PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
SELECT ?author ?authorLabel WHERE {
  VALUES ?author {
    wd:Q76641
  }
  OPTIONAL {
    ?author rdfs:label ?authorLabel FILTER ( LANG( ?authorLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}

Using entities:
- Felix Klein (wd:Q76641), also known as Christian Felix Klein, Felix Christian Klein, F. Klein: has occupation university teacher / has occupation mathematician / has occupation historian of mathematics / has occupation publisher / has occupation politician / is instance of human / German mathematician, author of the Erlangen Program (1849-1925)

Answer: The Erlangen program was written by Felix Klein.

The Erlangen program was written by Felix Klein.

SPARQL query over wikidata:
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
SELECT ?author ?authorLabel WHERE {
  VALUES ?author {
    wd:Q76641
  }
  OPTIONAL {
    ?author rdfs:label ?authorLabel FILTER ( LANG( ?authorLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}

Using entities:
- Felix Klein (wd:Q76641), also known as Christian Felix Klein, Felix Christian Klein, F. Klein: has occupation university teacher / has occupation mathematician / has occupation historian of mathematics / has occupation publisher / has occupation politician / is instance of human / German mathematician, author of the Erlangen Program (1849-1925)

Execution result:
Got 1 row and 2 columns:
| author                  | authorLabel           |
| ----------------------- | --------------------- |
| Felix Klein (wd:Q76641) | Felix Klein (lang:en) |

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Search for the entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Execute intermediate queries to get feedback and to verify your assumptions. You may need to refine or rethink your current plan based on the query results and go back to step 2 if needed, possibly multiple times.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Available knowledge graphs:
- wikidata at http://localhost:7001 with prefix index for entities and similarity index for properties

Index types used for entities and properties:
- Prefix index: Retrieves items by overlap between query keywords and item words. The query keywords can match item words exactly or as prefixes.
- Similarity index: Retrieves items by cosine similarity between their embeddings and the query embedding.

SPARQL prefixes for use in function calls:
- bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
- cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
- data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
- dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
- dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
- foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
- geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
- geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
- gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
- hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
- imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
- math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
- ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
- owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
- p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
- pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
- pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
- pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
- pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
- prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
- prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
- prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
- ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
- psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
- psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
- qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
- qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
- ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
- qlss: <https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/spatialSearch/
- rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
- rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
- ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
- s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
- schema: <http://schema.org/
- skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
- v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
- void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#
- wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
- wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
- wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
- wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
- wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
- xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#

Additional rules to follow:
- Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
- Do not just use or make up entity or property identifiers without verifying their existence in the knowledge graphs first.
- Do not ask the user for clarifications without first attempting to complete the task. If the task input is incomplete or ambiguous, try to make reasonable assumptions and document them.
- Do not use "SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ..." in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.
- Always execute your final SPARQL query before giving an answer to make sure it returns the expected results.
- The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
- Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
- Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
- For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.

[User] Who wrote the Erlangen program?

[Assistant]
Step 1: Identify the main entity and property in the question.
- Entity: Erlangen program (likely a mathematical program or work)
- Property: author or creator (who wrote it)

Step 2: Search for the entity "Erlangen program" in Wikidata to get its identifier.

Question: Erlangen program

Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Erlangen program (wd:Q315296): research program on the symmetries of geometry / is instance of research
2. computer program (wd:Q40056), also known as program, software program: sequence of instructions written in programming language to perform a specified task with a computer / is subclass of routine / is subclass of program
3. Apollo space program (wd:Q46611, matched via Apollo program), also known as Apollo, Apollo program, Project Apollo: 1961–1972 American human spaceflight program / is instance of human spaceflight program / is instance of NASA program / human spacelight programme / is instance of project
4. Erlangen (wd:Q3126), also known as Medical Valley: is instance of urban municipality in Germany / is instance of urban district of Bavaria / is instance of major regional center / is instance of major regional centre / is instance of Option municipality / is instance of district capital / city in Bavaria, Germany / is instance of big city
5. application (wd:Q166142, matched via application program), also known as app, application program, application software, computer application, software application: software program or group of programs designed for end-users / is instance of software category / is subclass of software
6. source code (wd:Q128751, matched via program code), also known as program code, software code, source, src: collection of computer instructions written using some human-readable computer language / is subclass of computer language manifestation / is subclass of program code / is instance of source type / is subclass of source
7. image scanner (wd:Q82744, matched via scanning program), also known as computer scanner, scanner, Scanners, scanning program: device that optically scans images, printed text, handwriting, or an object, and converts it to a digital image / is subclass of home appliance / is subclass of digital camera / is subclass of input device
8. antivirus software (wd:Q93249, matched via anti-virus program), also known as anti-virus, antivirus, anti-virus program, antivirus program, Antivirus & Security Software, etc.: computer security software that is used to prevent, detect, and remove malware / computer security software that is used to prevent, detect, and remove malware / computer security software that is used to prevent, detect, and remove malware / is subclass of computer security software / is instance of software category
9. project (wd:Q170584, matched via program), also known as effort, program, programme: collaborative enterprise, frequently involving research or design, that is carefully planned to achieve a particular aim / collaborative enterprise, frequently involving research or design, that is carefully planned to achieve a particular aim / is subclass of planned process / is subclass of Process
10. television program (wd:Q15416), also known as television appearance, television broadcast, television programme, television show, T. V. broadcast, etc.: picture and sound segment of content intended for broadcast on television / segment of audiovisual content intended for broadcast on television / segment of content intended for broadcast on television / is subclass of broadcasting programme / is subclass of broadcasting program / is subclass of audiovisual work / is subclass of moving image

[Assistant]
The entity "Erlangen program" is identified as wd:Q315296 in Wikidata. Next, I will search for properties related to authorship or creators for this entity to find who wrote the Erlangen program.

Question: author

Top 10 property alternatives:
1. Microsoft Academic ID (wd:P6366 as wdtn/wdt/p, matched via Microsoft Academic Author ID), also known as Academic ID, academic.microsoft, MAG, MAG ID, Microsoft Academic Author ID, etc.: identifier for an object or topic in the Microsoft Academic Graph (until 31 December 2021) / identifier for an object in the Microsoft Academic Graph
2. instance of (wd:P31 as wdt/p, matched via is a), also known as example of, has type, is a, is an, is of type, etc.: type to which this subject corresponds/belongs. Different ... and the volcano is a type (instance) of volcanic landform / that class of which this subject is a particular example and ... a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform)
3. Encyclopædia Britannica Online ID (wd:P1417 as wdt/p, matched via EBID), also known as britannica.com ID, Britannica ID, Britannica online ID, EB ID, EBID, etc.: identifier for an article in the online version of Encyclopædia Britannica / identifer for an article in the online version of Encyclopædia Britannica
4. Freebase ID (wd:P646 as wdt/p, matched via FID), also known as FID, Freebase, Freebase identifier, MID, P646: identifier for a page in the Freebase database. Format: ... with "/g/", use Google Knowledge Graph identifier (P2671) / identifier for a page in the Freebase database. Format: ... with "/g/", use Google Knowledge Graph identifier (P2671) / identifier for a page in the Freebase database. Format: ... starting with "/g/", use Google Knowledge Graph ID (P2671)
5. nLab ID (wd:P4215 as wdt/p, matched via P4215), also known as nCatLab ID, nLab identifier, P4215: name of a page in nLab wiki
6. Encyclopedia of China (Third Edition) ID (wd:P10565 as wdt/p, matched via P10565), also known as Encyclopedia of China ID (Third Edition), P10565: identifier for an article in the online version of Encyclopedia of China (Third Edition)
7. ProofWiki ID (wd:P6781 as wdt/p, matched via P6781), also known as Proof Wiki ID, P6781: identifier for a ProofWiki article
8. Lex ID (wd:P8313 as wdt/p, matched via P8313), also known as Den Store Danske ID, DSD ID, P8313: identifier of an article in the online encyclopedia.lex.dk
9. Treccani's Enciclopedia della Matematica ID (wd:P9621 as wdt/p), also known as Enciclopedia della Matematica ID, P9621: identifier for a topic in Treccani's Enciclopedia della Matematica, an Italian encyclopedia regarding mathematics

No other items found

[Assistant]
The search for an "author" property for the Erlangen program entity did not return a direct property indicating the author or creator. I will try searching for other possible properties related to "creator" or "author" for the Erlangen program entity.

Question: creator

Top 10 property alternatives:
1. instance of (wd:P31 as wdt/p, matched via unique individual of), also known as example of, has type, is a, is an, is of type, etc.: type to which this subject corresponds/belongs. Different ... and the volcano is a type (instance) of volcanic landform / that class of which this subject is a particular example and ... a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform)
2. Microsoft Academic ID (wd:P6366 as wdtn/wdt/p, matched via MAG), also known as Academic ID, academic.microsoft, MAG, MAG ID, Microsoft Academic Author ID, etc.: identifier for an object or topic in the Microsoft Academic Graph (until 31 December 2021) / identifier for an object in the Microsoft Academic Graph
3. Freebase ID (wd:P646 as wdt/p, matched via Freebase), also known as FID, Freebase, Freebase identifier, MID, P646: identifier for a page in the Freebase database. Format: ... with "/g/", use Google Knowledge Graph identifier (P2671) / identifier for a page in the Freebase database. Format: ... with "/g/", use Google Knowledge Graph identifier (P2671) / identifier for a page in the Freebase database. Format: ... starting with "/g/", use Google Knowledge Graph ID (P2671)
4. nLab ID (wd:P4215 as wdt/p, matched via P4215), also known as nCatLab ID, nLab identifier, P4215: name of a page in nLab wiki
5. Encyclopædia Britannica Online ID (wd:P1417 as wdt/p, matched via Britannica ID), also known as britannica.com ID, Britannica ID, Britannica online ID, EB ID, EBID, etc.: identifier for an article in the online version of Encyclopædia Britannica / identifer for an article in the online version of Encyclopædia Britannica
6. Encyclopedia of China (Third Edition) ID (wd:P10565 as wdt/p, matched via P10565), also known as Encyclopedia of China ID (Third Edition), P10565: identifier for an article in the online version of Encyclopedia of China (Third Edition)
7. ProofWiki ID (wd:P6781 as wdt/p), also known as Proof Wiki ID, P6781: identifier for a ProofWiki article
8. Lex ID (wd:P8313 as wdt/p, matched via DSD ID), also known as Den Store Danske ID, DSD ID, P8313: identifier of an article in the online encyclopedia.lex.dk
9. Treccani's Enciclopedia della Matematica ID (wd:P9621 as wdt/p), also known as Enciclopedia della Matematica ID, P9621: identifier for a topic in Treccani's Enciclopedia della Matematica, an Italian encyclopedia regarding mathematics

No other items found

[Assistant]
No direct property for "creator" or "author" found for the Erlangen program entity. I will now try to find the author by querying the Erlangen program entity for any statements about people related to it, such as "author," "creator," or "developer." I will list triples with the Erlangen program as the subject to see if there is any property indicating its author.

list

wd:Q315296

Got 128 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject                       | property                                                | object                              |
| ----------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------- |
| Erlangen program (wd:Q315296) | instance of (wdt:P31)                                   | research (wd:Q42240)                |
| Erlangen program (wd:Q315296) | Freebase ID (wdt:P646)                                  | /m/01k8tb                           |
| Erlangen program (wd:Q315296) | Microsoft Academic ID (wdtn:P6366)                      | <https://makg.org/entity/111593780> |
| Erlangen program (wd:Q315296) | Encyclopædia Britannica Online ID (wdt:P1417)           | topic/Erlanger-program              |
| Erlangen program (wd:Q315296) | Lex ID (wdt:P8313)                                      | Erlangen-programmet                 |
| Erlangen program (wd:Q315296) | Encyclopedia of China (Third Edition) ID (wdt:P10565)   | 318393                              |
| Erlangen program (wd:Q315296) | nLab ID (wdt:P4215)                                     | Erlangen program                    |
| Erlangen program (wd:Q315296) | ProofWiki ID (wdt:P6781)                                | Definition:Erlangen_Program         |
| Erlangen program (wd:Q315296) | Treccani's Enciclopedia della Matematica ID (wdt:P9621) | programma-di-erlangen               |
| Erlangen program (wd:Q315296) | wdt:P31279                                              | research (wd:Q42240)                |
| ...                           | ...                                                     | ...                                 |

[Assistant]
The triples for the Erlangen program do not directly show an author or creator property. I will now try to find the author by searching for people associated with the Erlangen program. I will search for entities related to "Erlangen program" with a possible author or creator role. I will try searching for "author of Erlangen program" or "creator of Erlangen program" in Wikidata.

Question: author

No entity items found

No other items found

[Assistant]
No direct entity found with the relation "author" to the Erlangen program. I will try searching for people related to the Erlangen program by searching for entities related to "Erlangen program" and "creator" or "author" in a broader sense. I will search for "creator" constrained by the Erlangen program.

Question: creator

No entity items found

No other items found

[Assistant]
No direct entity found with the relation "creator" to the Erlangen program. I will try a different approach: search for the Erlangen program and look for statements related to "author" or "creator" in the description or related entities. I will search for the property "author" in general to find its identifier and then check if the Erlangen program has this property.

Question: author

Top 10 property alternatives:
1. theorized by (wd:P8403 as pr/pq/p/wdtn/pqn/ps/prn/prv/pqv/psn/psv/wdt, matched via author), also known as author, authored by, defined by, explained by, named by, etc.: subject who suggested or proposed this concept or immaterial invention / subject who suggested or proposed this concept or immaterial invention
2. lyricist (wd:P676 as pr/pq/p/wdtn/pqn/ps/prn/prv/pqv/psn/psv/wdt, matched via author), also known as author, lyrics by, songwriter, text author, text by, etc.: author of song lyrics; also use P86 for music composer / is subproperty of author / author of song lyrics
3. author (wd:P50 as pr/pq/p/wdtn/pqn/ps/prn/prv/pqv/psn/psv/wdt), also known as co-author, creator, maker, playwright, poet, etc.: main creator(s) of a written work (use on works, not humans); ... name string) when Wikidata item is unknown or does not exist / main creator(s) of a written work (use on works, not humans) / main creator(s) of a written work (use on works, not humans) / is subproperty of creator
4. perpetrator (wd:P8031 as pr/pq/p/wdtn/pqn/ps/prn/prv/pqv/psn/psv/wdt, matched via material author), also known as accomplice, agressor, assailant, assassin, attacker, etc.: person or organization who carried out this harmful, illegal, or immoral act / is subproperty of participant
5. notable work (wd:P800 as pr/pq/p/wdtn/pqn/ps/prn/prv/pqv/psn/psv/wdt, matched via author of), also known as artwork, author of, bibliography, books by, creator of, etc.: notable scientific, artistic or literary work, or other work of significance among subject's works / notable scientific, artistic or literary work, or other work of significance among subject's works
6. has sorting (wd:P8307 as pr/pq/p/wdtn/pqn/ps/prn/prv/pqv/psn/psv/wdt, matched via by), also known as by, order, ordering, sort, sorted by, etc.: entries are sorted by this in the appendix, list or table
7. criterion used (wd:P1013 as pr/pq/p/wdtn/pqn/ps/prn/prv/pqv/psn/psv/wdt, matched via by), also known as according to, based on criteria, based on criterion, basis, by, etc.: property by which a distinction or classification is made / property by which a distinction or classification is made / property by which a distinction or classification is made
8. conferred by (wd:P1027 as pr/pq/p/wdtn/pqn/ps/prn/prv/pqv/psn/psv/wdt, matched via by), also known as awarded by, bestowed by, by, conceded by, degree awarded by, etc.: person or organisation who awards a prize to or bestows an honour upon a recipient / person or organization who grants an award, certification, grant, or role
9. creator (wd:P170 as pr/pq/p/wdtn/pqn/ps/prn/prv/pqv/psn/psv/wdt, matched via by), also known as art by, artist (non-musical), art work by, artwork by, by, etc.: maker of this creative work or other object (where no more specific property exists) / maker of this creative work or other object (where no more specific property exists) / maker of a creative work or other object (where no more specific property exists)
10. author name string (wd:P2093 as pr/pq/p/wdtn/pqn/ps/prn/prv/pqv/psn/psv/wdt, matched via writer name), also known as author indicated as, author named as, author string, byline, creator indicated as, etc.: stores unspecified author or editor name for publications; ... editor (P98) does not exist or is not known. Do not use both. / stores unspecified author or editor name for publications; ... author (P50) or editor (P98) does not exist or is not known / string to store unspecified author name for publications; use if Wikidata item for author (P50) does not exist or is not known

[Assistant]
There is a property "author" (wdt:P50) which is used for the main creator(s) of a written work. There is also a property "creator" (wdt:P170) for the maker of a creative work. I will now query the Erlangen program entity for these properties to find the author or creator.

execute

SELECT ?author ?authorLabel WHERE { wd:Q315296 wdt:P50 ?author . OPTIONAL { ?author rdfs:label ?authorLabel FILTER (LANG(?authorLabel) = "en") } }

[Assistant] SELECT ?creator ?creatorLabel WHERE { wd:Q315296 wdt:P170 ?creator . OPTIONAL { ?creator rdfs:label ?creatorLabel FILTER (LANG(?creatorLabel) = "en") } }

[Assistant]
There are no direct statements for the author (P50) or creator (P170) of the Erlangen program (wd:Q315296) in Wikidata. I will try to find the author by searching for the Erlangen program in relation to notable people or mathematicians who might be linked to it. I will search for notable mathematicians associated with the Erlangen program.

Question: mathematician

No entity items found

No other items found

[Assistant]
No direct mathematician entity found linked to the Erlangen program. I will try to find the author by searching for the Erlangen program in the description or statements of known mathematicians. I will search for the Erlangen program in the description of mathematicians. I will start by searching for the Erlangen program and then find the person associated with it by searching for "Erlangen program" in the context of people.

Question: Erlangen program

Falling back to an unconstrained search on the full search indices due to an error:
SPARQL query contains no IRIs to constrain with

Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Erlangen program (wd:Q315296): research program on the symmetries of geometry / is instance of research
2. computer program (wd:Q40056), also known as program, software program: sequence of instructions written in programming language to perform a specified task with a computer / is subclass of routine / is subclass of program
3. Apollo space program (wd:Q46611, matched via Apollo program), also known as Apollo, Apollo program, Project Apollo: 1961–1972 American human spaceflight program / is instance of human spaceflight program / is instance of NASA program / human spacelight programme / is instance of project
4. Erlangen (wd:Q3126), also known as Medical Valley: is instance of urban municipality in Germany / is instance of urban district of Bavaria / is instance of major regional center / is instance of major regional centre / is instance of Option municipality / is instance of district capital / city in Bavaria, Germany / is instance of big city
5. application (wd:Q166142, matched via application program), also known as app, application program, application software, computer application, software application: software program or group of programs designed for end-users / is instance of software category / is subclass of software
6. source code (wd:Q128751, matched via program code), also known as program code, software code, source, src: collection of computer instructions written using some human-readable computer language / is subclass of computer language manifestation / is subclass of program code / is instance of source type / is subclass of source
7. image scanner (wd:Q82744, matched via scanning program), also known as computer scanner, scanner, Scanners, scanning program: device that optically scans images, printed text, handwriting, or an object, and converts it to a digital image / is subclass of home appliance / is subclass of digital camera / is subclass of input device
8. antivirus software (wd:Q93249, matched via anti-virus program), also known as anti-virus, antivirus, anti-virus program, antivirus program, Antivirus & Security Software, etc.: computer security software that is used to prevent, detect, and remove malware / computer security software that is used to prevent, detect, and remove malware / computer security software that is used to prevent, detect, and remove malware / is subclass of computer security software / is instance of software category
9. project (wd:Q170584, matched via program), also known as effort, program, programme: collaborative enterprise, frequently involving research or design, that is carefully planned to achieve a particular aim / collaborative enterprise, frequently involving research or design, that is carefully planned to achieve a particular aim / is subclass of planned process / is subclass of Process
10. television program (wd:Q15416), also known as television appearance, television broadcast, television programme, television show, T. V. broadcast, etc.: picture and sound segment of content intended for broadcast on television / segment of audiovisual content intended for broadcast on television / segment of content intended for broadcast on television / is subclass of broadcasting programme / is subclass of broadcasting program / is subclass of audiovisual work / is subclass of moving image

No other items found

[Assistant]
Since direct queries did not yield the author of the Erlangen program, I will try to find the author by searching for the Erlangen program in the context of known mathematicians. I will search for "Erlangen program" and "Felix Klein" (a known mathematician associated with the Erlangen program) to verify the association.

Question: Felix Klein

Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Felix Klein (wd:Q76641), also known as Christian Felix Klein, Felix Christian Klein, F. Klein: German mathematician, author of the Erlangen Program (1849-1925) / has occupation historian of mathematics / has occupation university teacher / has occupation mathematician / has occupation politician / has occupation publisher / is instance of human

No other items found

[Assistant] SELECT ?author ?authorLabel WHERE { wd:Q315296 ?p wd:Q76641 . BIND(wd:Q76641 AS ?author) OPTIONAL { wd:Q76641 rdfs:label ?authorLabel FILTER (LANG(?authorLabel) = "en") } }

[Assistant]
Felix Klein (wd:Q76641) is identified as the German mathematician and author of the Erlangen Program. Although there is no direct property linking Felix Klein to the Erlangen program in the data, he is known historically as the author.

I will now finalize the answer: The Erlangen program was written by Felix Klein.

answer

SELECT ?author ?authorLabel WHERE { VALUES ?author { wd:Q76641 } OPTIONAL { ?author rdfs:label ?authorLabel FILTER (LANG(?authorLabel) = "en") } }

Answer: The Erlangen program was written by Felix Klein.


PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
SELECT ( COUNT( DISTINCT ?character ) AS ?count ) WHERE {
  ?character wdt:P31 wd:Q95074 .
  ?character wdt:P21 wd:Q6581072 .
  ?character wdt:P106 wd:Q11397897 .
}

Using entities:
- swordfighter (wd:Q11397897), also known as sword-fighter, swordsman, swordsmen, swordswoman: is instance of occupation / is subclass of martial artist / person who fights with a sword
- female (wd:Q6581072), also known as f, fairer sex, fem, female character, female gender, etc.: is instance of sex of humans / is instance of gender / to be used in "sex or gender" (P21) to indicate that the human subject is a female / to be used in "sex or gender" (P21) to indicate that the ... (P10339) to indicate that a word refers to a female person
- character (wd:Q95074), also known as fictional character: is instance of literary element / is subclass of imaginary character / is subclass of fictional entity / fictional human or non-human character in a narrative work of art

Using properties:
- occupation (wd:P106 as wdt), also known as avocation, career, craft, employ, employment, etc.: occupation of a person; see also "field of work" (Property:P101), "position held" (Property:P39) / occupation of a person; see also "field of work" (Property:P101), "position held" (Property:P39) / occupation of a person; see also "field of work" (Property:P101), "position held" (Property:P39)
- sex or gender (wd:P21 as wdt), also known as biological sex, gender, gender expression, gender identity, gender or sex, etc.: sex or gender identity: male (Q6581097), female (Q6581072), ... (Q43445). Groups of same gender use subclass of (P279) / sex or gender identity of human or animal. For human: male, ... female organism. Groups of same gender use subclass of (P279) / sexual identity of subject: male (Q6581097), female ... (Q43445). Groups of same gender use "subclass of" (P279)
- instance of (wd:P31 as wdt), also known as example of, has type, is a, is an, is of type, etc.: that class of which this subject is a particular example and ... a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform) / type to which this subject corresponds/belongs. Different ... and the volcano is a type (instance) of volcanic landform

Got 1 row and 1 column:
| count       |
| ----------- |
| 6 (xsd:int) |

Answer: There are 6 fictional female swordfighters in Wikidata.

There are 6 fictional female swordfighters in Wikidata.

SPARQL query over wikidata:
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
SELECT ( COUNT( DISTINCT ?character ) AS ?count ) WHERE {
  ?character wdt:P31 wd:Q95074 .
  ?character wdt:P21 wd:Q6581072 .
  ?character wdt:P106 wd:Q11397897 .
}

Using entities:
- swordfighter (wd:Q11397897), also known as sword-fighter, swordsman, swordsmen, swordswoman: is instance of occupation / is subclass of martial artist / person who fights with a sword
- female (wd:Q6581072), also known as f, fairer sex, fem, female character, female gender, etc.: is instance of sex of humans / is instance of gender / to be used in "sex or gender" (P21) to indicate that the human subject is a female / to be used in "sex or gender" (P21) to indicate that the ... (P10339) to indicate that a word refers to a female person
- character (wd:Q95074), also known as fictional character: is instance of literary element / is subclass of imaginary character / is subclass of fictional entity / fictional human or non-human character in a narrative work of art

Using properties:
- occupation (wd:P106 as wdt), also known as avocation, career, craft, employ, employment, etc.: occupation of a person; see also "field of work" (Property:P101), "position held" (Property:P39) / occupation of a person; see also "field of work" (Property:P101), "position held" (Property:P39) / occupation of a person; see also "field of work" (Property:P101), "position held" (Property:P39)
- sex or gender (wd:P21 as wdt), also known as biological sex, gender, gender expression, gender identity, gender or sex, etc.: sex or gender identity: male (Q6581097), female (Q6581072), ... (Q43445). Groups of same gender use subclass of (P279) / sex or gender identity of human or animal. For human: male, ... female organism. Groups of same gender use subclass of (P279) / sexual identity of subject: male (Q6581097), female ... (Q43445). Groups of same gender use "subclass of" (P279)
- instance of (wd:P31 as wdt), also known as example of, has type, is a, is an, is of type, etc.: that class of which this subject is a particular example and ... a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform) / type to which this subject corresponds/belongs. Different ... and the volcano is a type (instance) of volcanic landform

Execution result:
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| count       |
| ----------- |
| 6 (xsd:int) |

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Search for the entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Execute intermediate queries to get feedback and to verify your assumptions. You may need to refine or rethink your current plan based on the query results and go back to step 2 if needed, possibly multiple times.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Available knowledge graphs:
- wikidata at http://localhost:7001 with prefix index for entities and similarity index for properties

Index types used for entities and properties:
- Prefix index: Retrieves items by overlap between query keywords and item words. The query keywords can match item words exactly or as prefixes.
- Similarity index: Retrieves items by cosine similarity between their embeddings and the query embedding.

SPARQL prefixes for use in function calls:
- bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
- cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
- data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
- dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
- dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
- foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
- geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
- geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
- gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
- hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
- imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
- math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
- ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
- owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
- p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
- pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
- pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
- pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
- pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
- prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
- prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
- prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
- ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
- psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
- psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
- qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
- qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
- ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
- qlss: <https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/spatialSearch/
- rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
- rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
- ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
- s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
- schema: <http://schema.org/
- skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
- v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
- void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#
- wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
- wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
- wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
- wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
- wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
- xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#

Additional rules to follow:
- Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
- Do not just use or make up entity or property identifiers without verifying their existence in the knowledge graphs first.
- Do not ask the user for clarifications without first attempting to complete the task. If the task input is incomplete or ambiguous, try to make reasonable assumptions and document them.
- Do not use "SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ..." in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.
- Always execute your final SPARQL query before giving an answer to make sure it returns the expected results.
- The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
- Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
- Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
- For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.

[User] How many fictional female swordfighters are there?

[Assistant]
To answer this question, I need to identify the following:
1. The entity or class representing "fictional characters."
2. The property or class representing "female."
3. The property or class representing "swordfighters."
4. The property or qualifier that indicates the character is fictional.

I will start by searching for the entity "fictional character" in Wikidata.

Question: fictional character

Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. character (wd:Q95074, matched via fictional character), also known as fictional character: fictional human or non-human character in a narrative work of art / is subclass of imaginary character / is instance of literary element / is subclass of fictional entity
2. character in a fictitious work (wd:Q65924737, matched via fictional character), also known as character of a fictitious work, fictional character, fictional character in a fictitious work, fictional character in an embedded story, fictional character of a fictitious work, etc.: fictional character that is considered fictional even in a fictional story / is subclass of character
3. Chochoł (fictional character) (wd:Q9190074): is instance of theatrical character
4. fictional animal character (wd:Q3542731), also known as fictional individual animal: is instance of fictional analog of a type of organism / class of individual animals which are fictional / is subclass of fictional creature / is subclass of fictional organism
5. Rulinda (wd:Q105634170, matched via Rulinda (Fictional Character)), also known as Rulinda (Fictional Character): fictional character from the television series Seburikoko / is instance of television character
6. Liliane (wd:Q105634027, matched via Liliane (fictional character)), also known as Liliane (fictional character): fictional character from the television series Seburikoko / is instance of television character
7. fictional character database (wd:Q112155851): fictional character database accessible through the Internet / is subclass of specialized database
8. fictional human (wd:Q15632617, matched via human fictional character), also known as fictional man, fictional person, fictional persons, fictional woman, human fictional character, etc.: human being that only exists in fictional works / human being that only exists in fictional works / is instance of class of fictional entities / is subclass of fictional humanoid / is subclass of fictional primate / is subclass of fictional person / is subclass of imaginary human
9. character poster (wd:Q27960097, matched via fictional character poster), also known as fictional character poster: advertisement poster focusing on a fictional character of a work / is subclass of video game poster / is instance of type of poster / is subclass of film poster
10. fictional hedgehog (wd:Q20814410, matched via fictional hedgehog character), also known as fictional hedgehog character, fictive hedgehog: is instance of fictional analog of a type of organism / hedgehog only appearing in works of fiction / is subclass of fictional mammal

[Assistant]
The entity "character" (wd:Q95074) is identified as a fictional character or fictional human or non-human character in a narrative work of art. This seems to be the most appropriate entity for fictional characters.

Next, I will search for the property or entity representing "female" in Wikidata.

Question: female

Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. female organism (wd:Q43445, matched via female), also known as ♀, female, female animal, female creature, sex — female: is instance of group of living things / organism of the female sex / is subclass of eukaryote / is subclass of Eukaryote / is subclass of organism / is subclass of Organism / is instance of sex
2. Female (wd:Q639354): 1933 Warner Bros. pre-code film / is instance of film
3. female (wd:Q6581072), also known as f, fairer sex, fem, female character, female gender, etc.: to be used in "sex or gender" (P21) to indicate that the ... (P10339) to indicate that a word refers to a female person / to be used in "sex or gender" (P21) to indicate that the human subject is a female / is instance of sex of humans / is instance of gender
4. The Female (wd:Q18708947, matched via Female), also known as Female: 1924 film by Sam Wood / is instance of film
5. Female (wd:Q5442715), also known as Fîmeiru ,(Female): 2005 film directed by Shinya Tsukamoto / is instance of film
6. female connector (wd:Q11659367, matched via female), also known as female, female contact, female fastener: gender of connectors and fasteners / is instance of connector gender / is subclass of connector
7. Female (wd:Q47128284): is instance of single / is instance of song / song by Keith Urban
8. Female (wd:Q5442717): 1933 novel by Donald Henderson Clarke / is instance of literary work
9. Female (wd:Q130232348): enemy type in the 2023 video game World of Horror / is instance of enemy type / is subclass of female
10. Female (wd:Q63650079): theatrical character in the play "Yerma" / is instance of theatrical character

[Assistant]
The entity "female" (wd:Q6581072) is the one used to indicate the human subject is female in the context of sex or gender. This is the appropriate entity for female.

Next, I will search for the property or entity representing "swordfighter" or similar terms such as "swordsman," "swordswoman," or "swordsman/woman" in Wikidata.

Question: swordfighter

Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. swordfighter (wd:Q11397897), also known as sword-fighter, swordsman, swordsmen, swordswoman: person who fights with a sword / is subclass of martial artist / is instance of occupation
2. The tale of the sword - swords and swordfighters in Bronze Age Europe (wd:Q56826244): scholarly article by Kristian Kristiansen published in November 2002 / is instance of scholarly article / is instance of academic article
3. Tales of Hoards and Swordfighters in Early Bronze Age Scandinavia: The Brand New and the Broken (wd:Q58587763): scholarly article by Lene Melheim published in January 2014 / is instance of scholarly article / is instance of academic article

[Assistant]
The entity "swordfighter" (wd:Q11397897) is identified as a person who fights with a sword. This is the appropriate entity for swordfighters.

Now, I need to find a property that indicates a character is fictional. I will search for properties related to "fictional" or "fictional character."

Question: fictional

Top 10 property alternatives:
1. fictional or mythical analog of (wd:P1074 as pr/pq/p/wdtn/pqn/ps/prn/prv/pqv/psn/psv/wdt, matched via fictionalization of), also known as analog of, fictional analog of, fictionalisation of, fictionalization of, fictional version of, etc.: used to link an entity or class of entities appearing in a ... the analogous entity or class of entities in the real world / is subproperty of inspired by
2. from narrative universe (wd:P1080 as pr/pq/p/wdtn/pqn/ps/prn/prv/pqv/psn/psv/wdt, matched via fictional universe), also known as appears in universe, continuity, cycle, featured in universe, fictional universe, etc.: subject's fictional entity is in the object narrative. See ... (present in work) and P1445 (fictional universe described in) / subject's fictional entity is in the object narrative. See ... (present in work) and P1445 (fictional universe described in) / is subproperty of part of
3. takes place in fictional universe (wd:P1434 as pr/pq/p/wdtn/pqn/ps/prn/prv/pqv/psn/psv/wdt, matched via fictional universe described), also known as continuity, described fictional universe, describe fictional universe, describes fictional universe, describes the fictional universe, etc.: the subject is a work describing a fictional universe, i.e. whose plot occurs in this universe
4. fictional universe described in (wd:P1445 as pr/pq/p/wdtn/pqn/ps/prn/prv/pqv/psn/psv/wdt), also known as P1445: to link a fictional universe with a work that describes it: <universe> "described in the work:" <work>
5. fandom (wd:P8693 as pr/pq/p/wdtn/pqn/ps/prn/prv/pqv/psn/psv/wdt), also known as fan group name, P8693: fan group of a celebrity, musical group, artist, work, etc.
6. personality trait of fictional character (wd:P9652 as pr/pq/p/wdtn/pqn/ps/prn/prv/pqv/psn/psv/wdt, matched via trait of fictitious character), also known as character trait of fictional character, character trait of fictitious character, fictional character personality trait, fictional character personal quality, fictional character trait, etc.: particular personality trait which applies to this fictional character
7. present in work (wd:P1441 as pr/pq/p/wdtn/pqn/ps/prn/prv/pqv/psn/psv/wdt, matched via from narrative), also known as appeared in, appears in, appears in work, character in, featured in work, etc.: this (fictional or fictionalized) entity, place, or person ... P1343 for entities described in non-fictional accounts) / work in which this fictional entity (Q14897293) or historical ... P1343 for entities described in non-fictional accounts)
8. screenwriter (wd:P58 as pr/pq/p/wdtn/pqn/ps/prn/prv/pqv/psn/psv/wdt, matched via story by), also known as film script by, game writer, scenarist, screenplay by, scriptwriter, etc.: author(s) of the screenplay or script for this work / author(s) of the screenplay or script for this work / person(s) who wrote the script for subject item / is subproperty of film crew member / is subproperty of author
9. floors above ground (wd:P1101 as pr/pq/p/wdtn/pqn/ps/prn/prv/pqv/psn/psv/wdt, matched via stories), also known as floor count, levels above ground, number of floors, number of stories, storeys, etc.: above ground floor count of a building (ground floor and attic included) / above ground floor count of a building (ground floor included)
10. characters (wd:P674 as pr/pq/p/wdtn/pqn/ps/prn/prv/pqv/psn/psv/wdt), also known as appears in this work, P674: characters which appear in this item (like plays, operas, operettas, books, comics, films, TV series, video games) / characters which appear in this item (like plays, operas, operettas, books, comics, films, TV series, video games) / characters which appear in this item (like plays, operas, operettas, books, comics, films, TV series, video games)

[Assistant]
The property "instance of" (wdt:P31) can be used to specify that an entity is an instance of a class. We can use this to specify that a character is an instance of the class "fictional character" (wd:Q95074).

Now, I will check the property used to indicate the gender of a character. I will search for properties related to "gender" or "sex" for the entity "character" (wd:Q95074).

Question: gender

Top 10 property alternatives:
1. has characteristic (wd:P1552 as wdt/p, matched via trait), also known as aspect, attribute, characteristic, characterized by, defined by, etc.: inherent or distinguishing quality or feature of the entity. Use a more specific property when possible. / inherent or distinguishing quality or feature of the entity. Use a more specific property when possible / the entity has an inherent or distinguishing characteristic / the entity has an inherent or distinguishing characteristic
2. instance of (wd:P31 as wdt/p, matched via type), also known as example of, has type, is a, is an, is of type, etc.: type to which this subject corresponds/belongs. Different ... and the volcano is a type (instance) of volcanic landform / that class of which this subject is a particular example and ... a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform)
3. topic's main category (wd:P910 as wdt/p, matched via category), also known as article's main category, category, category for this topic, catmain, has category, etc.: main category of this topic / main Wikimedia category
4. different from (wd:P1889 as wdt/p, matched via not), also known as confused with, differs from, disambiguated from, distinct from, distinguished from, etc.: item that is different from another item, with which it is often confused / item that is different from another item, with which it may be confused
5. described by source (wd:P1343 as wdt/p, matched via subject in), also known as defined in, described by biography, described by encyclopedia, described by obituary, described by reference work, etc.: dictionary, encyclopaedia, etc. where this item is described / work where this item is described / is subproperty of attested in
6. subclass of (wd:P279 as wdt/p, matched via type of), also known as all members of this class also belong to, category of, form of, has superclass, is a class of, etc.: this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; ALL instances ... of volcanic landform); Everest is an instance of mountain / this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; all instances ... instance of volcanic landform); K2 is an instance of mountain / this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; all instances ... instance of volcanic landform); K2 is an instance of mountain / this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; all instances ... instance of volcanic landform); K2 is an instance of mountain
7. NDL Authority ID (wd:P349 as wdtn/wdt/p, matched via ndl), also known as National Diet Library Auth ID, National Diet Library ID, National Diet Library of Japan authority control ID, National Diet Library of Japan ID, ndl, etc.: identifier for authority control per the National Diet Library of Japan
8. image (wd:P18 as wdt/p, matched via still), also known as camera picture, Commons image, drawing, File:, graph, etc.: image of relevant illustration of the subject; if available, ... only images which exist on Wikimedia Commons are acceptable / image of relevant illustration of the subject; if available, ... only images which exist on Wikimedia Commons are acceptable / image of relevant illustration of the subject; if available, ... map, flag image, signature image, logo image, collage image) / image of relevant illustration of the subject; if available, ... map, flag image, signature image, logo image, collage image)
9. Wikidata property (wd:P1687 as wdt/p, matched via property), also known as has property, main property, property, property for this item, P1687: main Wikidata property for this item / main Wikidata property for this item
10. Commons category (wd:P373 as wdt/p, matched via commonscat), also known as category Commons, category on Commons, category on Wikimedia Commons, category Wikipedia Commons, commonscat, etc.: name of the Wikimedia Commons category containing files related to this item (without the prefix "Category:") / name of the Wikimedia Commons category containing files related to this item (without the prefix "Category") / name of the Wikimedia Commons category containing files related to this item (without the prefix "Category")

No other items found

[Assistant]
The search for a specific property indicating gender or sex for the entity "character" (wd:Q95074) did not return a direct property for gender or sex. However, in Wikidata, the property "sex or gender" (wdt:P21) is commonly used to indicate the gender of humans and fictional characters.

I will now check if the property "sex or gender" (wdt:P21) is used for fictional characters by listing some triples with fictional characters as subjects and the property "sex or gender."

list

Got more than 131,072 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject                             | property                | object                      |
| ----------------------------------- | ----------------------- | --------------------------- |
| Mahatma Gandhi (wd:Q1001)           | sex or gender (wdt:P21) | male (wd:Q6581097)          |
| wd:Q100144332                       | sex or gender (wdt:P21) | male organism (wd:Q44148)   |
| Makybe Diva (wd:Q1001792)           | sex or gender (wdt:P21) | female organism (wd:Q43445) |
| Rachel Carson (wd:Q100948)          | sex or gender (wdt:P21) | female (wd:Q6581072)        |
| Bianca Von Krieg (wd:Q100151996)    | sex or gender (wdt:P21) | transgender (wd:Q189125)    |
| Marie Le Marcis (wd:Q100154384)     | sex or gender (wdt:P21) | intersex (wd:Q1097630)      |
| Ray Shipley (wd:Q100251340)         | sex or gender (wdt:P21) | non-binary (wd:Q48270)      |
| wd:L1357866-S1                      | sex or gender (wdt:P21) | context (wd:Q196626)        |
| Porpora Marcasciano (wd:Q100151573) | sex or gender (wdt:P21) | trans woman (wd:Q1052281)   |
| Tylan Grant (wd:Q100138685)         | sex or gender (wdt:P21) | trans man (wd:Q2449503)     |
| ...                                 | ...                     | ...                         |

[Assistant]
The property "sex or gender" (wdt:P21) is used to indicate the gender of entities, including fictional characters.

Now, I will check the property that indicates the occupation or role of a character, to link the character with the occupation "swordfighter" (wd:Q11397897). I will search for properties related to "occupation" for the entity "character" (wd:Q95074).

Question: occupation

Top 10 property alternatives:
1. Wikidata property (wd:P1687 as wdt/p, matched via property), also known as has property, main property, property, property for this item, P1687: main Wikidata property for this item / main Wikidata property for this item
2. topic's main category (wd:P910 as wdt/p, matched via category), also known as article's main category, category, category for this topic, catmain, has category, etc.: main category of this topic / main Wikimedia category
3. described by source (wd:P1343 as wdt/p, matched via found in), also known as defined in, described by biography, described by encyclopedia, described by obituary, described by reference work, etc.: dictionary, encyclopaedia, etc. where this item is described / work where this item is described / is subproperty of attested in
4. subclass of (wd:P279 as wdt/p, matched via subcategory of), also known as all members of this class also belong to, category of, form of, has superclass, is a class of, etc.: this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; ALL instances ... of volcanic landform); Everest is an instance of mountain / this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; all instances ... instance of volcanic landform); K2 is an instance of mountain / this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; all instances ... instance of volcanic landform); K2 is an instance of mountain / this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; all instances ... instance of volcanic landform); K2 is an instance of mountain
5. has characteristic (wd:P1552 as wdt/p, matched via trait), also known as aspect, attribute, characteristic, characterized by, defined by, etc.: inherent or distinguishing quality or feature of the entity. Use a more specific property when possible. / inherent or distinguishing quality or feature of the entity. Use a more specific property when possible / the entity has an inherent or distinguishing characteristic / the entity has an inherent or distinguishing characteristic
6. instance of (wd:P31 as wdt/p, matched via is a), also known as example of, has type, is a, is an, is of type, etc.: type to which this subject corresponds/belongs. Different ... and the volcano is a type (instance) of volcanic landform / that class of which this subject is a particular example and ... a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform)
7. different from (wd:P1889 as wdt/p, matched via not), also known as confused with, differs from, disambiguated from, distinct from, distinguished from, etc.: item that is different from another item, with which it is often confused / item that is different from another item, with which it may be confused
8. Commons category (wd:P373 as wdt/p, matched via category Commons), also known as category Commons, category on Commons, category on Wikimedia Commons, category Wikipedia Commons, commonscat, etc.: name of the Wikimedia Commons category containing files related to this item (without the prefix "Category:") / name of the Wikimedia Commons category containing files related to this item (without the prefix "Category") / name of the Wikimedia Commons category containing files related to this item (without the prefix "Category")
9. image (wd:P18 as wdt/p, matched via still), also known as camera picture, Commons image, drawing, File:, graph, etc.: image of relevant illustration of the subject; if available, ... only images which exist on Wikimedia Commons are acceptable / image of relevant illustration of the subject; if available, ... only images which exist on Wikimedia Commons are acceptable / image of relevant illustration of the subject; if available, ... map, flag image, signature image, logo image, collage image) / image of relevant illustration of the subject; if available, ... map, flag image, signature image, logo image, collage image)
10. properties for this type (wd:P1963 as wdt/p, matched via has property), also known as has properties, has property, properties for this class, property for this class, property for this type, etc.: when this subject is used as object of “instance of”, the following properties normally apply / when this subject is used as object of “instance of”, the following properties normally apply

No other items found

[Assistant]
The search for a specific property indicating occupation or role for the entity "character" (wd:Q95074) did not return a direct property for occupation. However, the general property "occupation" (wdt:P106) is commonly used in Wikidata to indicate the occupation or role of a person or character.

I will now construct a SPARQL query to count the number of fictional female swordfighters. The query will:
- Find entities that are instances of fictional characters (wd:Q95074).
- Have the sex or gender property (wdt:P21) set to female (wd:Q6581072).
- Have the occupation property (wdt:P106) set to swordfighter (wd:Q11397897).

I will execute this query to get the count.

execute

SELECT (COUNT(DISTINCT ?character) AS ?count) WHERE {
  ?character wdt:P31 wd:Q95074 .
  ?character wdt:P21 wd:Q6581072 .
  ?character wdt:P106 wd:Q11397897 .
}

Got 1 row and 1 column:
| count       |
| ----------- |
| 6 (xsd:int) |

[Assistant]
answer

SELECT (COUNT(DISTINCT ?character) AS ?count) WHERE {
  ?character wdt:P31 wd:Q95074 .
  ?character wdt:P21 wd:Q6581072 .
  ?character wdt:P106 wd:Q11397897 .
}

Answer: There are 6 fictional female swordfighters in Wikidata.


PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
SELECT ?openingDate WHERE {
  wd:Q71719 wdt:P1619 ?openingDate .
}

Using entities:
- Hollywood Walk of Fame (wd:Q71719), also known as Walk of Fame: is instance of hall of fame / is instance of walk of fame / is instance of monument / is instance of tourist attraction / is instance of avenue / more than 2,700 five-pointed terrazzo and brass stars ... and three blocks of Vine Street in Hollywood, California

Using properties:
- date of official opening (wd:P1619 as wdt), also known as date of opening, date opened, grand opening, inaugurated, inauguration, etc.: is subproperty of date of foundation or creation / is subproperty of inception / is subproperty of start time / date or point in time an event, museum, theatre etc. officially opened / date or point in time a place, organization, or event officially opened

Answer: The Hollywood Walk of Fame officially opened in the year 1960.

The Hollywood Walk of Fame officially opened in the year 1960.

SPARQL query over wikidata:
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
SELECT ?openingDate WHERE {
  wd:Q71719 wdt:P1619 ?openingDate .
}

Using entities:
- Hollywood Walk of Fame (wd:Q71719), also known as Walk of Fame: is instance of hall of fame / is instance of walk of fame / is instance of monument / is instance of tourist attraction / is instance of avenue / more than 2,700 five-pointed terrazzo and brass stars ... and three blocks of Vine Street in Hollywood, California

Using properties:
- date of official opening (wd:P1619 as wdt), also known as date of opening, date opened, grand opening, inaugurated, inauguration, etc.: is subproperty of date of foundation or creation / is subproperty of inception / is subproperty of start time / date or point in time an event, museum, theatre etc. officially opened / date or point in time a place, organization, or event officially opened

Execution result:
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| openingDate                         |
| ----------------------------------- |
| 1960-01-01T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) |

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Search for the entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Execute intermediate queries to get feedback and to verify your assumptions. You may need to refine or rethink your current plan based on the query results and go back to step 2 if needed, possibly multiple times.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Available knowledge graphs:
- wikidata at http://localhost:7001 with prefix index for entities and similarity index for properties

Index types used for entities and properties:
- Prefix index: Retrieves items by overlap between query keywords and item words. The query keywords can match item words exactly or as prefixes.
- Similarity index: Retrieves items by cosine similarity between their embeddings and the query embedding.

SPARQL prefixes for use in function calls:
- bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
- cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
- data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
- dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
- dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
- foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
- geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
- geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
- gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
- hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
- imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
- math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
- ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
- owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
- p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
- pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
- pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
- pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
- pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
- prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
- prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
- prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
- ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
- psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
- psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
- qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
- qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
- ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
- qlss: <https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/spatialSearch/
- rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
- rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
- ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
- s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
- schema: <http://schema.org/
- skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
- v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
- void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#
- wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
- wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
- wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
- wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
- wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
- xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#

Additional rules to follow:
- Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
- Do not just use or make up entity or property identifiers without verifying their existence in the knowledge graphs first.
- Do not ask the user for clarifications without first attempting to complete the task. If the task input is incomplete or ambiguous, try to make reasonable assumptions and document them.
- Do not use "SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ..." in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.
- Always execute your final SPARQL query before giving an answer to make sure it returns the expected results.
- The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
- Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
- Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
- For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.

[User] In what year did the Hollywood Walk of Fame open?

[Assistant]
Step 1: Identify the entity and property related to the question.
- Entity: Hollywood Walk of Fame
- Property: opening date or inception date or start date

Step 2: Search for the entity "Hollywood Walk of Fame" in Wikidata.

Question: Hollywood Walk of Fame

Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Hollywood Walk of Fame (wd:Q71719), also known as Walk of Fame: more than 2,700 five-pointed terrazzo and brass stars ... and three blocks of Vine Street in Hollywood, California / is instance of tourist attraction / is instance of hall of fame / is instance of walk of fame / is instance of monument / is instance of avenue
2. star on Hollywood Walk of Fame (wd:Q17985761, matched via Hollywood Walk of Fame star), also known as Hollywood Walk of Fame star: award in the Hollywood Walk of Fame, Hollywood, California, United States / is instance of commemorative plaque / is instance of award / is subclass of award
3. Hollywood's Rock Walk of Fame (wd:Q3139400), also known as Rock walk of fame: is instance of walk of fame
4. Walk of Fame of Cabaret (wd:Q2345775): sidewalk between Proviant-Magazin and Schönborner Hof in Mainz, Germany / is instance of walk of fame
5. Canada's Walk of Fame (wd:Q857933): street in Toronto, Ontario, Canada / is instance of walk of fame / is instance of street
6. Walk of Fame Europe (wd:Q2542366): is instance of walk of fame
7. Italian Walk of Fame (wd:Q776096): landmark in Little Italy, Toronto / is instance of walk of fame
8. Walk of Fame Bucharest (wd:Q7962076): is instance of hall of fame
9. Walk of Fame of Italian sport (wd:Q24933232): is instance of walk of fame / museum in Italy
10. Walk of Fame (wd:Q48673901): 2017 film by Jesse Thomas / is instance of film

[Assistant]
The entity "Hollywood Walk of Fame" corresponds to wd:Q71719.

Step 3: Search for properties related to the opening or inception date of the Hollywood Walk of Fame (wd:Q71719). I will look for properties related to "opening," "inception," or "start date."

Question: opening

Top 10 property alternatives:
1. date of official opening (wd:P1619 as wdt/p, matched via opened), also known as date of opening, date opened, grand opening, inaugurated, inauguration, etc.: date or point in time a place, organization, or event officially opened / date or point in time an event, museum, theatre etc. officially opened / is subproperty of date of foundation or creation / is subproperty of start time / is subproperty of inception
2. part of (wd:P361 as wdt/p, matched via of), also known as assembly of, branch of, chain, collateral branch of, component of, etc.: object of which the subject is a part (if this subject is ... "has part" (P527, see also "has parts of the class" (P2670)) / object of which the subject is a part (if this subject is ... "has part" (P527, see also "has parts of the class" (P2670)) / object of which the subject is a part (if this subject is ... "has part" (P527, see also "has parts of the class" (P2670)) / object of which the subject is a part (if this subject is ... "has part" (P527, see also "has parts of the class" (P2670))
3. location (wd:P276 as wdt/p, matched via in), also known as based in, city, from, held by, in, etc.: location of the object, structure or event. In the case of an ... use P706. Use P7153 for locations associated with the object / location of the item, physical object or event is within. In ... use P131. In case of a distinct terrain feature use P706. / location of the item, physical object or event is within. In ... use P131. In case of a distinct terrain feature use P706.
4. located in the administrative territorial entity (wd:P131 as wdt/p, matched via in), also known as administrative territorial entity, administrative territory, city, happens in, in, etc.: the item is located on the territory of the following ... the item falls only partially into the administrative entity. / the item is located on the territory of the following ... the item falls only partially into the administrative entity. / the item is located on the territory of the following administrative entity / the item is located on the territory of the following administrative entity / is subproperty of location / is subproperty of part of
5. inception (wd:P571 as wdt/p, matched via formation), also known as broke ground, built, commenced on date, commencement date, completed, etc.: time when an entity begins to exist; for date of official opening use P1619 / time when an entity begins to exist; for date of official opening use P1619 / date or point in time when the organisation / object was founded / created / is subproperty of start time
6. coordinate location (wd:P625 as wdt/p, matched via position), also known as co-ordinate location, co-ordinates, coordinates, co-ords, coords, etc.: geocoordinates of the subject. For Earth, please note that only WGS84 coordinating system is supported at the moment / coordinates of the subject / coordinates of the subject
7. topic's main category (wd:P910 as wdt/p, matched via category), also known as article's main category, category, category for this topic, catmain, has category, etc.: main category of this topic / main Wikimedia category
8. located on street (wd:P669 as wdt/p, matched via is on), also known as address street, is on, located at street (item), on street, road, etc.: street, road, or square, where the item is located. To add ... P6375 "street address", if there is no item for the street / street, or road, where the item is located. To add the ... Use property P6375 if there is no item for the street / is subproperty of location / is subproperty of part of
9. title (wd:P1476 as wdt/p, matched via headline), also known as article title, full title, headline, known as, name, etc.: published name of a work, such as a newspaper article, a literary work, piece of music, a website, or a performance work / published title of a work, such as a newspaper article, a literary work, a website, or a performance work / published title of a work, such as a newspaper article, a literary work, a website, or a performance work / is subproperty of name
10. hashtag (wd:P2572 as wdt/p, matched via tag), also known as Flickr tag, tag, Twitter hashtag, P2572: reference keyword associated with this item for online ... the "#" symbol which is often used as a prefixed indicator) / hashtag associated with this item. Format: do not include the "#" symbol / hashtag associated with this item. Format: do not include the "#" symbol

No other items found

[Assistant]
The property "date of official opening" (wdt:P1619) seems to be the most relevant for the opening year of the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Step 4: Query the opening date of the Hollywood Walk of Fame (wd:Q71719) using the property "date of official opening" (wdt:P1619).

execute

SELECT ?openingDate WHERE { wd:Q71719 wdt:P1619 ?openingDate . }

[Assistant]
answer

SELECT ?openingDate WHERE { wd:Q71719 wdt:P1619 ?openingDate . }

Answer: The Hollywood Walk of Fame officially opened in the year 1960.


PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
SELECT ( COUNT( ?language ) AS ?count ) WHERE {
  wd:Q843 wdt:P37 ?language .
}

Using entities:
- Pakistan (wd:Q843), also known as Islamic Republic of Pakistan, PAK, pk, Republic of Pakistan: is instance of sovereign state / is instance of country / republic in Asia / republic in Asia / sovereign state in South Asia

Using properties:
- official language (wd:P37 as wdt), also known as language official, language spoken, speaking, spoken in, P37: is subproperty of language used / language designated as official by this item / language designated as official by this item / language designated as official by this item / language designated as official by this item

Got 1 row and 1 column:
| count       |
| ----------- |
| 2 (xsd:int) |

Answer: Pakistan has 2 official languages according to Wikidata: Urdu and English.

Pakistan has 2 official languages according to Wikidata: Urdu and English.

SPARQL query over wikidata:
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
SELECT ( COUNT( ?language ) AS ?count ) WHERE {
  wd:Q843 wdt:P37 ?language .
}

Using entities:
- Pakistan (wd:Q843), also known as Islamic Republic of Pakistan, PAK, pk, Republic of Pakistan: is instance of sovereign state / is instance of country / republic in Asia / republic in Asia / sovereign state in South Asia

Using properties:
- official language (wd:P37 as wdt), also known as language official, language spoken, speaking, spoken in, P37: is subproperty of language used / language designated as official by this item / language designated as official by this item / language designated as official by this item / language designated as official by this item

Execution result:
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| count       |
| ----------- |
| 2 (xsd:int) |

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Search for the entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Execute intermediate queries to get feedback and to verify your assumptions. You may need to refine or rethink your current plan based on the query results and go back to step 2 if needed, possibly multiple times.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Available knowledge graphs:
- wikidata at http://localhost:7001 with prefix index for entities and similarity index for properties

Index types used for entities and properties:
- Prefix index: Retrieves items by overlap between query keywords and item words. The query keywords can match item words exactly or as prefixes.
- Similarity index: Retrieves items by cosine similarity between their embeddings and the query embedding.

SPARQL prefixes for use in function calls:
- bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
- cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
- data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
- dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
- dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
- foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
- geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
- geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
- gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
- hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
- imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
- math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
- ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
- owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
- p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
- pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
- pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
- pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
- pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
- prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
- prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
- prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
- ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
- psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
- psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
- qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
- qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
- ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
- qlss: <https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/spatialSearch/
- rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
- rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
- ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
- s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
- schema: <http://schema.org/
- skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
- v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
- void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#
- wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
- wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
- wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
- wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
- wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
- xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#

Additional rules to follow:
- Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
- Do not just use or make up entity or property identifiers without verifying their existence in the knowledge graphs first.
- Do not ask the user for clarifications without first attempting to complete the task. If the task input is incomplete or ambiguous, try to make reasonable assumptions and document them.
- Do not use "SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ..." in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.
- Always execute your final SPARQL query before giving an answer to make sure it returns the expected results.
- The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
- Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
- Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
- For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.

[User] How many official languages has Pakistan ?

[Assistant]
To answer the question "How many official languages has Pakistan?" we need to:

1. Identify the entity for Pakistan in Wikidata.
2. Identify the property that represents "official language" in Wikidata.
3. Query how many official languages are linked to Pakistan using that property.

I will start by searching for the entity "Pakistan" in Wikidata.

Question: Pakistan

Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Pakistan (wd:Q843), also known as Islamic Republic of Pakistan, PAK, pk, Republic of Pakistan: is instance of sovereign state / sovereign state in South Asia / is instance of country / republic in Asia / republic in Asia
2. Dominion of Pakistan (wd:Q2006542, matched via Pakistan), also known as Pakistan: period of Pakistani history between 1947 to 1956 / is instance of dominion of the British Empire / is instance of historical country / is instance of dominion
3. West Pakistan (wd:Q2342822, matched via Pakistan), also known as Pakistan: Western Wing of Pakistan between 1947–1970 / is instance of historical country
4. Pakistan (wd:Q4121082): village in Purnia district, Bihar, India / is instance of village in India / village in India / village in India
5. Urdu 1 (wd:Q2786023, matched via Pakistan), also known as Pakistan: Pakistani Urdu-language television network / is instance of television network
6. Pakistan (wd:Q122963846): 2023 single by D-Block Europe and Clavish / is instance of musical work/composition
7. Khan Bela (wd:Q31308479, matched via Pakistan), also known as Liaqatpur, Pakistan, Rahim Yar Khan: Khan Bela is a city in Rahim Yar Khan District, Punjab, ... {{cvt|90|km|mile}} from Khan Bela and Bahawalpur is {{cvt|105 / is instance of human settlement
8. Pakistan (wd:Q57206806): is instance of village of Cameroon / is instance of village / village in Cameroon
9. Pakistan (wd:Q123373611): 1954 film produced by Milan Herzog / is instance of short film
10. Pakistan (wd:Q125997316): scientific article published in 2012 / is instance of scholarly article / is instance of academic article

[Assistant]
The entity for Pakistan in Wikidata is wd:Q843.

Next, I will search for the property that represents "official language" in Wikidata. I will search for properties related to "official language."

Question: official language

Top 10 property alternatives:
1. official language (wd:P37 as pr/pq/p/wdtn/pqn/ps/prn/prv/pqv/psn/psv/wdt), also known as language official, language spoken, speaking, spoken in, P37: language designated as official by this item / language designated as official by this item / language designated as official by this item / language designated as official by this item / is subproperty of language used
2. native label (wd:P1705 as pr/pq/p/wdtn/pqn/ps/prn/prv/pqv/psn/psv/wdt, matched via official language name), also known as autonym, label in official language, label in original language, name in official language, name in original language, etc.: label for the items in their official language (P37) or their original language (P364) / label for the items in their official language (P37) or their original language (P364) / label for the items in their official language (P37) or their original language (P364) / label for the items in their official language  or their original language / is subproperty of name
3. original language of film or TV show (wd:P364 as pr/pq/p/wdtn/pqn/ps/prn/prv/pqv/psn/psv/wdt, matched via original language), also known as created on language, language of the original work, media language, original language, P364: language in which a film or a performance work was originally ... and songs; use P407 ("language of work or name") instead. / language in which a film or a performance work was originally ... written works; use P407 ("language of work or name") instead. / language in which a film or a performance work was originally ... written works; use P407 ("language of work or name") instead. / is subproperty of language of work or name
4. language used (wd:P2936 as pr/pq/p/wdtn/pqn/ps/prn/prv/pqv/psn/psv/wdt, matched via working language), also known as languages used, medium of instruction, used language, uses language, working language, etc.: language widely used (spoken or written) in this place or at this event or organisation
5. native language (wd:P103 as pr/pq/p/wdtn/pqn/ps/prn/prv/pqv/psn/psv/wdt, matched via first language), also known as first language, L1 speaker of, language native, mother tongue, P103: language or languages a person has learned from early childhood / is subproperty of languages spoken, written or signed / language or languages a person has learned from birth / language or languages a person has learned from birth
6. language regulatory body (wd:P1018 as pr/pq/p/wdtn/pqn/ps/prn/prv/pqv/psn/psv/wdt, matched via language authority), also known as language authority, regulatory body, P1018: regulatory body of a language
7. language of work or name (wd:P407 as pr/pq/p/wdtn/pqn/ps/prn/prv/pqv/psn/psv/wdt, matched via used language), also known as audio language, available in, broadcasting language, language, language of name, etc.: language associated with this creative work (such as books, ... (P103) and "languages spoken, written or signed" (P1412)) / language associated with this creative work (such as books, ... (P103) and "languages spoken, written or signed" (P1412)) / language associated with this work or name (for persons use P103 and P1412)
8. languages spoken, written or signed (wd:P1412 as pr/pq/p/wdtn/pqn/ps/prn/prv/pqv/psn/psv/wdt, matched via used language), also known as language, language of expression, language read, language signed, languages of expression, etc.: language(s) that a person or a people speaks, writes or signs, including the native language(s) / language(s) that a person speaks or writes, including the native language(s) / language(s) that a person speaks or writes, including the native language(s)
9. programmed in (wd:P277 as pr/pq/p/wdtn/pqn/ps/prn/prv/pqv/psn/psv/wdt, matched via language), also known as language, programming language, written in, P277: the programming language(s) in which the software is developed
10. Ethnologue language status (wd:P3823 as pr/pq/p/wdtn/pqn/ps/prn/prv/pqv/psn/psv/wdt, matched via language status), also known as EGIDS, language status, P3823: language status identifier by Ethnologue.com using EGIDS scale / language status identifier by Ethnologue.com using EGIDS scale

[Assistant]
The property for "official language" is wd:P37.

Now, I will query how many official languages Pakistan (wd:Q843) has using the property wd:P37.

execute

SELECT (COUNT(?language) AS ?count) WHERE { wd:Q843 wdt:P37 ?language . }

Got 1 row and 1 column:
| count       |
| ----------- |
| 2 (xsd:int) |

[Assistant]
SELECT ?language ?languageLabel WHERE { wd:Q843 wdt:P37 ?language . OPTIONAL { ?language rdfs:label ?languageLabel FILTER (LANG(?languageLabel) = "en") } }

Got 2 rows and 2 columns:
| language           | languageLabel     |
| ------------------ | ----------------- |
| Urdu (wd:Q1617)    | Urdu (lang:en)    |
| English (wd:Q1860) | English (lang:en) |

[Assistant]
answer

SELECT (COUNT(?language) AS ?count) WHERE { wd:Q843 wdt:P37 ?language . }

Answer: Pakistan has 2 official languages according to Wikidata: Urdu and English.