PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
SELECT ( AVG( ?spouseCount ) AS ?averageSpouses ) WHERE {
  {
    SELECT ?headOfState ( COUNT( ?spouse ) AS ?spouseCount ) WHERE {
      ?headOfState wdt:P39 wd:Q48352 .
      OPTIONAL {
        ?headOfState wdt:P26 ?spouse .
      }
    }
    GROUP BY ?headOfState
  }
}

Using entities:
- head of state (wd:Q48352): is instance of public office / is subclass of leader / is subclass of statesperson / official who holds the highest-ranked executive position in a sovereign state / official who holds the highest-ranked executive position in a sovereign state

Using properties:
- spouse (wd:P26 as wdt), also known as common-law husband, common-law spouse, common-law wife, husband, husbands, etc.: is subproperty of relative / is subproperty of significant person / the subject has the object as their spouse (husband, wife, ... Use "unmarried partner" (P451) for non-married companions / the subject has the object as their spouse (husband, wife, ... Use "unmarried partner" (P451) for non-married companions / the subject has the object as their spouse (husband, wife, ... Use "unmarried partner" (P451) for non-married companions
- position held (wd:P39 as wdt), also known as function, held position, holds position, job, office held, etc.: subject currently or formerly holds the object position or public office / subject currently or formerly holds the object position or public office / subject currently or formerly holds the object position or public office / subject currently or formerly holds the object position or public office

Answer: The average number of spouses for heads of state is approximately 0.22 based on the data available in Wikidata.

The average number of spouses for heads of state is approximately 0.22 based on the data available in Wikidata.

SPARQL query over wikidata:
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
SELECT ( AVG( ?spouseCount ) AS ?averageSpouses ) WHERE {
  {
    SELECT ?headOfState ( COUNT( ?spouse ) AS ?spouseCount ) WHERE {
      ?headOfState wdt:P39 wd:Q48352 .
      OPTIONAL {
        ?headOfState wdt:P26 ?spouse .
      }
    }
    GROUP BY ?headOfState
  }
}

Using entities:
- head of state (wd:Q48352): is instance of public office / is subclass of leader / is subclass of statesperson / official who holds the highest-ranked executive position in a sovereign state / official who holds the highest-ranked executive position in a sovereign state

Using properties:
- spouse (wd:P26 as wdt), also known as common-law husband, common-law spouse, common-law wife, husband, husbands, etc.: is subproperty of relative / is subproperty of significant person / the subject has the object as their spouse (husband, wife, ... Use "unmarried partner" (P451) for non-married companions / the subject has the object as their spouse (husband, wife, ... Use "unmarried partner" (P451) for non-married companions / the subject has the object as their spouse (husband, wife, ... Use "unmarried partner" (P451) for non-married companions
- position held (wd:P39 as wdt), also known as function, held position, holds position, job, office held, etc.: subject currently or formerly holds the object position or public office / subject currently or formerly holds the object position or public office / subject currently or formerly holds the object position or public office / subject currently or formerly holds the object position or public office

Execution result:
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| averageSpouses         |
| ---------------------- |
| 0.222222 (xsd:decimal) |

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Search for the entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Execute intermediate queries to get feedback and to verify your assumptions. You may need to refine or rethink your current plan based on the query results and go back to step 2 if needed, possibly multiple times.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Available knowledge graphs:
- wikidata at http://localhost:7001 with prefix index for entities and similarity index for properties

Index types used for entities and properties:
- Prefix index: Retrieves items by overlap between query keywords and item words. The query keywords can match item words exactly or as prefixes.
- Similarity index: Retrieves items by cosine similarity between their embeddings and the query embedding.

SPARQL prefixes for use in function calls:
- bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
- cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
- data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
- dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
- dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
- foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
- geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
- geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
- gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
- hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
- imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
- math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
- ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
- owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
- p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
- pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
- pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
- pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
- pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
- prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
- prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
- prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
- ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
- psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
- psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
- qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
- qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
- ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
- qlss: <https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/spatialSearch/
- rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
- rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
- ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
- s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
- schema: <http://schema.org/
- skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
- v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
- void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#
- wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
- wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
- wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
- wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
- wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
- xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#

Additional rules to follow:
- Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
- Do not just use or make up entity or property identifiers without verifying their existence in the knowledge graphs first.
- Do not ask the user for clarifications without first attempting to complete the task. If the task input is incomplete or ambiguous, try to make reasonable assumptions and document them.
- Do not use "SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ..." in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.
- Always execute your final SPARQL query before giving an answer to make sure it returns the expected results.
- The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
- Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
- Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
- For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.

[User] How many spouses do head of states have on average?

[Assistant]
To answer this question, we need to:
1. Identify the entity or class representing "head of state" in Wikidata.
2. Identify the property representing "spouse" in Wikidata.
3. Find all individuals who are heads of state.
4. Count the number of spouses for each head of state.
5. Calculate the average number of spouses per head of state.

Step 1: Search for the entity "head of state" in Wikidata.

Question: head of state

Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. head of state (wd:Q48352): official who holds the highest-ranked executive position in a sovereign state / official who holds the highest-ranked executive position in a sovereign state / is instance of public office / is subclass of statesperson / is subclass of leader
2. Head of State (wd:Q1592282): 2003 American comedy film by Chris Rock / is instance of film
3. Head of State (wd:Q65225964): is instance of film / 2016 Armenian film
4. Başkan (wd:Q60982271, matched via head of state), also known as chairman, head of state, mayor, president: is subclass of head of government / is subclass of Head of government / is subclass of local politician / Elected administrative position / is instance of elective office / is subclass of authority / is instance of official / is instance of Official
5. Head of State (wd:Q114498865): is instance of television series episode / episode of The Wayans Bros. (S2 E8)
6. Head of state (wd:Q116754472): scientific article published on 7 May 2002 / scientific article published on 7 May 2002 / scientific article published on 7 May 2002 / is instance of scholarly article / is instance of academic article
7. Head of State (wd:Q74408294): episode of the 2003–2009 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles animated television series / is instance of animated series episode
8. O le Ao o le Malo (wd:Q1258128, matched via Samoan head of state), also known as head of state of Samoa, Samoan head of state: head of state of the Independent State of Samoa / is subclass of head of state / is instance of position / Wikimedia list article / Wikimedia list article
9. figurehead (wd:Q1472275, matched via ceremonial head of state), also known as ceremonial head of state, ceremonial leader, figurehead leader, figureheads, nominal head, etc.: person who holds de jure an important title or office, yet de facto executes little actual power / is subclass of position / is subclass of person / is subclass of leader
10. diplomatic gift (wd:Q16961893, matched via head of state gifts), also known as head of state gifts, presidential Gift: gift given by a diplomat, politician or leader when visiting a foreign country / gift given by a diplomat, politician or leader when visiting a foreign country / is subclass of gift / is subclass of Gift

[Assistant]
The entity "head of state" is wd:Q48352 in Wikidata. Next, we need to find the property representing "spouse" in Wikidata.

Question: spouse

Top 10 property alternatives:
1. spouse (wd:P26 as pr/pq/p/wdtn/pqn/ps/prn/prv/pqv/psn/psv/wdt), also known as common-law husband, common-law spouse, common-law wife, husband, husbands, etc.: the subject has the object as their spouse (husband, wife, ... Use "unmarried partner" (P451) for non-married companions / the subject has the object as their spouse (husband, wife, ... Use "unmarried partner" (P451) for non-married companions / the subject has the object as their spouse (husband, wife, ... Use "unmarried partner" (P451) for non-married companions / is subproperty of significant person / is subproperty of relative
2. unmarried partner (wd:P451 as pr/pq/p/wdtn/pqn/ps/prn/prv/pqv/psn/psv/wdt, matched via life partner), also known as boyfriend, cohabitant, domestic partner, enbyfriend, girlfriend, etc.: someone with whom the person is in a relationship without being married. Use "spouse" (P26) for married couples / someone with whom the person is in a relationship without being married. Use "spouse" (P26) for married couples / is subproperty of significant person
3. relative (wd:P1038 as pr/pq/p/wdtn/pqn/ps/prn/prv/pqv/psn/psv/wdt, matched via co-wife), also known as ancestor, aunt, aunt-in-law, brother-in-law, co-brother-in-law, etc.: family member (qualify with "kinship to subject", P1039; for direct family member please use specific property) / family member (qualify with "type of kinship", P1039; for direct family member please use specific property) / is subproperty of significant person
4. place of marriage (wd:P2842 as pr/pq/p/wdtn/pqn/ps/prn/prv/pqv/psn/psv/wdt, matched via married at), also known as location of marriage, marriage location, married at, married in, wed at, etc.: location where the marriage was celebrated. Use as qualifier for property "spouse" (P26) / location where the marriage was celebrated, qualifier for property "spouse" (P26) / is subproperty of significant place
5. connects with (wd:P2789 as pr/pq/p/wdtn/pqn/ps/prn/prv/pqv/psn/psv/wdt, matched via mates with), also known as affixed to, attached to, attaches to, binds to, connected to, etc.: gives connections of roads, streets, squares, etc / item with which the item is physically connected / is subproperty of physically interacts with
6. child (wd:P40 as pr/pq/p/wdtn/pqn/ps/prn/prv/pqv/psn/psv/wdt, matched via daughter), also known as children, daughter, daughters, descendants, father of, etc.: subject has object as child. Do not use for stepchildren—use "relative" (P1038), qualified with "type of kinship" (P1039) / subject has the object in their family as their offspring son or daughter (independently of their age) / subject has object as biological, foster, and/or adoptive child / is subproperty of significant person / is subproperty of relative
7. mother (wd:P25 as pr/pq/p/wdtn/pqn/ps/prn/prv/pqv/psn/psv/wdt), also known as child of, daughter of, has mother, is child of, is daughter of, etc.: female parent of the subject. For stepmother, use "stepparent" (P3448) / female parent of the subject. For stepmother, use "stepparent" (P3448) / female parent of the subject. For stepmother, use "stepparent" (P3448) / is subproperty of parent
8. sibling (wd:P3373 as pr/pq/p/wdtn/pqn/ps/prn/prv/pqv/psn/psv/wdt, matched via sister), also known as bro, brother, brother of, brother or sister, brothers, etc.: the subject and the object have at least one common parent ... etc.) and step-siblings (step-brothers, step-sisters, etc.) / the subject has the object as their sibling (brother, sister, ... etc.) and step-siblings (step-brothers, step-sisters, etc.) / is subproperty of relative
9. family (wd:P53 as pr/pq/p/wdtn/pqn/ps/prn/prv/pqv/psn/psv/wdt), also known as dynasty, house, member of family, noble family, royal house, etc.: family, including dynasty and nobility houses. Not family name (use P734 for family name). / family, including dynasty and nobility houses. Not family name (use P734 for family name) / family, including dynasty and nobility houses. Not family name (use P734 for family name) / is subproperty of member of
10. end time (wd:P582 as pr/pq/p/wdtn/pqn/ps/prn/prv/pqv/psn/psv/wdt, matched via divorced), also known as abolished, cease date, cease operation, cease time, closed, etc.: moment when an entity ceases to exist and a statement stops being entirely valid or no longer be true / indicates the time an item ceases to exist or a statement stops being valid / indicates the time an item ceases to exist or a statement stops being valid / is subproperty of point in time

[Assistant]
The property "spouse" is wd:P26 in Wikidata. Now, I will find all individuals who are heads of state and count the number of spouses for each. Then, I will calculate the average number of spouses per head of state. I will start by writing a query to count the number of spouses for each head of state.

execute

SELECT ?headOfState (COUNT(?spouse) AS ?spouseCount) WHERE {
  ?headOfState wdt:P39 wd:Q48352 .  # head of state position
  OPTIONAL { ?headOfState wdt:P26 ?spouse . }  # spouse property
} GROUP BY ?headOfState

Got 36 rows and 2 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| headOfState                     | spouseCount |
| ------------------------------- | ----------- |
| Pig mayor (wd:Q113111756)       | 0 (xsd:int) |
| monarch (wd:Q116)               | 0 (xsd:int) |
| Nakelli (wd:Q119723229)         | 0 (xsd:int) |
| wd:Q124726290                   | 0 (xsd:int) |
| Ijinasi (wd:Q12612819)          | 0 (xsd:int) |
| ...                             | ...         |
| Demchugdongrub (wd:Q715770)     | 0 (xsd:int) |
| Uthong (wd:Q718191)             | 0 (xsd:int) |
| Rudrasimha III (wd:Q7377529)    | 0 (xsd:int) |
| Dharma Manikya I (wd:Q85756713) | 0 (xsd:int) |
| Vijaya (wd:Q888673)             | 1 (xsd:int) |

[Assistant]
The query returned 36 heads of state with their respective spouse counts, but many have 0 spouses listed. To answer the question, I need to calculate the average number of spouses per head of state. I will write a query to calculate this average.

SELECT (AVG(?spouseCount) AS ?averageSpouses) WHERE {
  {
    SELECT ?headOfState (COUNT(?spouse) AS ?spouseCount) WHERE {
      ?headOfState wdt:P39 wd:Q48352 .  # head of state position
      OPTIONAL { ?headOfState wdt:P26 ?spouse . }  # spouse property
    } GROUP BY ?headOfState
  }
}

[Assistant]
answer

SELECT (AVG(?spouseCount) AS ?averageSpouses) WHERE {
  {
    SELECT ?headOfState (COUNT(?spouse) AS ?spouseCount) WHERE {
      ?headOfState wdt:P39 wd:Q48352 .  # head of state position
      OPTIONAL { ?headOfState wdt:P26 ?spouse . }  # spouse property
    } GROUP BY ?headOfState
  }
}

Answer: The average number of spouses for heads of state is approximately 0.22 based on the data available in Wikidata.


PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
SELECT ?nextAnimal ?nextAnimalLabel WHERE {
  wd:Q599644 wdt:P156 ?nextAnimal .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?nextAnimal rdfs:label ?nextAnimalLabel FILTER ( LANG( ?nextAnimalLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}

Using entities:
- Ox (wd:Q599644), also known as Ox (zodiac): is instance of animal from the Chinese zodiac / 2nd sign of Chinese zodiac

Using properties:
- followed by (wd:P156 as wdt), also known as comes before, continued as, next, next element, next is, etc.: immediately following item in a series of which the subject ... replaced, e.g. political offices, use "replaced by" (P1366)] / immediately following item in a series of which the subject ... replaced, e.g. political offices, use "replaced by" (P1366)] / immediately following item in a series of which the subject ... replaced, e.g. political offices, use "replaced by" (P1366)]

Got 1 row and 2 columns:
| nextAnimal         | nextAnimalLabel |
| ------------------ | --------------- |
| Tiger (wd:Q740762) | Tiger (lang:en) |

Answer: The Chinese zodiac animal that follows the ox is the tiger.

The Chinese zodiac animal that follows the ox is the tiger.

SPARQL query over wikidata:
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
SELECT ?nextAnimal ?nextAnimalLabel WHERE {
  wd:Q599644 wdt:P156 ?nextAnimal .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?nextAnimal rdfs:label ?nextAnimalLabel FILTER ( LANG( ?nextAnimalLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}

Using entities:
- Ox (wd:Q599644), also known as Ox (zodiac): is instance of animal from the Chinese zodiac / 2nd sign of Chinese zodiac

Using properties:
- followed by (wd:P156 as wdt), also known as comes before, continued as, next, next element, next is, etc.: immediately following item in a series of which the subject ... replaced, e.g. political offices, use "replaced by" (P1366)] / immediately following item in a series of which the subject ... replaced, e.g. political offices, use "replaced by" (P1366)] / immediately following item in a series of which the subject ... replaced, e.g. political offices, use "replaced by" (P1366)]

Execution result:
Got 1 row and 2 columns:
| nextAnimal         | nextAnimalLabel |
| ------------------ | --------------- |
| Tiger (wd:Q740762) | Tiger (lang:en) |

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Search for the entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Execute intermediate queries to get feedback and to verify your assumptions. You may need to refine or rethink your current plan based on the query results and go back to step 2 if needed, possibly multiple times.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Available knowledge graphs:
- wikidata at http://localhost:7001 with prefix index for entities and similarity index for properties

Index types used for entities and properties:
- Prefix index: Retrieves items by overlap between query keywords and item words. The query keywords can match item words exactly or as prefixes.
- Similarity index: Retrieves items by cosine similarity between their embeddings and the query embedding.

SPARQL prefixes for use in function calls:
- bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
- cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
- data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
- dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
- dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
- foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
- geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
- geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
- gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
- hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
- imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
- math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
- ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
- owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
- p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
- pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
- pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
- pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
- pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
- prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
- prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
- prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
- ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
- psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
- psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
- qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
- qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
- ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
- qlss: <https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/spatialSearch/
- rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
- rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
- ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
- s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
- schema: <http://schema.org/
- skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
- v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
- void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#
- wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
- wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
- wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
- wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
- wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
- xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#

Additional rules to follow:
- Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
- Do not just use or make up entity or property identifiers without verifying their existence in the knowledge graphs first.
- Do not ask the user for clarifications without first attempting to complete the task. If the task input is incomplete or ambiguous, try to make reasonable assumptions and document them.
- Do not use "SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ..." in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.
- Always execute your final SPARQL query before giving an answer to make sure it returns the expected results.
- The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
- Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
- Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
- For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.

[User] What is the Chinese zodiac animal that follows the ox?

[Assistant]
Step 1: Identify the entity "ox" in the context of the Chinese zodiac animals. The Chinese zodiac consists of 12 animals in a specific order. We need to find the entity representing the ox in the Chinese zodiac.

Step 2: Identify the property or relation that links one Chinese zodiac animal to the next in the sequence.

Step 3: Query the knowledge graph to find the Chinese zodiac animal that follows the ox.

I will start by searching for the entity "Chinese zodiac ox" in Wikidata.

Question: Chinese zodiac ox

Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Chinese zodiac (wd:Q1976204), also known as Celestial Branches, Earthly Branches: lunar calendar classification, assigning a symbolic animal ... for a repeating cycle of twelve forming the Earthly Branch / is instance of classification scheme / is instance of classification
2. Ox (wd:Q599644, matched via Ox (zodiac)), also known as Ox (zodiac): is instance of animal from the Chinese zodiac / 2nd sign of Chinese zodiac
3. Chinese Zodiac (wd:Q391143), also known as CZ12: 2012 film directed by Jackie Chan / is instance of film
4. 12 Chinese Zodiac Signs (wd:Q108781655): is instance of animated television series / 1995 animated series
5. Ox in Chinese mythology (wd:Q16242069)
6. Zodiac Aerospace (United States) (wd:Q28971326, matched via Zodiac Oxygen Systems), also known as Zodiac Oxygen Systems: is instance of business
7. Zodiac Aerospace (United Kingdom) (wd:Q28971327, matched via Zodiac Oxygen Systems), also known as Icore International Ltd, Zodiac Oxygen Systems: is instance of business / UK business
8. Panel with Chinese Zodiac (wd:Q78712547): painting by anonymous painter / is instance of painting / painting by anonymous
9. animal from the Chinese zodiac (wd:Q79226802): is subclass of astrological sign / is subclass of mythical animal / mythical animal
10. Chinese Zodiac relief in Kushida Shrine (wd:Q123560314), also known as Eto-ehō Ban: relief in Hakata-ku, Fukuoka City, Japan / is instance of relief sculpture / is instance of ceiling / is instance of Ceiling / is instance of relief

[Assistant]
The entity for the ox in the Chinese zodiac is wd:Q599644. Next, I need to find the property or relation that links one Chinese zodiac animal to the next in the sequence. I will search for properties related to the ox entity that might indicate the next animal in the zodiac cycle.

Question: next

Top 10 property alternatives:
1. followed by (wd:P156 as wdt/p, matched via next), also known as comes before, continued as, next, next element, next is, etc.: immediately following item in a series of which the subject ... replaced, e.g. political offices, use "replaced by" (P1366)] / immediately following item in a series of which the subject ... replaced, e.g. political offices, use "replaced by" (P1366)] / immediately following item in a series of which the subject ... replaced, e.g. political offices, use "replaced by" (P1366)]
2. follows (wd:P155 as wdt/p, matched via prev), also known as before was, comes after, is after, preceded by, predecessor, etc.: immediately prior item in a series of which the subject is a ... item, e.g. political offices, use "replaces" (P1365)] / immediately prior item in a series of which the subject is a ... item, e.g. political offices, use "replaces" (P1365)] / immediately prior item in a series of which the subject is a ... item, e.g. political offices, use "replaces" (P1365)] / immediately prior item in a series of which the subject is a ... item, e.g. political offices, use "replaces" (P1365)]
3. part of (wd:P361 as wdt/p, matched via in), also known as assembly of, branch of, chain, collateral branch of, component of, etc.: object of which the subject is a part (if this subject is ... "has part" (P527, see also "has parts of the class" (P2670)) / object of which the subject is a part (if this subject is ... "has part" (P527, see also "has parts of the class" (P2670)) / object of which the subject is a part (if this subject is ... "has part" (P527, see also "has parts of the class" (P2670)) / object of which the subject is a part (if this subject is ... "has part" (P527, see also "has parts of the class" (P2670))
4. has use (wd:P366 as wdt/p, matched via for), also known as as, can be used for, for, function, had use, etc.: main use of the subject (includes current and former usage)
5. image (wd:P18 as wdt/p, matched via still), also known as camera picture, Commons image, drawing, File:, graph, etc.: image of relevant illustration of the subject; if available, ... only images which exist on Wikimedia Commons are acceptable / image of relevant illustration of the subject; if available, ... only images which exist on Wikimedia Commons are acceptable / image of relevant illustration of the subject; if available, ... map, flag image, signature image, logo image, collage image) / image of relevant illustration of the subject; if available, ... map, flag image, signature image, logo image, collage image)
6. opposite of (wd:P461 as wdt/p, matched via opposite), also known as contrasted to, contrast of, has opposite, inverse, inverse of, etc.: item that is in some way the opposite of this item / item that is the opposite of this item
7. instance of (wd:P31 as wdt/p, matched via is a), also known as example of, has type, is a, is an, is of type, etc.: type to which this subject corresponds/belongs. Different ... and the volcano is a type (instance) of volcanic landform / that class of which this subject is a particular example and ... a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform)
8. compatible with (wd:P8956 as wdt/p, matched via supports), also known as client for, supports, P8956: this work, product, object or standard can interact with another work, product, object or standard
9. Freebase ID (wd:P646 as wdt/p, matched via MID), also known as FID, Freebase, Freebase identifier, MID, P646: identifier for a page in the Freebase database. Format: ... with "/g/", use Google Knowledge Graph identifier (P2671) / identifier for a page in the Freebase database. Format: ... with "/g/", use Google Knowledge Graph identifier (P2671) / identifier for a page in the Freebase database. Format: ... starting with "/g/", use Google Knowledge Graph ID (P2671)
10. Commons category (wd:P373 as wdt/p, matched via P373), also known as category Commons, category on Commons, category on Wikimedia Commons, category Wikipedia Commons, commonscat, etc.: name of the Wikimedia Commons category containing files related to this item (without the prefix "Category:") / name of the Wikimedia Commons category containing files related to this item (without the prefix "Category") / name of the Wikimedia Commons category containing files related to this item (without the prefix "Category")

No other items found

[Assistant]
The property "followed by" (wdt:P156) seems to be the appropriate property to find the next item in a series. I will now query the knowledge graph to find the Chinese zodiac animal that follows the ox (wd:Q599644) using this property.

execute

SELECT ?nextAnimal ?nextAnimalLabel WHERE {
  wd:Q599644 wdt:P156 ?nextAnimal .
  OPTIONAL { ?nextAnimal rdfs:label ?nextAnimalLabel FILTER (LANG(?nextAnimalLabel) = "en") }
}

Got 1 row and 2 columns:
| nextAnimal         | nextAnimalLabel |
| ------------------ | --------------- |
| Tiger (wd:Q740762) | Tiger (lang:en) |

[Assistant]
answer

SELECT ?nextAnimal ?nextAnimalLabel WHERE {
  wd:Q599644 wdt:P156 ?nextAnimal .
  OPTIONAL { ?nextAnimal rdfs:label ?nextAnimalLabel FILTER (LANG(?nextAnimalLabel) = "en") }
}

Answer: The Chinese zodiac animal that follows the ox is the tiger.


PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
SELECT ( COUNT( ?month ) AS ?winterMonthsCount ) WHERE {
  VALUES ?month {
    wd:Q122 wd:Q108 wd:Q109
  }
  ?month wdt:P31 wd:Q47018901 .
}

Using entities:
- January (wd:Q108), also known as 1. month, Jan: is instance of calendar month / is subclass of month of the Gregorian calendar / first month in the Julian and Gregorian calendars / first month in the Julian and Gregorian calendars / first month in the Julian and Gregorian calendars
- February (wd:Q109), also known as 2. month, Feb: is instance of calendar month / is subclass of month of the Gregorian calendar / second month in the Julian and Gregorian calendars / second month in the Julian and Gregorian calendars / second month in the Julian and Gregorian calendars
- August (wd:Q122), also known as 8. month, Aug: is instance of calendar month / is subclass of month of the Gregorian calendar / eighth month in the Julian and Gregorian calendars / eighth month in the Julian and Gregorian calendars / month
- calendar month (wd:Q47018901), also known as month: is subclass of month / one of generally twelve months of a specific calendar. Use with P31

Using properties:
- instance of (wd:P31 as wdt), also known as example of, has type, is a, is an, is of type, etc.: that class of which this subject is a particular example and ... a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform) / type to which this subject corresponds/belongs. Different ... and the volcano is a type (instance) of volcanic landform

Got 1 row and 1 column:
| winterMonthsCount |
| ----------------- |
| 3 (xsd:int)       |

Answer: Winter in Germany consists of 3 months: December, January, and February.

Winter in Germany consists of 3 months: December, January, and February.

SPARQL query over wikidata:
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
SELECT ( COUNT( ?month ) AS ?winterMonthsCount ) WHERE {
  VALUES ?month {
    wd:Q122 wd:Q108 wd:Q109
  }
  ?month wdt:P31 wd:Q47018901 .
}

Using entities:
- January (wd:Q108), also known as 1. month, Jan: is instance of calendar month / is subclass of month of the Gregorian calendar / first month in the Julian and Gregorian calendars / first month in the Julian and Gregorian calendars / first month in the Julian and Gregorian calendars
- February (wd:Q109), also known as 2. month, Feb: is instance of calendar month / is subclass of month of the Gregorian calendar / second month in the Julian and Gregorian calendars / second month in the Julian and Gregorian calendars / second month in the Julian and Gregorian calendars
- August (wd:Q122), also known as 8. month, Aug: is instance of calendar month / is subclass of month of the Gregorian calendar / eighth month in the Julian and Gregorian calendars / eighth month in the Julian and Gregorian calendars / month
- calendar month (wd:Q47018901), also known as month: is subclass of month / one of generally twelve months of a specific calendar. Use with P31

Using properties:
- instance of (wd:P31 as wdt), also known as example of, has type, is a, is an, is of type, etc.: that class of which this subject is a particular example and ... a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform) / type to which this subject corresponds/belongs. Different ... and the volcano is a type (instance) of volcanic landform

Execution result:
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| winterMonthsCount |
| ----------------- |
| 3 (xsd:int)       |

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Search for the entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Execute intermediate queries to get feedback and to verify your assumptions. You may need to refine or rethink your current plan based on the query results and go back to step 2 if needed, possibly multiple times.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Available knowledge graphs:
- wikidata at http://localhost:7001 with prefix index for entities and similarity index for properties

Index types used for entities and properties:
- Prefix index: Retrieves items by overlap between query keywords and item words. The query keywords can match item words exactly or as prefixes.
- Similarity index: Retrieves items by cosine similarity between their embeddings and the query embedding.

SPARQL prefixes for use in function calls:
- bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
- cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
- data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
- dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
- dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
- foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
- geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
- geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
- gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
- hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
- imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
- math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
- ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
- owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
- p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
- pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
- pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
- pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
- pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
- prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
- prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
- prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
- ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
- psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
- psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
- qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
- qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
- ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
- qlss: <https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/spatialSearch/
- rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
- rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
- ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
- s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
- schema: <http://schema.org/
- skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
- v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
- void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#
- wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
- wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
- wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
- wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
- wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
- xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#

Additional rules to follow:
- Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
- Do not just use or make up entity or property identifiers without verifying their existence in the knowledge graphs first.
- Do not ask the user for clarifications without first attempting to complete the task. If the task input is incomplete or ambiguous, try to make reasonable assumptions and document them.
- Do not use "SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ..." in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.
- Always execute your final SPARQL query before giving an answer to make sure it returns the expected results.
- The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
- Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
- Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
- For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.

[User] How many months does winter consist of in Germany?

[Assistant]
The user question is about the number of months that winter consists of in Germany. To answer this, we need to find information about the winter season duration in Germany. We can approach this by searching for the entity "Germany" and then searching for properties related to "winter" or "seasons" and their durations or months.

Step 1: Search for the entity "Germany" in Wikidata.

Question: Germany

Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Germany (wd:Q183), also known as BR Deutschland, Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Deutschland, Federal Republic of Germany: is instance of sovereign state / country in central Europe / country in central Europe / country in Central Europe / country in Central Europe / is instance of country
2. Weimar Republic (wd:Q41304, matched via Germany), also known as German People's State, German Reich, German Republic, Germany, Republic of Germany, etc.: Germany in the years 1918/1919–1933 / Germany in the years 1918/1919–1933 / is instance of historical country / is instance of historical period
3. German Reich (wd:Q1206012, matched via Germany), also known as Deutsches Reich, German Empire, German Realm, Germany, Imperial Germany: official name for the German nation state from 1871 to 1945, and name of Germany until 1949 / official name for the German nation state from 1871 to 1945, and name of Germany until 1949 / is instance of historical country
4. Burg Drachenfels (wd:Q1011486, matched via Germany), also known as Germany: is instance of castle / is instance of Castle / castle
5. Germany (wd:Q5552078): is instance of constituency of the European Parliament / European Parliament constituency
6. Geilenkirchen-Heinsberg (wd:Q2268218, matched via Germany), also known as Germany: is instance of district of Germany
7. Germany (wd:Q18151573), also known as Germany, IN, Germany, Indiana: is instance of unincorporated community in the United States / unincorporated community in Clark County, Indiana
8. Germany (wd:Q19147844): is instance of literary work / poem by Vladimir Mayakovsky
9. Germany (wd:Q3839160), also known as Ludwig, West: is instance of animated character / Hetalia character
10. Germany (wd:Q22006587): is instance of horse / is instance of Horse / race horse

[Assistant]
The entity for Germany is wd:Q183.

Step 2: Search for properties related to "winter" or "seasons" for the entity Germany (wd:Q183) to find information about the duration of winter in Germany.

Question: winter

Top 10 property alternatives:
1. country (wd:P17 as wdt/p), also known as host country, land, sovereign state, state, P17: sovereign state that this item is in (not to be used for human beings) / sovereign state that this item is in (not to be used for human beings) / sovereign state that this item is in (not to be used for human beings) / sovereign state that this item is in (not to be used for human beings) / is subproperty of located in the administrative territorial entity
2. located in or next to body of water (wd:P206 as wdt/p, matched via sea), also known as adjacent water body, along river, bay, body of water, borders body of water, etc.: body of water on or next to which a place is located / is subproperty of location / sea, lake or river
3. located in/on physical feature (wd:P706 as wdt/p, matched via on), also known as geographical region, is in, is on, landform, located on island, etc.: located on the specified landform or body of water. Should ... (provinces, states, countries, etc.). / located on the specified (geo)physical feature. Should not be ... political/administrative (P131) or a mountain range (P4552). / is subproperty of location / is subproperty of part of
4. anthem (wd:P85 as wdt/p, matched via march), also known as club anthem, march, national anthem, official hymn, official song, etc.: subject's official anthem / subject's official anthem / subject's official anthem
5. area (wd:P2046 as wdt/p, matched via surface), also known as acreage, camera resolution, die area, die size, image resolution, etc.: area occupied by an object / area occupied by an object
6. coordinates of westernmost point (wd:P1335 as wdt/p, matched via extreme west), also known as coordinate of westernmost point, extreme point west, extreme west, most western, westerly point, etc.: westernmost point of a location / westernmost point of a location
7. minimum temperature record (wd:P7422 as wdt/p, matched via lowest temperature), also known as lowest temperature, P7422: lowest temperature reached at this location / is subproperty of temperature
8. coordinates of northernmost point (wd:P1332 as wdt/p, matched via northerly), also known as coordinate of northernmost point, extreme point north, farthest north, most northerly, northerly, etc.: northernmost point of a location. For an administrative entity this includes offshore islands
9. public holiday (wd:P832 as wdt/p, matched via national holiday), also known as bank holiday, legal holiday, national holiday, P832: official public holiday that occurs in this place in its honor, usually a non-working day / is subproperty of significant event
10. continent (wd:P30 as wdt/p), also known as P30: is subproperty of located in/on physical feature / is subproperty of located on terrain feature / continent of which the subject is a part / continent of which the subject is a part / continent of which the subject is a part

No other items found

[Assistant]
There are no direct properties related to "winter" or "seasons" for the entity Germany (wd:Q183) found in the search for properties of Germany. This suggests that the information about the number of months in winter in Germany might not be directly encoded as a property of the country entity.

Step 3: Instead, I will search for the entity "Winter" to see if there is information about the duration or months of winter, and then check if there is any relation to Germany or typical winter duration in Germany.

Question: Winter

Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. winter (wd:Q1311), also known as winter season, wintertime, wintertime season: one of the Earth's four temperate seasons, occurring between autumn and spring / one of the Earth's four temperate seasons, occurring between autumn and spring / one of the Earth's four temperate seasons, occurring between autumn and spring / is instance of recurring event / is subclass of season
2. Winter (wd:Q2671552), also known as Village of Winter, Winter, WI: village in Sawyer County, Wisconsin, United States / is instance of village of Wisconsin
3. Winter (wd:Q101161289), also known as Kim Min-jeong: South Korean singer (born 2001) / has occupation pop singer / is instance of human / South Korean singer / South Korean singer
4. Katarina Waters (wd:Q242899, matched via Winter), also known as Katarina Leigh Waters, Winter: German-born English professional wrestler and professional wrestling valet / has occupation professional wrestler / has occupation film director / has occupation manager / has occupation actor / is instance of human
5. Cornelis Bloemaert (wd:Q518767, matched via Winter), also known as Bloemaert Corneille, C. Bloemaert, C. Bloemart, Cor. Blomaert, Corn. Bloemart, etc.: Dutch painter and engraver (1603–1692) / has occupation draftsperson / has occupation printmaker / has occupation painter / has occupation drawer / is instance of human / Dutch painter / Dutch painter
6. Winter (wd:Q82356): dolphin at the Clearwater Marine Aquarium in Clearwater, Florida / dolphin at the Clearwater Marine Aquarium in Clearwater, Florida / is instance of animal actor / is instance of Dolphins / is instance of dolphin / is instance of Dolphin
7. Winter (wd:Q4191977), also known as Winter Egg: is instance of Fabergé egg / 1913 Imperial Fabergé egg / 1913 Imperial Fabergé egg / is instance of gift / is instance of Gift
8. Winter (wd:Q1485942): is instance of noble family name / is instance of noble surname / is instance of family name / is instance of surname / family name / family name / surname
9. Winter (wd:Q4020459): original song written, composed, and performed by Tori Amos / is instance of musical work/composition
10. Fritz Winter (wd:Q578152, matched via winter), also known as fritz winter, winter: German painter (1905-1976) / has occupation painter / is instance of human / German painter / German painter

[Assistant]
The entity for the winter season is wd:Q1311.

Step 4: Check if there are any properties or qualifiers related to the duration or months of the winter season (wd:Q1311).

list

wd:Q1311

Got 969 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject           | property                                     | object                                                                                |
| ----------------- | -------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| winter (wd:Q1311) | instance of (wdt:P31)                        | recurring event (wd:Q15275719)                                                          |
| winter (wd:Q1311) | Commons category (wdt:P373)                  | Winter                                                                                |
| winter (wd:Q1311) | image (wdt:P18)                              | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Crater%20Lake%20winter%20pano2.jpg> |
| winter (wd:Q1311) | subclass of (wdt:P279)                       | season (wd:Q24384)                                                                      |
| winter (wd:Q1311) | Freebase ID (wdt:P646)                       | /m/086mh                                                                                |
| winter (wd:Q1311) | has part(s) (wdt:P527)                       | northern hemisphere summer / southern hemisphere winter (wd:Q133042853)                 |
| winter (wd:Q1311) | GND ID (wdtn:P227)                           | <https://d-nb.info/gnd/4066326-7>                                                       |
| winter (wd:Q1311) | described by source (wdt:P1343)              | Metropolitan Museum of Art Tagging Vocabulary (wd:Q106727050)                           |
| winter (wd:Q1311) | Library of Congress authority ID (wdtn:P244) | <http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/sh85147029>                                        |
| winter (wd:Q1311) | follows (wdt:P155)                           | autumn (wd:Q1314)                                                                       |
| ...               | ...                                          | ...                                                                                |

[Assistant]
There is no direct property indicating the duration or months of winter in the general winter entity (wd:Q1311).

Step 5: Since the question is about the months of winter in Germany, I will check if there is any information about the seasons or months in Germany (wd:Q183) related to climate or seasons.

I will search for properties of Germany related to "season" or "month".

Question: season

Top 10 property alternatives:
1. country (wd:P17 as wdt/p), also known as host country, land, sovereign state, state, P17: sovereign state that this item is in (not to be used for human beings) / sovereign state that this item is in (not to be used for human beings) / sovereign state that this item is in (not to be used for human beings) / sovereign state that this item is in (not to be used for human beings) / is subproperty of located in the administrative territorial entity
2. located in/on physical feature (wd:P706 as wdt/p, matched via on), also known as geographical region, is in, is on, landform, located on island, etc.: located on the specified landform or body of water. Should ... (provinces, states, countries, etc.). / located on the specified (geo)physical feature. Should not be ... political/administrative (P131) or a mountain range (P4552). / is subproperty of location / is subproperty of part of
3. continent (wd:P30 as wdt/p), also known as P30: is subproperty of located in/on physical feature / is subproperty of located on terrain feature / continent of which the subject is a part / continent of which the subject is a part / continent of which the subject is a part
4. anthem (wd:P85 as wdt/p, matched via march), also known as club anthem, march, national anthem, official hymn, official song, etc.: subject's official anthem / subject's official anthem / subject's official anthem
5. located in or next to body of water (wd:P206 as wdt/p, matched via sea), also known as adjacent water body, along river, bay, body of water, borders body of water, etc.: body of water on or next to which a place is located / is subproperty of location / sea, lake or river
6. area (wd:P2046 as wdt/p), also known as acreage, camera resolution, die area, die size, image resolution, etc.: area occupied by an object / area occupied by an object
7. coordinates of easternmost point (wd:P1334 as wdt/p, matched via easterly), also known as coordinate of easternmost point, easterly, easternmost point coordinates, extreme point east, farthest east, etc.: easternmost point of a location / easternmost point of a location
8. coordinates of southernmost point (wd:P1333 as wdt/p, matched via southerly), also known as coordinate of southernmost point, extreme point south, farthest south, most south, southerly, etc.: southernmost point of a place. For administrative entities this includes offshore islands / southernmost point of a place. For administrative entities this includes offshore islands
9. topic's main category (wd:P910 as wdt/p, matched via category), also known as article's main category, category, category for this topic, catmain, has category, etc.: main category of this topic / main Wikimedia category
10. public holiday (wd:P832 as wdt/p), also known as bank holiday, legal holiday, national holiday, P832: official public holiday that occurs in this place in its honor, usually a non-working day / is subproperty of significant event

No other items found

[Assistant]
There are no direct properties related to "season" or "month" for Germany (wd:Q183) that indicate the duration of winter.

Step 6: I will try a different approach by searching for the months of the year and checking which months are classified as winter months in Germany or in general for the northern hemisphere (since Germany is in the northern hemisphere).

I will search for the entity "month" to see if there is a classification of months by seasons.

Question: month

Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. month (wd:Q5151), also known as months: is instance of unit without standard conversion to SI / irregular unit of time dividing a calendar year / is instance of UCUM derived unit / is subclass of time interval / is instance of unit of time / unit of time
2. The Month (wd:Q3988378, matched via Month), also known as Month: is instance of periodical / is instance of magazine / UK magazine
3. calendar month (wd:Q47018901, matched via month), also known as month: one of generally twelve months of a specific calendar. Use with P31 / is subclass of month
4. calendar month of a given year (wd:Q47018478, matched via month), also known as calendar month, month, year-month: month of a given year in Julian or Gregorian calendars / is subclass of month
5. MONTH (wd:Q130565494): is instance of SPARQL function / SPARQL function
6. January (wd:Q108, matched via 1. month), also known as 1. month, Jan: first month in the Julian and Gregorian calendars / first month in the Julian and Gregorian calendars / first month in the Julian and Gregorian calendars / is subclass of month of the Gregorian calendar / is instance of calendar month
7. April (wd:Q118, matched via 4. month), also known as 4. month, Apr: fourth month in the Julian and Gregorian calendars / fourth month in the Julian and Gregorian calendars / fourth month in the Julian and Gregorian calendars / is subclass of month of the Gregorian calendar / is instance of calendar month
8. June (wd:Q120, matched via 6. month), also known as 6. month, Jun: sixth month in the Julian and Gregorian calendars / sixth month in the Julian and Gregorian calendars / sixth month in the Julian and Gregorian calendars / is subclass of month of the Gregorian calendar / is instance of calendar month
9. May (wd:Q119, matched via 5. month), also known as 5. month, may (month): fifth month in the Julian and Gregorian calendars / fifth month in the Julian and Gregorian calendars / fifth month in the Julian and Gregorian calendars / is subclass of month of the Gregorian calendar / is instance of calendar month
10. October (wd:Q124, matched via 10. month), also known as 10. month, Oct: tenth month in the Julian and Gregorian calendars / tenth month in the Julian and Gregorian calendars / tenth month in the Julian and Gregorian calendars / is subclass of month of the Gregorian calendar / is instance of calendar month

[Assistant]
The entity for month is wd:Q5151. There are also specific entities for months like January (wd:Q108), April (wd:Q118), June (wd:Q120), etc.

Step 7: I will check if there is an entity or classification for "winter months" or "months of winter" in the northern hemisphere or in Germany.

I will search for "winter months" in Wikidata.

Question: winter months

Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Winston Churchill (wd:Q8016, matched via David Winter), also known as Charles Maurin, Colonel Warden, David Winter, Mr Green, Sir Leonard Spencer, etc.: British statesman, soldier and writer (1874–1965) / British statesman, soldier and writer (1874–1965) / Former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom / Prime Minister of the United Kingdom / has occupation politician / has occupation historian / is instance of human
2. month (wd:Q5151, matched via months), also known as months: is instance of unit without standard conversion to SI / irregular unit of time dividing a calendar year / is instance of UCUM derived unit / is subclass of time interval / is instance of unit of time / unit of time
3. winter (wd:Q1311), also known as winter season, wintertime, wintertime season: one of the Earth's four temperate seasons, occurring between autumn and spring / one of the Earth's four temperate seasons, occurring between autumn and spring / one of the Earth's four temperate seasons, occurring between autumn and spring / is instance of recurring event / is subclass of season
4. skiing (wd:Q130949, matched via winter skiing), also known as snow skiing, winter skiing: recreational activity and sport using skis / is subclass of recreational sport / is instance of type of sport / is subclass of Olympic sport / is subclass of winter sport / is subclass of skiing / is instance of hobby
5. Winter Olympic Games (wd:Q82414, matched via Winter Olympics), also known as Winter Olympics: is instance of recurring sporting event / major international multi-sport event / major international multi-sport event / major international multi-sport event / major international multi-sport event / is subclass of Olympic Games
6. Winter War (wd:Q134949), also known as Finno-Russian War 1939–1940, Russo–Finnish War 1939–1940, Soviet–Finland War 1939–1940, Soviet–Finnish War 1939–1940: 1939–1940 war between the Soviet Union and Finland / is instance of war / is instance of War
7. Winter Palace (wd:Q182147): former imperial palace in Saint Petersburg, Russia / is instance of palace
8. Wax gourd (wd:Q652206, matched via winter gourd), also known as ash gourd, ash pumpkin, Benincasa cerifera, Benincasa hispida, Chinese preserving melon, etc.: species of plant, winter melon / is instance of taxon
9. bandy (wd:Q183018, matched via winter football), also known as Russian ice hockey, winter football: ballgame on ice played using skates and sticks / is instance of sport with racquet/stick/club / is subclass of association football / is instance of type of sport / is subclass of ice skating / is instance of team sport / is subclass of ball game / is subclass of soccer / is subclass of hockey
10. nuclear winter (wd:Q19921): hypothetical climatic effect of nuclear war / is subclass of Earth's climate transition / is instance of scientific hypothesis / is subclass of physical state

[Assistant]
There is no direct entity for "winter months" in Germany or northern hemisphere. However, it is known that winter in Germany, which is in the northern hemisphere, typically consists of the months December, January, and February.

Step 8: I will create a SPARQL query that counts the number of months that are considered winter months (December, January, February) in the northern hemisphere or Germany context.

I will check if the months December, January, and February are instances of month and count them. This will represent the number of months in winter in Germany.

execute

SELECT (COUNT(?month) AS ?winterMonthsCount) WHERE {
  VALUES ?month { wd:Q122 wd:Q108 wd:Q109 } # December (Q122), January (Q108), February (Q109)
  ?month wdt:P31 wd:Q5151 . # ?month is instance of month
}

Got 1 row and 1 column:
| winterMonthsCount |
| ----------------- |
| 0 (xsd:int)       |

[Assistant]
The query returned 0, which is unexpected since December, January, and February are indeed months. It seems the instance of month (wd:Q5151) is not directly stated for these months in Wikidata.

Step 9: I will check the instance of for December (wd:Q122) to verify its classification.

SELECT ?instance WHERE { wd:Q122 wdt:P31 ?instance }

[Assistant]
The months such as December (wd:Q122) are instances of "calendar month" (wd:Q47018901) rather than just "month" (wd:Q5151).

Step 10: I will adjust the query to count the months December, January, and February as instances of "calendar month" (wd:Q47018901).

SELECT (COUNT(?month) AS ?winterMonthsCount) WHERE {
  VALUES ?month { wd:Q122 wd:Q108 wd:Q109 } # December (Q122), January (Q108), February (Q109)
  ?month wdt:P31 wd:Q47018901 . # ?month is instance of calendar month
}

Got 1 row and 1 column:
| winterMonthsCount |
| ----------------- |
| 3 (xsd:int)       |

[Assistant]
answer

SELECT (COUNT(?month) AS ?winterMonthsCount) WHERE {
  VALUES ?month { wd:Q122 wd:Q108 wd:Q109 } # December (Q122), January (Q108), February (Q109)
  ?month wdt:P31 wd:Q47018901 . # ?month is instance of calendar month
}

Answer: Winter in Germany consists of 3 months: December, January, and February.


PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
SELECT ?river ?riverLabel WHERE {
  wd:Q118841 wdt:P206 ?river .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?river rdfs:label ?riverLabel FILTER ( LANG( ?riverLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}

Using entities:
- Grand Canyon (wd:Q118841), also known as Cañon of Colorado: is instance of canyon / is instance of gorge / steep-sided canyon carved by the Colorado River in Arizona, United States

Using properties:
- located in or next to body of water (wd:P206 as wdt), also known as adjacent water body, along river, bay, body of water, borders body of water, etc.: is subproperty of location / body of water on or next to which a place is located / sea, lake or river

Answer: The river that flows through the Grand Canyon is the Colorado River.

The river that flows through the Grand Canyon is the Colorado River.

SPARQL query over wikidata:
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
SELECT ?river ?riverLabel WHERE {
  wd:Q118841 wdt:P206 ?river .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?river rdfs:label ?riverLabel FILTER ( LANG( ?riverLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}

Using entities:
- Grand Canyon (wd:Q118841), also known as Cañon of Colorado: is instance of canyon / is instance of gorge / steep-sided canyon carved by the Colorado River in Arizona, United States

Using properties:
- located in or next to body of water (wd:P206 as wdt), also known as adjacent water body, along river, bay, body of water, borders body of water, etc.: is subproperty of location / body of water on or next to which a place is located / sea, lake or river

Execution result:
Got 1 row and 2 columns:
| river                     | riverLabel               |
| ------------------------- | ------------------------ |
| Colorado River (wd:Q1265) | Colorado River (lang:en) |

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Search for the entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Execute intermediate queries to get feedback and to verify your assumptions. You may need to refine or rethink your current plan based on the query results and go back to step 2 if needed, possibly multiple times.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Available knowledge graphs:
- wikidata at http://localhost:7001 with prefix index for entities and similarity index for properties

Index types used for entities and properties:
- Prefix index: Retrieves items by overlap between query keywords and item words. The query keywords can match item words exactly or as prefixes.
- Similarity index: Retrieves items by cosine similarity between their embeddings and the query embedding.

SPARQL prefixes for use in function calls:
- bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
- cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
- data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
- dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
- dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
- foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
- geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
- geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
- gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
- hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
- imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
- math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
- ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
- owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
- p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
- pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
- pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
- pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
- pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
- prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
- prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
- prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
- ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
- psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
- psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
- qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
- qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
- ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
- qlss: <https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/spatialSearch/
- rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
- rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
- ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
- s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
- schema: <http://schema.org/
- skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
- v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
- void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#
- wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
- wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
- wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
- wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
- wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
- xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#

Additional rules to follow:
- Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
- Do not just use or make up entity or property identifiers without verifying their existence in the knowledge graphs first.
- Do not ask the user for clarifications without first attempting to complete the task. If the task input is incomplete or ambiguous, try to make reasonable assumptions and document them.
- Do not use "SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ..." in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.
- Always execute your final SPARQL query before giving an answer to make sure it returns the expected results.
- The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
- Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
- Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
- For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.

[User] Which river flows through the Grand Canyon?

[Assistant]
Step 1: Identify the main entities and properties in the question.
- Entity: Grand Canyon
- Property: river that flows through (a property related to a river flowing through a geographic feature)

Step 2: Search for the entity "Grand Canyon" in Wikidata to get its identifier.

Question: Grand Canyon

Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Grand Canyon (wd:Q118841), also known as Cañon of Colorado: steep-sided canyon carved by the Colorado River in Arizona, United States / is instance of canyon / is instance of gorge
2. Grand Canyon (wd:Q1542548): 1991 film directed by Lawrence Kasdan / is instance of film
3. Grand Canyon (wd:Q2062523): is instance of short film / 1958 film by James Algar
4. Grand Canyon (wd:Q2901889): is instance of shopping center / is instance of shopping centre / mall in Haifa, Israel
5. Snake River Canyon (wd:Q7547072, matched via Grand Canyon), also known as Grand Canyon: canyon in Lincoln County, Wyoming, United States / is instance of canyon / is instance of gorge
6. Grand Canyon (wd:Q15701160): 1949 film by Paul Landres / is instance of film
7. Grand Canyon (wd:Q60752901): 2017 picture book by Jason Chin / is instance of literary work
8. Grand Canyon (wd:Q106696200): is instance of roller coaster / roller coaster
9. Grand Canyon (wd:Q34766417): valley in Illinois, United States of America / is instance of valley
10. Grand Canyon (wd:Q28104063): valley in Missouri, United States of America / is instance of valley

[Assistant]
The entity "Grand Canyon" is identified as wd:Q118841 in Wikidata.

Step 3: Search for properties related to rivers flowing through the Grand Canyon (wd:Q118841). I will search for properties related to "river" or "flows through" for this entity.

Question: river

Top 10 property alternatives:
1. located in or next to body of water (wd:P206 as wdt/p, matched via on river), also known as adjacent water body, along river, bay, body of water, borders body of water, etc.: body of water on or next to which a place is located / is subproperty of location / sea, lake or river
2. drainage basin (wd:P4614 as wdt/p, matched via watershed), also known as catchment area, river basin, river basin district, water basin, watershed, etc.: area where precipitation collects and drains off into a common outlet, such as into a river, bay, or other body of water / area where precipitation collects and drains off into a common outlet, such as into a river, bay, or other body of water / is subproperty of located in/on physical feature / is subproperty of located on terrain feature
3. country (wd:P17 as wdt/p, matched via land), also known as host country, land, sovereign state, state, P17: sovereign state that this item is in (not to be used for human beings) / sovereign state that this item is in (not to be used for human beings) / sovereign state that this item is in (not to be used for human beings) / sovereign state that this item is in (not to be used for human beings) / is subproperty of located in the administrative territorial entity
4. located in the administrative territorial entity (wd:P131 as wdt/p, matched via region), also known as administrative territorial entity, administrative territory, city, happens in, in, etc.: the item is located on the territory of the following ... the item falls only partially into the administrative entity. / the item is located on the territory of the following ... the item falls only partially into the administrative entity. / the item is located on the territory of the following administrative entity / the item is located on the territory of the following administrative entity / is subproperty of location / is subproperty of part of
5. vertical depth (wd:P4511 as wdt/p, matched via lakedepth), also known as depth, lakedepth, oceandepth, P4511: vertical distance from a horizontal area to a point below. Compare with "horizontal depth" (P5524) / is subproperty of length
6. coordinate location (wd:P625 as wdt/p, matched via location), also known as co-ordinate location, co-ordinates, coordinates, co-ords, coords, etc.: geocoordinates of the subject. For Earth, please note that only WGS84 coordinating system is supported at the moment / coordinates of the subject / coordinates of the subject
7. subreddit (wd:P3984 as wdt/p, matched via r/), also known as /r/, r/, reddit, Reddit community ID, Reddit forum, etc.: name of the Reddit forum associated to this subject / name of the Reddit forum associated to this subject / name of the Reddit forum associated to this subject / name of the Reddit forum associated to this subject
8. described by source (wd:P1343 as wdt/p, matched via found in), also known as defined in, described by biography, described by encyclopedia, described by obituary, described by reference work, etc.: dictionary, encyclopaedia, etc. where this item is described / work where this item is described / is subproperty of attested in
9. length (wd:P2043 as wdt/p, matched via LOA), also known as dimension, distance, length overall, LOA, long, etc.: measured dimension of an object / measured dimension of an object
10. NDL Authority ID (wd:P349 as wdtn/wdt/p, matched via ndl), also known as National Diet Library Auth ID, National Diet Library ID, National Diet Library of Japan authority control ID, National Diet Library of Japan ID, ndl, etc.: identifier for authority control per the National Diet Library of Japan

No other items found

[Assistant]
The property "located in or next to body of water" (wdt:P206) seems relevant as it indicates a body of water on or next to which a place is located.

Step 4: Query for the body of water (river) located in or next to the Grand Canyon (wd:Q118841) using property wdt:P206.

execute

SELECT ?river ?riverLabel WHERE { wd:Q118841 wdt:P206 ?river . OPTIONAL { ?river rdfs:label ?riverLabel FILTER (LANG(?riverLabel) = "en") } }

[Assistant]
answer

SELECT ?river ?riverLabel WHERE { wd:Q118841 wdt:P206 ?river . OPTIONAL { ?river rdfs:label ?riverLabel FILTER (LANG(?riverLabel) = "en") } }

Answer: The river that flows through the Grand Canyon is the Colorado River.


PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
SELECT ?spouse ?spouseLabel WHERE {
  wd:Q567 wdt:P26 ?spouse .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?spouse rdfs:label ?spouseLabel FILTER ( LANG( ?spouseLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}

Using entities:
- Angela Merkel (wd:Q567), also known as Angela Dorothea Merkel, Angela Kasner, leader of the free world: has occupation physicist / has occupation politician / is instance of human / chancellor of Germany / Chancellor of Germany / chancellor of Germany from 2005 to 2021

Using properties:
- spouse (wd:P26 as wdt), also known as common-law husband, common-law spouse, common-law wife, husband, husbands, etc.: is subproperty of relative / is subproperty of significant person / the subject has the object as their spouse (husband, wife, ... Use "unmarried partner" (P451) for non-married companions / the subject has the object as their spouse (husband, wife, ... Use "unmarried partner" (P451) for non-married companions / the subject has the object as their spouse (husband, wife, ... Use "unmarried partner" (P451) for non-married companions

Got 2 rows and 2 columns:
| spouse                       | spouseLabel             |
| ---------------------------- | ----------------------- |
| Ulrich Merkel (wd:Q13415350) | Ulrich Merkel (lang:en) |
| Joachim Sauer (wd:Q62085)    | Joachim Sauer (lang:en) |

Answer: Yes, the first female chancellor of Germany, Angela Merkel, was married. She has been married to Ulrich Merkel and later to Joachim Sauer.

Yes, the first female chancellor of Germany, Angela Merkel, was married. She has been married to Ulrich Merkel and later to Joachim Sauer.

SPARQL query over wikidata:
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
SELECT ?spouse ?spouseLabel WHERE {
  wd:Q567 wdt:P26 ?spouse .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?spouse rdfs:label ?spouseLabel FILTER ( LANG( ?spouseLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}

Using entities:
- Angela Merkel (wd:Q567), also known as Angela Dorothea Merkel, Angela Kasner, leader of the free world: has occupation physicist / has occupation politician / is instance of human / chancellor of Germany / Chancellor of Germany / chancellor of Germany from 2005 to 2021

Using properties:
- spouse (wd:P26 as wdt), also known as common-law husband, common-law spouse, common-law wife, husband, husbands, etc.: is subproperty of relative / is subproperty of significant person / the subject has the object as their spouse (husband, wife, ... Use "unmarried partner" (P451) for non-married companions / the subject has the object as their spouse (husband, wife, ... Use "unmarried partner" (P451) for non-married companions / the subject has the object as their spouse (husband, wife, ... Use "unmarried partner" (P451) for non-married companions

Execution result:
Got 2 rows and 2 columns:
| spouse                       | spouseLabel             |
| ---------------------------- | ----------------------- |
| Ulrich Merkel (wd:Q13415350) | Ulrich Merkel (lang:en) |
| Joachim Sauer (wd:Q62085)    | Joachim Sauer (lang:en) |

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Search for the entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Execute intermediate queries to get feedback and to verify your assumptions. You may need to refine or rethink your current plan based on the query results and go back to step 2 if needed, possibly multiple times.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Available knowledge graphs:
- wikidata at http://localhost:7001 with prefix index for entities and similarity index for properties

Index types used for entities and properties:
- Prefix index: Retrieves items by overlap between query keywords and item words. The query keywords can match item words exactly or as prefixes.
- Similarity index: Retrieves items by cosine similarity between their embeddings and the query embedding.

SPARQL prefixes for use in function calls:
- bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
- cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
- data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
- dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
- dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
- foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
- geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
- geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
- gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
- hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
- imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
- math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
- ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
- owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
- p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
- pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
- pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
- pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
- pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
- prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
- prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
- prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
- ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
- psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
- psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
- qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
- qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
- ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
- qlss: <https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/spatialSearch/
- rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
- rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
- ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
- s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
- schema: <http://schema.org/
- skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
- v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
- void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#
- wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
- wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
- wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
- wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
- wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
- xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#

Additional rules to follow:
- Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
- Do not just use or make up entity or property identifiers without verifying their existence in the knowledge graphs first.
- Do not ask the user for clarifications without first attempting to complete the task. If the task input is incomplete or ambiguous, try to make reasonable assumptions and document them.
- Do not use "SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ..." in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.
- Always execute your final SPARQL query before giving an answer to make sure it returns the expected results.
- The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
- Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
- Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
- For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.

[User] Was the first female chancellor in Germany ever married?

[Assistant]
Question: first female chancellor of Germany

Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Chancellor of Germany (wd:Q56022): offices held over time by the head of government of Germany / is subclass of head of government / is subclass of Head of government / is instance of public office / is subclass of chancellor
2. Federal Chancellor of Germany (wd:Q4970706), also known as Chancellor, Chancellor of Germany, Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, Federal Chancellor, Federal Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, etc.: head of government of the Federal Republic of Germany (1949–present) / is subclass of Chancellor of Germany / is subclass of prime minister / is instance of public office
3. Vice-Chancellor of Germany (wd:Q504272, matched via Vice Chancellor of Germany), also known as Deputy to the Federal Chancellor, Vice Chancellor of Germany: is subclass of deputy prime minister / is instance of position / position
4. Vice Chancellor of Germany (wd:Q110010874)
5. Historical rankings of Chancellors of Germany (wd:Q28196174): Rankings of the Chancellors of Germany
6. First series banknotes of West Germany (wd:Q110946060): is instance of banknote series
7. Else Steinert (1879 - 1948): One of Germany's first female ophthalmologists (wd:Q34623496): scientific article published on September 15, 2010 / scientific article published on 15 September 2010 / is instance of scholarly article / is instance of academic article
8. First isolation of EBLV-2 in Germany (wd:Q56772992), also known as First Isolation of EBLV-2 in Germany: is instance of scholarly article / is instance of academic article / article
9. ARRIVAL OF CHANCELLOR ERHARD OF GERMANY (NAID 124934) (wd:Q67619452): item in the National Archives and Records Administration's holdings / is instance of item of collection or exhibition
10. Germany confirms first case of ASF (wd:Q99571959): scientific article published on 01 September 2020 / is instance of scholarly article / is instance of academic article

[Assistant]
Question: Angela Merkel

Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Angela Merkel (wd:Q567), also known as Angela Dorothea Merkel, Angela Kasner, leader of the free world: chancellor of Germany from 2005 to 2021 / has occupation politician / has occupation physicist / chancellor of Germany / Chancellor of Germany / is instance of human
2. Angela Merkel (wd:Q125701744): is instance of written work
3. Angela Merkel (wd:Q41495976): is instance of version, edition or translation / Polish Biography of Angela Merkel
4. Angela Merkel (wd:Q41495489): is instance of version, edition or translation / German biography of Angela Merkel
5. Angela Merkel (wd:Q94746073): is instance of human
6. family of Angela Merkel (wd:Q27973987): family of Angela Merkel, the Chancellor of Germany / is instance of family
7. Lentapedia / Angela Merkel (wd:Q17316816): is instance of encyclopaedic article / is instance of encyclopedia article / encyclopedia article
8. public image of Angela Merkel (wd:Q106041150)
9. Angela Merkel and Vladimir Putin (wd:Q127786484)
10. Angela Merkel - The Unexpected (wd:Q28464539): 2016 documentary film by Torsten Körner and Matthias Schmidt / is instance of film

[Assistant]
list

wd:Q567

[Assistant]
execute

SELECT ?spouse ?spouseLabel WHERE {
  wd:Q567 wdt:P26 ?spouse .
  OPTIONAL { ?spouse rdfs:label ?spouseLabel FILTER (LANG(?spouseLabel) = "en") }
}

Got 2 rows and 2 columns:
| spouse                       | spouseLabel             |
| ---------------------------- | ----------------------- |
| Ulrich Merkel (wd:Q13415350) | Ulrich Merkel (lang:en) |
| Joachim Sauer (wd:Q62085)    | Joachim Sauer (lang:en) |

[Assistant]
answer

SELECT ?spouse ?spouseLabel WHERE {
  wd:Q567 wdt:P26 ?spouse .
  OPTIONAL { ?spouse rdfs:label ?spouseLabel FILTER (LANG(?spouseLabel) = "en") }
}

Answer: Yes, the first female chancellor of Germany, Angela Merkel, was married. She has been married to Ulrich Merkel and later to Joachim Sauer.


PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
SELECT ?mainSubject ?mainSubjectLabel WHERE {
  wd:Q11419997 wdt:P921 ?mainSubject .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?mainSubject rdfs:label ?mainSubjectLabel FILTER ( LANG( ?mainSubjectLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}

Using entities:
- Your Lie in April (wd:Q11419997), also known as Kimiuso, Shigatsu wa Kimi no Uso: is instance of manga series / Japanese manga series

Using properties:
- main subject (wd:P921 as wdt), also known as about, artistic theme, /common/topic/subject, content deals with, content describes, etc.: is subproperty of depicts / primary topic of a work / primary topic of a work (see also P180: depicts) / primary topic of a work (see also P180: depicts) / primary topic of a work (see also P180: depicts)

Answer: The main subject of the manga "Your Lie in April" (wd:Q11419997) is "middle school student" (wd:Q16003532).

The main subject of the manga "Your Lie in April" (wd:Q11419997) is "middle school student" (wd:Q16003532).

SPARQL query over wikidata:
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
SELECT ?mainSubject ?mainSubjectLabel WHERE {
  wd:Q11419997 wdt:P921 ?mainSubject .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?mainSubject rdfs:label ?mainSubjectLabel FILTER ( LANG( ?mainSubjectLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}

Using entities:
- Your Lie in April (wd:Q11419997), also known as Kimiuso, Shigatsu wa Kimi no Uso: is instance of manga series / Japanese manga series

Using properties:
- main subject (wd:P921 as wdt), also known as about, artistic theme, /common/topic/subject, content deals with, content describes, etc.: is subproperty of depicts / primary topic of a work / primary topic of a work (see also P180: depicts) / primary topic of a work (see also P180: depicts) / primary topic of a work (see also P180: depicts)

Execution result:
Got 1 row and 2 columns:
| mainSubject                          | mainSubjectLabel                |
| ------------------------------------ | ------------------------------- |
| middle school student (wd:Q16003532) | middle school student (lang:en) |

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Search for the entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Execute intermediate queries to get feedback and to verify your assumptions. You may need to refine or rethink your current plan based on the query results and go back to step 2 if needed, possibly multiple times.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Available knowledge graphs:
- wikidata at http://localhost:7001 with prefix index for entities and similarity index for properties

Index types used for entities and properties:
- Prefix index: Retrieves items by overlap between query keywords and item words. The query keywords can match item words exactly or as prefixes.
- Similarity index: Retrieves items by cosine similarity between their embeddings and the query embedding.

SPARQL prefixes for use in function calls:
- bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
- cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
- data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
- dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
- dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
- foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
- geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
- geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
- gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
- hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
- imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
- math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
- ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
- owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
- p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
- pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
- pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
- pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
- pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
- prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
- prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
- prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
- ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
- psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
- psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
- qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
- qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
- ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
- qlss: <https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/spatialSearch/
- rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
- rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
- ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
- s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
- schema: <http://schema.org/
- skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
- v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
- void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#
- wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
- wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
- wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
- wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
- wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
- xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#

Additional rules to follow:
- Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
- Do not just use or make up entity or property identifiers without verifying their existence in the knowledge graphs first.
- Do not ask the user for clarifications without first attempting to complete the task. If the task input is incomplete or ambiguous, try to make reasonable assumptions and document them.
- Do not use "SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ..." in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.
- Always execute your final SPARQL query before giving an answer to make sure it returns the expected results.
- The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
- Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
- Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
- For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.

[User] what is the main subject of the manga "your lie in april": primary school, middle school or high school student?

[Assistant]
Question: your lie in april

Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Your Lie in April (wd:Q11419997), also known as Kimiuso, Shigatsu wa Kimi no Uso: is instance of manga series / Japanese manga series
2. Your Lie in April (wd:Q26810037): 2016 film by Takehiko Shinjō / is instance of film
3. Your Lie in April (wd:Q123944284): is instance of dramatico-musical work / your Lie in April stage musical
4. Your Lie in April (wd:Q91333870), also known as Kimiuso, Shigatsu wa Kimi no Uso: is instance of anime television series / Japanese anime television series
5. Your Lie in April: A Six Person Etude (wd:Q91334211), also known as Shigatsu wa Kimi no Uso: 6-nin no Études: is instance of literary work / Japanese light novel
6. Your Lies in Check (wd:Q4023078): album by Cripple Bastards / is instance of album
7. Lies in Your Eyes (wd:Q6544290): is instance of extended play / extended play by Dive
8. Lier in Your Eyes (wd:Q29424453): is instance of musical work/composition / X-Ray song
9. The Lies in Your Eyes (wd:Q5409466): is instance of single / single
10. Know Your INJM Editor in-Chief (April-2013). (wd:Q36654526): scientific article published on March 2013 / scientific article published on March 2013 / scientific article published on March 2013 / is instance of scholarly article / is instance of academic article

[Assistant]
list

wd:Q11419997

Got 263 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject                          | property                            | object                               |
| -------------------------------- | ----------------------------------- | ------------------------------------ |
| Your Lie in April (wd:Q11419997) | instance of (wdt:P31)               | manga series (wd:Q21198342)          |
| Your Lie in April (wd:Q11419997) | title (wdt:P1476)                   | 四月は君の嘘 (lang:ja)                     |
| Your Lie in April (wd:Q11419997) | published in (wdt:P1433)            | Monthly Shōnen Magazine (wd:Q909935) |
| Your Lie in April (wd:Q11419997) | author (wdt:P50)                    | Naoshi Arakawa (wd:Q11502103)        |
| Your Lie in April (wd:Q11419997) | main subject (wdt:P921)             | middle school student (wd:Q16003532) |
| Your Lie in April (wd:Q11419997) | language of work or name (wdt:P407) | Japanese (wd:Q5287)                  |
| Your Lie in April (wd:Q11419997) | Commons category (wdt:P373)         | Your Lie in April                    |
| Your Lie in April (wd:Q11419997) | Freebase ID (wdt:P646)              | /m/0x0t_xl                           |
| Your Lie in April (wd:Q11419997) | country of origin (wdt:P495)        | Japan (wd:Q17)                       |
| Your Lie in April (wd:Q11419997) | official website (wdt:P856)         | <http://www.kimiuso.jp/>             |
| ...                              | ...                                 | ...                                  |

[Assistant]
answer

SELECT ?mainSubject ?mainSubjectLabel WHERE { wd:Q11419997 wdt:P921 ?mainSubject . OPTIONAL { ?mainSubject rdfs:label ?mainSubjectLabel FILTER (LANG(?mainSubjectLabel) = "en") } }

Answer: The main subject of the manga "Your Lie in April" (wd:Q11419997) is "middle school student" (wd:Q16003532).