both link pubs to creators. Prefer authoredBy for authorship semantics.
9. When filtering by venue names, dblp:publishedIn is a short string (e.g., ‘WSC’, ‘ICALT’, ‘Gov. Inf. Q.’). Avoid FILTER on ?pub IRI strings; filter on dblp:publishedIn value.
10. Avoid rdf:type for pubs; rely on authoredBy/title/publishedIn/yearOfPublication. When counting, use COUNT(DISTINCT ?pub). For average per year, take AVG over yearly counts (subquery GROUP BY year); don’t divide by year-span.
11. Avoid using foaf:name/rdfs:label on creators for joins. Creators expose dblp:creatorName/primaryCreatorName and dblp:primaryAffiliation (string). Prefer joins on IRIs; fetch names/affiliations separately. Use SELECT DISTINCT ?author to dedup.
12. When a SELECT returns no rows unexpectedly, check schema via search_property/search_property_of_entity or list the entity. Many failures stem from using wrong props (dblp:author vs dblp:authoredBy).
13. Negations: avoid tautological NOT EXISTS. Prefer ASK { positive pattern } and invert in prose. For “also published in V?”, test other pubs by same authors and exclude the given pub via FILTER(?other != <pubIRI>) together with dblp:publishedIn 'V'.
14. Avoid text search on titles with CONTAINS/LCASE for exact identification; prefer search_entity to get the record IRI, then query structured triples. After search_entity, verify exact title via dblp:title; don’t pick a “closest match” blindly.
15. Be careful with complex ASK + FILTER combinations; QLever may error (CartesianProductJoin assertion). Simplify logic or split into separate queries to avoid engine bugs.
16. For number of authors, prefer dblp:numberOfCreators when available; otherwise COUNT(DISTINCT ?a) over dblp:authoredBy.

General notes for all knowledge graphs:
1. Normalize NL negations to a clear existential query. Prefer ASK { positive pattern }. For negated questions, evaluate the positive fact and invert only in prose. Avoid tautological or heavy NOT EXISTS patterns that can be slow or misleading.
2. For relative time windows (“last N years”), always use YEAR(NOW()) in SPARQL and align inclusive/exclusive bounds with the question phrasing. Do not hardcode current year in answers; base the conclusion strictly on query results.

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
bibtex: <http://purl.org/net/nknouf/ns/bibtex#
cito: <http://purl.org/spar/cito/
datacite: <http://purl.org/spar/datacite/
dblp: <https://dblp.org/rdf/schema#
dblps: <https://dblp.org/rdf/schema-2020-07-01#
literal: <http://purl.org/spar/literal/
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
schema: <http://schema.org/
terms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geosparql: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Search for the entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Execute intermediate queries to get feedback and to verify your assumptions. You may need to refine or rethink your current plan based on the query results and go back to step 2 if needed, possibly multiple times.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not just use or make up entity or property identifiers without verifying their existence in the knowledge graphs first.
3. Always execute your final SPARQL query before giving an answer to make sure it returns the expected results.
4. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
5. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
6. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
7. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
8. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] List the authors of 'Formal Metadata and Shared Experiences for Discovering Tools to Adapt Open Educational Resources' and their affiliations.

[Assistant]
The user wants to list the authors of a specific publication titled "Formal Metadata and Shared Experiences for Discovering Tools to Adapt Open Educational Resources" and their affiliations.

Step 1: Identify the publication entity by its exact title in the dblp knowledge graph.
Step 2: Retrieve the authors of this publication using the property dblp:authoredBy.
Step 3: For each author, retrieve their affiliation using the property dblp:primaryAffiliation.

I will first search for the publication entity by the exact title.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Suzanne Little et al.: Formal Me...en Educational Resources. (2011) (<https://dblp.org/rec/conf/sitis/LittleMOS11>)
2. Laura M. Bartolo and Cathy S. Lo...cience Digital Resources. (2003) (<https://dblp.org/rec/conf/iadis/BartoloL03>)
3. Osmar Mantovani and Hans K. E. L...red Educational Contents. (2005) (<https://dblp.org/rec/conf/icalt/MantovaniL05>)
4. Monica Vladoiu: Towards a Qualit...en Educational Resources. (2012) (<https://dblp.org/rec/conf/icwl/Vladoiu12>)
5. Bich-Liên Doan and François Bail... in a Virtual University. (1999) (<https://dblp.org/rec/conf/webnet/DoanB99>)
6. Jean-Marie Pierrel et al.: ORTOL...s and TOols for LANGuage. (2016) (<https://dblp.org/rec/conf/clarin/PierrelPBPP16>)
7. Mariem Bellal et al.: Towards a ...en Educational Resources. (2023) (<https://dblp.org/rec/conf/inista/BellalMC23>)
8. Brigitte de la Passardière and A...r Educational Hupermedia. (1992) (<https://dblp.org/rec/conf/iccal/PassardiereD92>)
9. Victor Epitropou et al.: Open to...iences gained in GS SOIL. (2010) (<https://dblp.org/rec/conf/enviroinfo/EpitropouKB10>)
10. Gordon W. Paynter: Developing pr...s for internet resources. (2005) (<https://dblp.org/rec/conf/jcdl/Paynter05>)

[Assistant]
I found the publication "Formal Metadata and Shared Experiences for Discovering Tools to Adapt Open Educational Resources" with the dblp record IRI: <https://dblp.org/rec/conf/sitis/LittleMOS11>.

Next, I will query the authors of this publication and their affiliations.

[Tool]
Got 6 rows and 3 columns:
| author                                                  | authorName              | affiliation                            |
| ------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------- | -------------------------------------- |
| Peter Scott (<https://dblp.org/pid/02/3102>)            | Peter Scott             |                                        |
| Suzanne Little (<https://dblp.org/pid/11/2423>)         | Suzanne Little          |                                        |
| Suzanne Little (<https://dblp.org/pid/11/2423>)         | Suzanne Lyttle          |                                        |
| Alexandra Okada (<https://dblp.org/pid/35/9982>)        | Ale Okada               | The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK |
| Alexandra Okada (<https://dblp.org/pid/35/9982>)        | Alexandra Okada         | The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK |
| Alexander Mikroyannidis (<https://dblp.org/pid/74/115>) | Alexander Mikroyannidis | The Open University                    |

[Tool] Stopped generation process


PREFIX dblp: <https://dblp.org/rdf/schema#>
PREFIX xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>
SELECT ( COUNT( DISTINCT ?pub ) AS ?count ) WHERE {
  VALUES ?author {
    <https://dblp.org/pid/24/1926> <https://dblp.org/pid/24/7003> <https://dblp.org/pid/34/5431> <https://dblp.org/pid/36/687-2>
  }
  ?pub dblp:authoredBy ?author ; dblp:yearOfPublication "2018" ^^ xsd:gYear .
}

Got 1 row and 1 column:
| count       |
| ----------- |
| 7 (xsd:int) |

The authors of 'Localization of an Underwater Control Network Based on Quasi-Stable Adjustment' published 7 distinct papers in 2018.

How many papers did the authors of 'Localization of an Underwater Control Network Based on Quasi-Stable Adjustment' publish in 2018?

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
dblp at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/dblp with notes:
1. Use dblp:authoredBy to link publications to authors. The inverse (author -> pubs) is not via dblp:author; queries with dblp:author typically return no results.
2. Publication year is dblp:yearOfPublication (xsd:gYear). Avoid dblp:year. For last N years use YEAR(NOW()) in FILTER; use >= for inclusive bounds. Don’t assume current year in prose. MIN/MAX work on gYear; avoid unnecessary casts.
3. Venue is dblp:publishedIn (string like short name) and/or dblp:publishedInStream (entity IRI for series/journal/conference). For simple venue text, use dblp:publishedIn.
4. To list an author’s publications: SELECT ?pub WHERE { ?pub dblp:authoredBy <authorIRI> }. Then OPTIONAL get dblp:title, dblp:publishedIn, dblp:yearOfPublication.
5. For yes/no authorship checks, use ASK with dblp:authoredBy, e.g., ASK { <pubIRI> dblp:authoredBy <authorIRI> }.
6. Titles are via dblp:title on publication entities. rdfs:label often exists but is less reliable for titles; prefer dblp:title.
7. If dblp:authoredBy on a pub yields a disambiguation author node (e.g., “… (disambiguation)”), treat it as the author IRI to use in joins; it still identifies the creator.
8. Use dblp:createdBy as an alternative to dblp:authoredBy when authoredBy is missing; both link pubs to creators. Prefer authoredBy for authorship semantics.
9. When filtering by venue names, dblp:publishedIn is a short string (e.g., ‘WSC’, ‘ICALT’, ‘Gov. Inf. Q.’). Avoid FILTER on ?pub IRI strings; filter on dblp:publishedIn value.
10. Avoid rdf:type for pubs; rely on authoredBy/title/publishedIn/yearOfPublication. When counting, use COUNT(DISTINCT ?pub). For average per year, take AVG over yearly counts (subquery GROUP BY year); don’t divide by year-span.
11. Avoid using foaf:name/rdfs:label on creators for joins. Creators expose dblp:creatorName/primaryCreatorName and dblp:primaryAffiliation (string). Prefer joins on IRIs; fetch names/affiliations separately. Use SELECT DISTINCT ?author to dedup.
12. When a SELECT returns no rows unexpectedly, check schema via search_property/search_property_of_entity or list the entity. Many failures stem from using wrong props (dblp:author vs dblp:authoredBy).
13. Negations: avoid tautological NOT EXISTS. Prefer ASK { positive pattern } and invert in prose. For “also published in V?”, test other pubs by same authors and exclude the given pub via FILTER(?other != <pubIRI>) together with dblp:publishedIn 'V'.
14. Avoid text search on titles with CONTAINS/LCASE for exact identification; prefer search_entity to get the record IRI, then query structured triples. After search_entity, verify exact title via dblp:title; don’t pick a “closest match” blindly.
15. Be careful with complex ASK + FILTER combinations; QLever may error (CartesianProductJoin assertion). Simplify logic or split into separate queries to avoid engine bugs.
16. For number of authors, prefer dblp:numberOfCreators when available; otherwise COUNT(DISTINCT ?a) over dblp:authoredBy.

General notes for all knowledge graphs:
1. Normalize NL negations to a clear existential query. Prefer ASK { positive pattern }. For negated questions, evaluate the positive fact and invert only in prose. Avoid tautological or heavy NOT EXISTS patterns that can be slow or misleading.
2. For relative time windows (“last N years”), always use YEAR(NOW()) in SPARQL and align inclusive/exclusive bounds with the question phrasing. Do not hardcode current year in answers; base the conclusion strictly on query results.

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
bibtex: <http://purl.org/net/nknouf/ns/bibtex#
cito: <http://purl.org/spar/cito/
datacite: <http://purl.org/spar/datacite/
dblp: <https://dblp.org/rdf/schema#
dblps: <https://dblp.org/rdf/schema-2020-07-01#
literal: <http://purl.org/spar/literal/
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
schema: <http://schema.org/
terms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geosparql: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Search for the entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Execute intermediate queries to get feedback and to verify your assumptions. You may need to refine or rethink your current plan based on the query results and go back to step 2 if needed, possibly multiple times.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not just use or make up entity or property identifiers without verifying their existence in the knowledge graphs first.
3. Always execute your final SPARQL query before giving an answer to make sure it returns the expected results.
4. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
5. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
6. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
7. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
8. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] How many papers did the authors of 'Localization of an Underwater Control Network Based on Quasi-Stable Adjustment' publish in 2018?

[Assistant]
To answer this question, I need to follow these steps:
1. Find the publication entity for the paper titled "Localization of an Underwater Control Network Based on Quasi-Stable Adjustment".
2. Retrieve the authors of this publication.
3. Count the number of papers these authors published in the year 2018.

I will start by searching for the publication entity using the exact title.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Jianhu Zhao et al.: Localization... Quasi-Stable Adjustment. (2018) (<https://dblp.org/rec/journals/sensors/ZhaoCZF18>)
2. Liansuo Wei and Jian Han: Topolo... Optimal Rigid Sub-Graph. (2020) (<https://dblp.org/rec/journals/access/WeiH20>)
3. Peng Jiang: An underwater sensor... Time-of-Arrivals (TOAs). (2013) (<https://dblp.org/rec/conf/icnc/Jiang13>)
4. Simulation of football based on ...er and BP neural network. (2021) (<https://dblp.org/rec/journals/mam/Han21>)
5. Jing Yan et al.: A Survey on Int...Acoustic Sensor Networks. (2025) (<https://dblp.org/rec/journals/iotj/YanGYCL25>)
6. Xuewen Zhu and Fuxiao Tan: Attit...ed on RBF Neural Network. (2021) (<https://dblp.org/rec/conf/icrai/ZhuT21>)
7. Xiao Liang et al.: Motion Contro...on Robust Neural Network. (2006) (<https://dblp.org/rec/conf/iros/LiangLW06>)
8. Zhouhua Peng and Jun Wang: Outpu...ojection Neural Networks. (2018) (<https://dblp.org/rec/journals/tsmc/PengW18>)
9. Design and Implementation of Mul...d on Software Definition. (2022) (<https://dblp.org/rec/journals/js/Zhang22b>)
10. Finite Element Structure Analysi...n Neural Network Control. (2021) (<https://dblp.org/rec/journals/scn/Li21c>)

[Assistant] I found the publication entity for the paper "Localization of an Underwater Control Network Based on Quasi-Stable Adjustment" with the IRI <https://dblp.org/rec/journals/sensors/ZhaoCZF18>. Now I will retrieve the authors of this publication.

[Tool]
Got 4 rows and 1 column:
| author                                                     |
| ---------------------------------------------------------- |
| Xinhua Chen (<https://dblp.org/pid/24/1926>)               |
| Jie Feng (disambiguation) (<https://dblp.org/pid/24/7003>) |
| Jianhu Zhao (<https://dblp.org/pid/34/5431>)               |
| Hongmei Zhang 0002 (<https://dblp.org/pid/36/687-2>)       |

[Assistant]
The authors of the paper "Localization of an Underwater Control Network Based on Quasi-Stable Adjustment" are:
- Xinhua Chen (https://dblp.org/pid/24/1926)
- Jie Feng (https://dblp.org/pid/24/7003)
- Jianhu Zhao (https://dblp.org/pid/34/5431)
- Hongmei Zhang (https://dblp.org/pid/36/687-2)

Next, I will count the number of papers these authors published in the year 2018.

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| count       |
| ----------- |
| 7 (xsd:int) |

[Tool] Stopped generation process


PREFIX dblp: <https://dblp.org/rdf/schema#>
SELECT DISTINCT ?pub ?title WHERE {
  ?pub dblp:authoredBy <https://dblp.org/pid/95/19> .
  ?pub dblp:authoredBy <https://dblp.org/pid/50/4880> .
  ?pub dblp:publishedIn "Appl. Math. Comput." .
  ?pub dblp:title ?title .
}

Song Zheng and Bi, Qinsheng have co-authored the paper titled "A new hyperchaotic system and its synchronization." published in the venue "Appl. Math. Comput." in 2010.

What are the papers that Song Zheng and Bi, Qinsheng published in Appl. Math. Comput.?

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
dblp at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/dblp with notes:
1. Use dblp:authoredBy to link publications to authors. The inverse (author -> pubs) is not via dblp:author; queries with dblp:author typically return no results.
2. Publication year is dblp:yearOfPublication (xsd:gYear). Avoid dblp:year. For last N years use YEAR(NOW()) in FILTER; use >= for inclusive bounds. Don’t assume current year in prose. MIN/MAX work on gYear; avoid unnecessary casts.
3. Venue is dblp:publishedIn (string like short name) and/or dblp:publishedInStream (entity IRI for series/journal/conference). For simple venue text, use dblp:publishedIn.
4. To list an author’s publications: SELECT ?pub WHERE { ?pub dblp:authoredBy <authorIRI> }. Then OPTIONAL get dblp:title, dblp:publishedIn, dblp:yearOfPublication.
5. For yes/no authorship checks, use ASK with dblp:authoredBy, e.g., ASK { <pubIRI> dblp:authoredBy <authorIRI> }.
6. Titles are via dblp:title on publication entities. rdfs:label often exists but is less reliable for titles; prefer dblp:title.
7. If dblp:authoredBy on a pub yields a disambiguation author node (e.g., “… (disambiguation)”), treat it as the author IRI to use in joins; it still identifies the creator.
8. Use dblp:createdBy as an alternative to dblp:authoredBy when authoredBy is missing; both link pubs to creators. Prefer authoredBy for authorship semantics.
9. When filtering by venue names, dblp:publishedIn is a short string (e.g., ‘WSC’, ‘ICALT’, ‘Gov. Inf. Q.’). Avoid FILTER on ?pub IRI strings; filter on dblp:publishedIn value.
10. Avoid rdf:type for pubs; rely on authoredBy/title/publishedIn/yearOfPublication. When counting, use COUNT(DISTINCT ?pub). For average per year, take AVG over yearly counts (subquery GROUP BY year); don’t divide by year-span.
11. Avoid using foaf:name/rdfs:label on creators for joins. Creators expose dblp:creatorName/primaryCreatorName and dblp:primaryAffiliation (string). Prefer joins on IRIs; fetch names/affiliations separately. Use SELECT DISTINCT ?author to dedup.
12. When a SELECT returns no rows unexpectedly, check schema via search_property/search_property_of_entity or list the entity. Many failures stem from using wrong props (dblp:author vs dblp:authoredBy).
13. Negations: avoid tautological NOT EXISTS. Prefer ASK { positive pattern } and invert in prose. For “also published in V?”, test other pubs by same authors and exclude the given pub via FILTER(?other != <pubIRI>) together with dblp:publishedIn 'V'.
14. Avoid text search on titles with CONTAINS/LCASE for exact identification; prefer search_entity to get the record IRI, then query structured triples. After search_entity, verify exact title via dblp:title; don’t pick a “closest match” blindly.
15. Be careful with complex ASK + FILTER combinations; QLever may error (CartesianProductJoin assertion). Simplify logic or split into separate queries to avoid engine bugs.
16. For number of authors, prefer dblp:numberOfCreators when available; otherwise COUNT(DISTINCT ?a) over dblp:authoredBy.

General notes for all knowledge graphs:
1. Normalize NL negations to a clear existential query. Prefer ASK { positive pattern }. For negated questions, evaluate the positive fact and invert only in prose. Avoid tautological or heavy NOT EXISTS patterns that can be slow or misleading.
2. For relative time windows (“last N years”), always use YEAR(NOW()) in SPARQL and align inclusive/exclusive bounds with the question phrasing. Do not hardcode current year in answers; base the conclusion strictly on query results.

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
bibtex: <http://purl.org/net/nknouf/ns/bibtex#
cito: <http://purl.org/spar/cito/
datacite: <http://purl.org/spar/datacite/
dblp: <https://dblp.org/rdf/schema#
dblps: <https://dblp.org/rdf/schema-2020-07-01#
literal: <http://purl.org/spar/literal/
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
schema: <http://schema.org/
terms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geosparql: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Search for the entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Execute intermediate queries to get feedback and to verify your assumptions. You may need to refine or rethink your current plan based on the query results and go back to step 2 if needed, possibly multiple times.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not just use or make up entity or property identifiers without verifying their existence in the knowledge graphs first.
3. Always execute your final SPARQL query before giving an answer to make sure it returns the expected results.
4. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
5. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
6. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
7. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
8. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] What are the papers that Song Zheng and Bi, Qinsheng published in Appl. Math. Comput.?

[Assistant]
To answer the question about the papers that Song Zheng and Bi, Qinsheng published in the venue "Appl. Math. Comput.", I need to:

1. Identify the author entities for "Song Zheng" and "Bi, Qinsheng" in the dblp knowledge graph.
2. Find publications authored by both these authors.
3. Filter those publications to only include those published in the venue "Appl. Math. Comput.".

I will start by searching for the author entities for "Song Zheng" and "Bi, Qinsheng".

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Zheng Song 0001, also known as Zheng Song (<https://dblp.org/pid/29/7459>)
2. Zheng Song 0002, also known as Zheng Song (<https://dblp.org/pid/181/2470-2>)
3. Zheng Song (disambiguation), also known as Zheng Song (<https://dblp.org/pid/181/2470>)
4. Song Zheng, also known as Song Zheng (<https://dblp.org/pid/95/19>)
5. Zheng Songhui, also known as Zheng Songhui (<https://dblp.org/pid/53/7466>)
6. Zhengxiang Song, also known as Zhengxiang Song (<https://dblp.org/pid/54/8790>)
7. Zhengxi Song, also known as Zhengxi Song (<https://dblp.org/pid/125/5221>)
8. Zhengxin Song, also known as Zhengxin Song (<https://dblp.org/pid/288/0024>)
9. Zhengwei Song, also known as Zhengwei Song (<https://dblp.org/pid/245/8282>)
10. Zhengyang Song, also known as Zhengyang Song (<https://dblp.org/pid/194/2748>)

[Assistant] I found multiple entities for "Song Zheng". The one that exactly matches the name "Song Zheng" is <https://dblp.org/pid/95/19>. I will now search for the author entity for "Bi, Qinsheng".

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Qinsheng Bi, also known as Qinsheng Bi (<https://dblp.org/pid/50/4880>)
2. Qinsheng Zhu, also known as Qinsheng Zhu (<https://dblp.org/pid/323/8780>)
3. Qinsheng Zhuang, also known as Qinsheng Zhuang (<https://dblp.org/pid/20/1137>)
4. Qinsheng Li, also known as Qinsheng Li (<https://dblp.org/pid/261/8399>)
5. Qinsheng Du, also known as Qinsheng Du (<https://dblp.org/pid/76/10422>)
6. Qinsheng Hou, also known as Qinsheng Hou (<https://dblp.org/pid/276/0713>)
7. Qinsheng Wang, also known as Qinsheng Wang (<https://dblp.org/pid/387/8729>)
8. Qinsheng Yun, also known as Qinsheng Yun (<https://dblp.org/pid/253/1036>)
9. Qinsheng Zhang, also known as Qinsheng Zhang (<https://dblp.org/pid/160/1822>)
10. Ren Qinsheng, also known as Ren Qinsheng (<https://dblp.org/pid/76/2706>)

[Assistant] I found the entity for "Bi, Qinsheng" as <https://dblp.org/pid/50/4880>. Now I will find publications authored by both Song Zheng (<https://dblp.org/pid/95/19>) and Bi, Qinsheng (<https://dblp.org/pid/50/4880>) and filter those published in the venue "Appl. Math. Comput.".

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 2 columns:
| pub                                                                                | title                                              |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------- |
| Song Zheng et al.: A new hyperch... and its synchronization. (2010) (<https://dblp.org/rec/journals/amc/ZhengDB10>) | A new hyperchaotic system and its synchronization. |

[Tool] Stopped generation process