PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
SELECT ?start ?end WHERE {
  wd:Q76267 wdt:P580 ?start .
  wd:Q76267 wdt:P582 ?end .
}

The earliest sperm whales or their close relatives (macroraptorial sperm whales) existed during the Miocene epoch, which started approximately 23.03 million years ago and ended about 5.33 million years ago.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] When did the first sperm whales exist?

[Assistant]
To answer the question "When did the first sperm whales exist?" I need to find information about the time period or the earliest existence of sperm whales.

Step 1: Identify the entity "sperm whale" in Wikidata.
Step 2: Find properties related to the existence or origin time of sperm whales, such as "taxon earliest fossil date" or "fossil range."
Step 3: Retrieve the earliest known existence date or time period for sperm whales.

I will start by searching for the entity "sperm whale" in Wikidata.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. sperm whale, also known as cachalot, Physeter macrocephalus (wd:Q81214): largest species of toothed whale
2. Sperm Whale, also known as Nahang-e-Anbar (wd:Q20111251): 2015 film directed by Saman Moghadam
3. Sperm whale (wd:Q115479916): water colour painting of a sperm whale
4. sperm whale, also known as cachalot (wd:Q113680749): fictional monster from Dungeons & Dragons
5. sperm whale (wd:L591643-S1)
6. pygmy sperm whale, also known as Kogia breviceps (wd:Q244300): species of mammal
7. dwarf sperm whale, also known as Kogia sima (wd:Q42669): species of mammal
8. macroraptorial sperm whale, also known as raptorial sperm whale (wd:Q56274847): highly predatory whales of the sperm whale superfamily (Physeteroidea) of the Miocene epoch
9. Sperm Whale Head (wd:Q21903224): point in Australia
10. High-finned sperm whale, also known as high-finned cachalot (wd:Q99565665): species of whale (Cryptid)

[Assistant] The entity "sperm whale" is wd:Q81214, which is the largest species of toothed whale. Now I will look for properties related to the earliest existence or fossil record of this species. I will search for properties related to "earliest existence" or "fossil range" for the entity wd:Q81214.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. Paleobiology Database taxon ID, also known as PaleoBioDB ID, PaleoDB ID, PBDB ID (wd:P10907 as p/wdt): identifier for a fossil taxon in the Paleobiology Database
2. Fossilworks taxon ID (wd:P842 as p/wdt): identifier for an animal, plant, or microorganism in the Fossilworks database
3. main food source, also known as diet, eats, ecology (Fossilworks field  name), food plant, food source (wd:P1034 as p/wdt): species, genus or family that an organism depends on for nutrition
4. iNaturalist taxon ID (wd:P3151 as p/wdt): identifier in iNaturalist
5. parent taxon, also known as higher taxon, taxon parent (wd:P171 as p/wdt): closest parent taxon of the taxon in question, subclass of
6. taxon rank, also known as taxonomic rank, type of taxon, rank (wd:P105 as p/wdt): level in a taxonomic hierarchy, instance of
7. named after, also known as toponym, namesake, named in honor of, named for, etymology (wd:P138 as p/wdt): entity or event that inspired the subject's name, or namesake (i...fier "applies to name" (P5168) can be used to indicate which one
8. described by source, also known as mentioned in, source of item, reviewed in, mentioned in news article, talked about in (wd:P1343 as p/wdt): work where this item is described, attested in
9. taxon name, also known as correct name (ICNafp), Latin name of a taxon (deprecated), scientific name of a taxon, taxonomic name, valid name (ICZN) (wd:P225 as p/wdt): correct scientific name of a taxon (according to the reference given)
10. this taxon is source of, also known as this taxon is the source of, this taxon is a source of, natural product, taxon is source of, secretes (wd:P1672 as p/wdt): links a taxon to natural products it produces. Note that it does...s may vary. Some products may be yielded by more than one taxon.

No other items found

[Assistant] There are no direct properties related to the earliest fossil or earliest existence date for the sperm whale (wd:Q81214) in the property search. I will try to find if there is any information about the fossil range or earliest fossil date for the sperm whale by querying the statements of the sperm whale entity directly. I will list all properties and their values for the sperm whale entity to check if any of them relate to fossil or existence time.

[Tool]
Got 793 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject                 | property                                       | object                                                                                |
| ----------------------- | ---------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| sperm whale (wd:Q81214) | instance of (wdt:P31)                          | taxon (wd:Q16521)                                                                            |
| sperm whale (wd:Q81214) | Commons category (wdt:P373)                    | Physeter macrocephalus                                                                       |
| sperm whale (wd:Q81214) | image (wdt:P18)                                | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Mother%20and%20baby%20sperm%20whale.jpg> |
| sperm whale (wd:Q81214) | subclass of (wdt:P279)                         | whale (wd:Q1865281)                                                                          |
| sperm whale (wd:Q81214) | parent taxon (wdt:P171)                        | Physeter (wd:Q3382003)                                                                       |
| sperm whale (wd:Q81214) | taxon name (wdt:P225)                          | Physeter macrocephalus                                                                       |
| sperm whale (wd:Q81214) | taxon rank (wdt:P105)                          | species (wd:Q7432)                                                                           |
| sperm whale (wd:Q81214) | short name (wdt:P1813)                         | P. macrocephalus (mul)                                                                       |
| sperm whale (wd:Q81214) | described by source (wdt:P1343)                | Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (wd:Q602358)                                     |
| sperm whale (wd:Q81214) | on focus list of Wikimedia project (wdt:P5008) | wd:Q6173448                                                                                |
| ...                     | ...                                            | ...                                                                                |

[Assistant]
The direct properties of the sperm whale entity do not show any explicit fossil range or earliest fossil date information. I will try a different approach: I will search for the "fossil range" property (Palaeontology related) and see if it is used for the sperm whale or related taxa.

I will search for the property "fossil range" in Wikidata to confirm its identifier and then check if it is used for the sperm whale or its parent taxon.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. taxon range, also known as geographic range of taxon, taxon geographic range, range of taxon, range, geographic range (wd:P9714 as pqn/ps/psv/p/pq/psn/prv/prn/pqv/pr/wdtn/wdt): geographic area(s) where a taxon is found
2. temporal range end, also known as geologic time frame end, geologic time range end (wd:P524 as pqn/ps/psv/p/pq/psn/prv/prn/pqv/pr/wdtn/wdt): the end of a process such as a geological unit or extinction of a life form relative to the geologic time scale, end time
3. temporal range start, also known as geochronologic start, geologic time range start (wd:P523 as pqn/ps/psv/p/pq/psn/prv/prn/pqv/pr/wdtn/wdt): the start of a process or appearance of a life form or geological unit relative to the geologic time scale, start time
4. taxon range map image, also known as distribution map (taxa), spread map, range map, occurrence data map (wd:P181 as pqn/ps/psv/p/pq/psn/prv/prn/pqv/pr/wdtn/wdt): range map of a taxon, image
5. image of function, also known as function range, image, range, function image (wd:P2396 as pqn/ps/psv/p/pq/psn/prv/prn/pqv/pr/wdtn/wdt): set of values that a mathematical function actually takes
6. codomain, also known as codomain of a function, function codomain, range, to (wd:P1571 as pqn/ps/psv/p/pq/psn/prv/prn/pqv/pr/wdtn/wdt): codomain of a function
7. vehicle range, also known as operational range, range, maximum range (wd:P2073 as pqn/ps/psv/p/pq/psn/prv/prn/pqv/pr/wdtn/wdt): distance a vehicle can travel without refuelling, length
8. mountain range, also known as system of mountains, hill range, range, parent range, mountain system (wd:P4552 as pqn/ps/psv/p/pq/psn/prv/prn/pqv/pr/wdtn/wdt): range or subrange to which the geographical item belongs, geomorphological unit
9. fossil found in this unit (wd:P1137 as pqn/ps/psv/p/pq/psn/prv/prn/pqv/pr/wdtn/wdt): fossils that are found in this stratigraphic unit
10. main food source, also known as diet, eats, ecology (Fossilworks field  name), food plant, food source (wd:P1034 as pqn/ps/psv/p/pq/psn/prv/prn/pqv/pr/wdtn/wdt): species, genus or family that an organism depends on for nutrition

[Assistant] The properties "temporal range start" (wdt:P523) and "temporal range end" (wdt:P524) seem relevant for the start and end of the fossil or existence range of a taxon. I will check if the sperm whale (wd:Q81214) has any values for these properties.

[Tool] Got no rows and 4 columns

[Assistant] The sperm whale entity (wd:Q81214) does not have direct values for "temporal range start" (P523) or "temporal range end" (P524). I will now check if the parent taxon "Physeter" (wd:Q3382003) has any temporal range information, as sometimes the genus or higher taxon has fossil range data.

[Tool] Got no rows and 4 columns

[Assistant]
The parent taxon "Physeter" (wd:Q3382003) also does not have temporal range start or end information. I will try another approach: search for the earliest known fossil or existence date of the sperm whale by looking for the earliest fossil or existence date of the sperm whale or related taxa in the Miocene epoch or other geological time periods.

I will search for the earliest fossil or existence date of the sperm whale by querying for the earliest known fossil or existence date of the sperm whale or related taxa in the Miocene epoch or other geological time periods.

I will try to find if there is an entity for the "earliest fossil of sperm whale" or similar. I will search for "earliest fossil sperm whale" in Wikidata.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. sperm whale, also known as cachalot, Physeter macrocephalus (wd:Q81214): largest species of toothed whale
2. Sperm Whale, also known as Nahang-e-Anbar (wd:Q20111251): 2015 film directed by Saman Moghadam
3. Sperm whale (wd:Q115479916): water colour painting of a sperm whale
4. sperm whale, also known as cachalot (wd:Q113680749): fictional monster from Dungeons & Dragons
5. sperm whale (wd:L591643-S1)
6. pygmy sperm whale, also known as Kogia breviceps (wd:Q244300): species of mammal
7. dwarf sperm whale, also known as Kogia sima (wd:Q42669): species of mammal
8. macroraptorial sperm whale, also known as raptorial sperm whale (wd:Q56274847): highly predatory whales of the sperm whale superfamily (Physeteroidea) of the Miocene epoch
9. Sperm Whale Head (wd:Q21903224): point in Australia
10. High-finned sperm whale, also known as high-finned cachalot (wd:Q99565665): species of whale (Cryptid)

[Assistant]
There is an entity "macroraptorial sperm whale" (wd:Q56274847) described as highly predatory whales of the sperm whale superfamily (Physeteroidea) of the Miocene epoch. This suggests sperm whales or their relatives existed in the Miocene epoch.

I will now check the existence time or fossil range of the macroraptorial sperm whale (wd:Q56274847) to get an idea of when the first sperm whales existed. I will look for temporal range start or fossil range properties for this entity.

[Tool] Got no rows and 4 columns

[Assistant] The macroraptorial sperm whale (wd:Q56274847) does not have direct temporal range start or end properties either. I will try to find the geological time period or epoch it is associated with, which is mentioned as the Miocene epoch. I will check the statements of the macroraptorial sperm whale entity to find any mention of the Miocene epoch or other geological time periods.

[Tool]
Got 61 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject                                   | property                               | object                                                                        |
| ----------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| macroraptorial sperm whale (wd:Q56274847) | instance of (wdt:P31)                  | organisms known by a particular common name (wd:Q55983715)                    |
| macroraptorial sperm whale (wd:Q56274847) | image (wdt:P18)                        | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Livyatan%20melvillei.jpg> |
| macroraptorial sperm whale (wd:Q56274847) | subclass of (wdt:P279)                 | Cetacea (wd:Q160)                                                             |
| macroraptorial sperm whale (wd:Q56274847) | time period (wdt:P2348)                | Miocene (wd:Q76267)                                                           |
| macroraptorial sperm whale (wd:Q56274847) | Google Knowledge Graph ID (wdtn:P2671) | <http://g.co/kg/g/11g1qh1d9n>                                                 |
| macroraptorial sperm whale (wd:Q56274847) | schema:description                     | baleias altamente predadoras da ...eteroidea) da época do Miocénico (pt)      |
| macroraptorial sperm whale (wd:Q56274847) | schema:name                            | cachalote macroraptorial (es)                                                 |
| macroraptorial sperm whale (wd:Q56274847) | rdf:type                               | wikibase:Item                                                                 |
| macroraptorial sperm whale (wd:Q56274847) | rdfs:label                             | cachalote macroraptorial (es)                                                 |
| macroraptorial sperm whale (wd:Q56274847) | skos:altLabel                          | raptorial sperm whale (en)                                                    |
| ...                                       | ...                                    | ...                                                                           |

[Assistant]
The macroraptorial sperm whale (wd:Q56274847) is associated with the time period "Miocene" (wd:Q76267) through the property "time period" (wdt:P2348). This indicates that the earliest sperm whales or their close relatives existed during the Miocene epoch.

I will now find the time range of the Miocene epoch to provide a more precise answer about when the first sperm whales existed. I will query the start and end time of the Miocene epoch (wd:Q76267).

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 2 columns:
| start                                   | end                                    |
| --------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------- |
| -23030000-01-01T00:00:00 (xsd:dateTime) | -5333000-01-01T00:00:00 (xsd:dateTime) |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=done):
The answer correctly identifies the Miocene epoch as the time period when the first sperm whales or their close relatives existed, and provides the start and end dates of the Miocene epoch from Wikidata. The SPARQL query is appropriate, retrieving the start and end times of the Miocene epoch (wd:Q76267) using the properties for start time (wdt:P580) and end time (wdt:P582). The answer is clear, accurate, and complete based on the data retrieved. No further refinement is necessary.


PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
SELECT ?swordfighter ?swordfighterLabel ?spouse ?spouseLabel ?weapon ?weaponLabel WHERE {
  VALUES ?swordfighter {
    wd:Q180322
  }
  ?swordfighter wdt:P26 ?spouse .
  ?spouse wdt:P31 wd:Q2035494 .
  ?swordfighter wdt:P520 ?weapon .
  ?weapon rdfs:label ?weaponLabel
  FILTER ( LANG( ?weaponLabel ) = "en" ) OPTIONAL {
    ?swordfighter rdfs:label ?swordfighterLabel FILTER ( LANG( ?swordfighterLabel ) = "en" )
  }
  OPTIONAL {
    ?spouse rdfs:label ?spouseLabel FILTER ( LANG( ?spouseLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}

The swordfighter in The Lord of the Rings who married a half-elven and is known as a Ranger of the North is Aragorn. He wields the swords Andúril and Narsil, and his spouse is Arwen, who is half-elven.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] which swordfighter in the lord of the rings marry a half-elven and belong to rangers of the north?

[Assistant]
The question asks for a swordfighter in "The Lord of the Rings" who married a half-elven and belonged to the Rangers of the North.

Step 1: Identify entities and properties:
- Swordfighter: likely a character known for sword fighting.
- "The Lord of the Rings": a fictional universe, so the character should be from this universe.
- Married to a half-elven: spouse should be a half-elven.
- Belong to Rangers of the North: the character should be a member of the Rangers of the North.

Step 2: Search for characters related to "The Lord of the Rings" who are swordfighters and belong to the Rangers of the North.

Step 3: Check which of these characters married a half-elven.

I will start by searching for "Rangers of the North" to find the entity in Wikidata. Then I will look for members of this group who are swordfighters and married to a half-elven.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Rangers of the North (wd:Q2292830): Human group from J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium
2. Rangers of the North: The Kingdom of Arthedain (wd:Q65058758)
3. Edinburgh, also known as Edina, Modern Athens, Edinburgh, Scotland, Edinburg, Dùn Èideann (wd:Q23436): capital city of Scotland, UK
4. Manchester, also known as Cottonopolis, Warehouse City, Manchester, UK, Manchester, Lancashire, Manchester, England (wd:Q18125): major city in Greater Manchester, England, UK
5. Walter Scott, also known as Somnambulus, The Great Unknown, Sir Walter Scott, Bart., Wizard of the North, Walter Skott (wd:Q79025): Scottish novelist, poet and playwright (1771–1832), short story writer, literary critic, musicologist, poet lawyer, translator, biographer, playwright, historian, novelist, linguist, lawyer, writer, judge, poet
6. Carl XII of Sweden, also known as Alexander of the North, Madman of the North, Charles XII, Carl XII von Holstein-Gottorp, King of Sweden (wd:Q52934): The fifth and last emperor of Sweden (1697–1718), military leader, monarch
7. Battle of Mogadishu, also known as Battle of Bakara Market, Day of the Rangers, Black Hawk Down (wd:Q52226): battle fought on 3 and 4 October 1993, in Mogadishu, Somalia
8. Nanook of the North (wd:Q918401): 1922 film by Robert J. Flaherty
9. Angel of the North, also known as The Angel of the North (wd:Q1325290): sculpture by Antony Gormley
10. Norm of the North (wd:Q16253705): 2016 film directed by Trevor Wall

[Assistant]
I found the entity for "Rangers of the North" in Wikidata: wd:Q2292830.

Next, I will search for members of the Rangers of the North who are swordfighters or warriors in "The Lord of the Rings." I will look for people who are members of this group.

[Tool] Got no rows and 3 columns

[Assistant] No direct members of the Rangers of the North were found using the property "member of" (wdt:P463). I will try to find characters related to the Rangers of the North by searching for "Rangers of the North" in relation to "The Lord of the Rings" and see if there are known characters associated with this group. I will search for characters related to "The Lord of the Rings" and "Rangers of the North."

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. The Lord of the Rings: War in the North (wd:Q1440462): 2011 video game
2. The Lord of the Rings, also known as Lord of the Rings, LotR, TLotR (wd:Q15228): 1954–1955 fantasy novel trilogy by J. R. R. Tolkien
3. The Lord of the Rings trilogy, also known as Lord of the Rings, LotR, The Lord of the Rings (wd:Q190214): 2001-2003 three films directed by Peter Jackson
4. Sauron, also known as Necromancer, Mairon, Lord of the Rings, Aulendil, Gorthaur (wd:Q2281): fictional character from J.R.R. Tolkien's legendarium, fictional tyrant, necromancer
5. The Lord of the Rings, also known as Lord of the Rings (wd:Q378913): 1978 animated film by Ralph Bakshi
6. Rangers of the North (wd:Q2292830): Human group from J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium
7. Lord of the Rings (wd:Q905691): stage musical
8. Lord of the Rings (wd:Q1194258): board game
9. Symphony No. 1 "The Lord of the Rings", also known as The Lord of the Rings (wd:Q268133): musical work; symphony in five movements composed by Johan de Meij
10. Themes of The Lord of the Rings (wd:Q7781266): Academic analyses of The Lord of the Rings

[Assistant]
I confirmed the entity for Rangers of the North (wd:Q2292830) is related to "The Lord of the Rings" (wd:Q15228).

Next, I will search for characters in "The Lord of the Rings" who are swordfighters or warriors and check if they belong to the Rangers of the North. Then I will check if they married a half-elven. I will start by searching for characters in "The Lord of the Rings" who are swordfighters or warriors.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. International Fencing Federation fencer ID, also known as Fédération Internationale d'Escrime ID, FIE fencer ID, FIE ID, FIE identifier (wd:P2423 as pqn/ps/psv/p/pq/psn/prv/prn/pqv/pr/wdtn/wdt): Identifier in the database of all fencers holding an internation...al Fencing Federation (FIE: Fédération Internationale d'Escrime)
2. Russian Fencing Federation fencer ID, also known as FFR fencer ID, Rusfencing.ru (wd:P7092 as pqn/ps/psv/p/pq/psn/prv/prn/pqv/pr/wdtn/wdt): Russian Fencing Federation identifier
3. conflict, also known as war, theatre (military), theater (military), participated in conflict, military conflict (wd:P607 as pqn/ps/psv/p/pq/psn/prv/prn/pqv/pr/wdtn/wdt): battles, wars or other military engagements in which the person or item participated, participant in
4. European Fencing Confederation fencer ID, also known as EFC fencer ID, Eurofencing fencer ID (wd:P4475 as pqn/ps/psv/p/pq/psn/prv/prn/pqv/pr/wdtn/wdt): identifier on the European Fencing Confederation website
5. armament, also known as armed with, ship armament, weapon, wields (wd:P520 as pqn/ps/psv/p/pq/psn/prv/prn/pqv/pr/wdtn/wdt): equippable weapon item for the subject, has facility
6. dan/kyu rank, also known as go rank, wushu rank, shogi rank, renju rank, kendo rank (wd:P468 as pqn/ps/psv/p/pq/psn/prv/prn/pqv/pr/wdtn/wdt): rank system used in several board games (e.g. go, shogi, renju), martial arts (e.g. judo, kendo, wushu) and some other games
7. inverse property, also known as property opposite of, property inverse, opposite property, opponent, inverse of (wd:P1696 as pqn/ps/psv/p/pq/psn/prv/prn/pqv/pr/wdtn/wdt): links a property to its inverse property (which relates the subject and object in reverse order)
8. enemy, also known as opponent, rival, archvillain, archrival, archnemesis (wd:P7047 as pqn/ps/psv/p/pq/psn/prv/prn/pqv/pr/wdtn/wdt): opponent character or group of this fictive character or group, significant person
9. perpetrator, also known as robber, perpetrators, perpetrated by, perp, offender (wd:P8031 as pqn/ps/psv/p/pq/psn/prv/prn/pqv/pr/wdtn/wdt): person or organization who carried out this harmful, illegal, or immoral act, participant
10. name of the character role, also known as character named as, role named as, role name, name of the role, name of the character (wd:P4633 as pqn/ps/psv/p/pq/psn/prv/prn/pqv/pr/wdtn/wdt): name by which a character role is recorded in a database or ment...ably a specific performance of a theatrical production of a play, name

[Assistant]
There is no direct property for "swordfighter," but property wdt:P520 "armament" (weapon, wields) could be useful to find characters who wield swords.

I will now search for characters in "The Lord of the Rings" who wield a sword and belong to the Rangers of the North. Then I will check if they married a half-elven. I will start by searching for characters in "The Lord of the Rings" who wield a sword.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. armament, also known as armed with, ship armament, weapon, wields (wd:P520 as pqn/ps/psv/p/pq/psn/prv/prn/pqv/pr/wdtn/wdt): equippable weapon item for the subject, has facility
2. uses, also known as uses trope, used, using, wielded, wields (wd:P2283 as pqn/ps/psv/p/pq/psn/prv/prn/pqv/pr/wdtn/wdt): item or concept used by the subject or in the operation (see also instrument [P1303] and armament [P520])
3. instrument, also known as uses this instrument, teaches instrument, instruments, plays this instrument, plays instrument (wd:P1303 as pqn/ps/psv/p/pq/psn/prv/prn/pqv/pr/wdtn/wdt): musical instrument that a person plays or teaches or used in a music occupation, uses
4. Handle ID, also known as Handle, Handle.NET ID, Handle System ID, hdl (wd:P1184 as pqn/ps/psv/p/pq/psn/prv/prn/pqv/pr/wdtn/wdt): Handle System identifier, which is a superset of the DOI
5. website username or ID, also known as user name, website username, website ID, username in social media, username (wd:P554 as pqn/ps/psv/p/pq/psn/prv/prn/pqv/pr/wdtn/wdt): username or identifier on a website that the person or movement ... account on, for use as qualifier of "website account on" (P553)
6. ammunition, also known as ammo, cartridge (wd:P739 as pqn/ps/psv/p/pq/psn/prv/prn/pqv/pr/wdtn/wdt): cartridge or other ammunition used by the subject firearm, compatible with
7. rate of fire, also known as rof, fire rate, firing rate (wd:P3792 as pqn/ps/psv/p/pq/psn/prv/prn/pqv/pr/wdtn/wdt): the frequency at which a specific weapon can fire or launch its projectiles
8. designed to carry, also known as cargo, carries, design payload, intended cargo, intended payload (wd:P3349 as pqn/ps/psv/p/pq/psn/prv/prn/pqv/pr/wdtn/wdt): what the vehicle or class of vehicles is or was designed to carry
9. caliber (wd:P4403 as pqn/ps/psv/p/pq/psn/prv/prn/pqv/pr/wdtn/wdt): inner diameter of the gun barrel for a weapon
10. item operated, also known as fleet, item used, operated, operates, operator of (wd:P121 as pqn/ps/psv/p/pq/psn/prv/prn/pqv/pr/wdtn/wdt): equipment, installation or service operated by the subject, uses

[Assistant]
The property "armament" (wdt:P520) is the most relevant for weapons wielded by a character.

I will now try to find characters in "The Lord of the Rings" who wield a sword (or similar weapon) and belong to the Rangers of the North. I will start by searching for characters who belong to the Rangers of the North and then check their weapons and spouses.

[Tool] Got no rows and 3 columns

[Assistant] There are no direct members of the Rangers of the North using the property "member of" (wdt:P463). I will try another approach and search for characters in "The Lord of the Rings" who have the occupation or role of "Ranger" or similar and check if they belong to the Rangers of the North. Then I will check their spouses and weapons.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. The Lord of the Rings, also known as Lord of the Rings, LotR, TLotR (wd:Q15228): 1954–1955 fantasy novel trilogy by J. R. R. Tolkien
2. The Lord of the Rings trilogy, also known as Lord of the Rings, LotR, The Lord of the Rings (wd:Q190214): 2001-2003 three films directed by Peter Jackson
3. Sauron, also known as Necromancer, Mairon, Lord of the Rings, Aulendil, Gorthaur (wd:Q2281): fictional character from J.R.R. Tolkien's legendarium, fictional tyrant, necromancer
4. The Lord of the Rings, also known as Lord of the Rings (wd:Q378913): 1978 animated film by Ralph Bakshi
5. Lord of the Rings (wd:Q905691): stage musical
6. Lord of the Rings (wd:Q1194258): board game
7. Symphony No. 1 "The Lord of the Rings", also known as The Lord of the Rings (wd:Q268133): musical work; symphony in five movements composed by Johan de Meij
8. Themes of The Lord of the Rings (wd:Q7781266): Academic analyses of The Lord of the Rings
9. The Lord of the Rings (wd:Q3227050): 1981 British radio drama series
10. The Lord of the Rings (wd:Q3227049): 1979 radio series

[Assistant] No direct entity for "Ranger" in Lord of the Rings found. I will try searching for characters in "The Lord of the Rings" who are known as Rangers or have the occupation "Ranger" or similar. I will search for "Ranger" as an occupation or role.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Ranger, also known as Ranger, Texas, Ranger, TX (wd:Q969442): city in Texas, United States
2. Ranger, also known as Ranger, GA, Ranger, Georgia (wd:Q666467): town in Gordon County, Georgia, United States
3. park ranger, also known as forest ranger, ranger, park warden (wd:Q1479935): profession
4. Henry Ward Ranger, also known as Henry W. Ranger, h.w. ranger, Ranger, ranger h.w. (wd:Q5729856): American artist (1858-1916), painter
5. Bell 47J Ranger, also known as Ranger, Model 47 Ranger, Model 47J Ranger, H-13J Sioux, Bell Ranger (wd:Q4883105): series of light transport helicopters
6. Ranger (wd:Q2130910): South African brand of automobiles
7. Alpine Brigade Julia, also known as Elite Forces, Elite Mountain Troops, Julia, Ranger (wd:Q1332365): Italian military branch specialized in old-weather warfare
8. Ranger, also known as Girl Guide, Ranger Guide, Girl Guide Ranger (wd:Q1074248): member of a section of Guiding organizations
9. Ranger, also known as Peacekeeper, Cadillac Gage Ranger, Cadillac Gage Peacekeeper (wd:Q5016480): 1970s armored security vehicle by Cadillac Gage
10. ranger (wd:Q4904039): character class in the Dungeons & Dragons roleplaying game

[Assistant] No direct entity for "Ranger" as a character class or occupation in Lord of the Rings found. I will try to search for characters in "The Lord of the Rings" who are known to be Rangers of the North by name. One famous character is Aragorn, who is a swordfighter, a Ranger of the North, and married Arwen, who is half-elven. I will search for Aragorn in Wikidata.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Aragorn, also known as Strider, Thorongil, Telcontar, Elessar, Aragorn II (wd:Q180322): fictional character from J.R.R. Tolkien's legendarium, military leader, swordfighter
2. Aragorn I, also known as Aragorn (wd:Q2608783): fictional character from J.R.R. Tolkien's legendarium
3. Aragorn (wd:Q3549229): fictional winged horse in the Marvel Universe
4. Aragorn (wd:Q4783733): racehorse
5. Aragorn (wd:Q2450588): music from Hardy Mertens
6. Aragorn (wd:Q18241882): rock group
7. Aragorn, also known as Aragorn, Geldrop (wd:Q18939906): street in Geldrop, the Netherlands
8. Mount Aragorn (wd:Q22413859): mountain in British Columbia, Canada
9. Aragorn (Strider) (wd:Q63882948): musical character in the musical Lord of the Rings by A. R. Rahman
10. Aragorn Place, also known as Aragon Place (wd:Q110528035): residential street

[Assistant]
I found Aragorn (wd:Q180322), a fictional character from J.R.R. Tolkien's legendarium, known as a military leader and swordfighter.

Next, I will check if Aragorn belongs to the Rangers of the North and if he married a half-elven. I will check his membership or group affiliations and spouse.

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 3 columns:
| subject              | property             | object                               |
| -------------------- | -------------------- | ------------------------------------ |
| Aragorn (wd:Q180322) | member of (wdt:P463) | Fellowship of the Ring (wd:Q2071479) |

[Assistant]
Aragorn is a member of the Fellowship of the Ring (wd:Q2071479), but this does not directly confirm membership in the Rangers of the North.

I will check if Aragorn has any other group affiliations or if there is a property indicating he is a Ranger of the North. I will list all properties of Aragorn to find relevant information.

[Tool]
Got 487 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject              | property                                        | object                                                           |
| -------------------- | ----------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Aragorn (wd:Q180322) | instance of (wdt:P31)                           | Middle-earth man (wd:Q1621322)                                   |
| Aragorn (wd:Q180322) | occupation (wdt:P106)                           | military leader (wd:Q1402561)                                    |
| Aragorn (wd:Q180322) | sex or gender (wdt:P21)                         | male (wd:Q6581097)                                               |
| Aragorn (wd:Q180322) | Commons category (wdt:P373)                     | Aragorn                                                          |
| Aragorn (wd:Q180322) | image (wdt:P18)                                 | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Aragorn.png> |
| Aragorn (wd:Q180322) | languages spoken, written or signed (wdt:P1412) | Sindarin (wd:Q56437)                                             |
| Aragorn (wd:Q180322) | child (wdt:P40)                                 | Eldarion (wd:Q1632303)                                           |
| Aragorn (wd:Q180322) | position held (wdt:P39)                         | King of the Reunited Kingdom (wd:Q16594772)                      |
| Aragorn (wd:Q180322) | creator (wdt:P170)                              | J. R. R. Tolkien (wd:Q892)                                       |
| Aragorn (wd:Q180322) | father (wdt:P22)                                | Arathorn II (wd:Q2068026)                                        |
| ...                  | ...                                             | ...                                                              |

[Assistant] I found many properties for Aragorn. I will specifically check for spouse and group affiliations. I will look for the property "spouse" (wdt:P26) for Aragorn.

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 3 columns:
| subject              | property         | object             |
| -------------------- | ---------------- | ------------------ |
| Aragorn (wd:Q180322) | spouse (wdt:P26) | Arwen (wd:Q206018) |

[Assistant]
Aragorn's spouse is Arwen (wd:Q206018).

Next, I will check if Arwen is half-elven. I will look for Arwen's instance or subclass to check if she is half-elven.

[Tool]
Got 3 rows and 3 columns:
| subject            | property              | object                                 |
| ------------------ | --------------------- | -------------------------------------- |
| Arwen (wd:Q206018) | instance of (wdt:P31) | half-elven (wd:Q2035494)               |
| Arwen (wd:Q206018) | instance of (wdt:P31) | literary character (wd:Q3658341)       |
| Arwen (wd:Q206018) | instance of (wdt:P31) | fantasy film character (wd:Q117289741) |

[Assistant]
Arwen is an instance of "half-elven" (wd:Q2035494).

Now, I will check if Aragorn is a member of the Rangers of the North (wd:Q2292830) by looking for any property indicating this membership or affiliation. I will check if there is a property indicating "Ranger of the North" for Aragorn.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. armament, also known as armed with, ship armament, weapon, wields (wd:P520 as p/wdt): equippable weapon item for the subject, has facility
2. performer, also known as actor, sung by, singer, recording by, recorded by (wd:P175 as p/wdt): actor, musician, band or other performer associated with this role or musical work, contributor to the creative work or subject
3. image, also known as still capture, still, screenshot, screen capture, portrait (wd:P18 as p/wdt): image of relevant illustration of the subject; if available, als...tor map, flag image, signature image, logo image, collage image)
4. position held, also known as function, held position, holds position, job, office held (wd:P39 as p/wdt): subject currently or formerly holds the object position or public office
5. occupation, also known as job, work, vocation, profession, employment (wd:P106 as p/wdt): occupation of a person; see also "field of work" (Property:P101), "position held" (Property:P39)
6. character type, also known as -dere, stock character, stereotype, dere, character stereotype (wd:P9071 as p/wdt): generic character type that this fictional character represents, manifestation of
7. child, also known as has son, kids, mother of, kid, issue (wd:P40 as p/wdt): subject has object as child. Do not use for stepchildren—use "relative" (P1038), qualified with "type of kinship" (P1039), significant person, relative
8. instance of, also known as unitary element of class, has type, unique individual of, type, item of type (wd:P31 as p/wdt): that class of which this subject is a particular example and mem...is a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform)
9. spouse, also known as married partner, married to, marry, partner, spouses (wd:P26 as p/wdt): the subject has the object as their spouse (husband, wife, partn...etc.). Use "unmarried partner" (P451) for non-married companions, significant person, relative
10. enemy, also known as opponent, rival, archvillain, archrival, archnemesis (wd:P7047 as p/wdt): opponent character or group of this fictive character or group, significant person

No other items found

[Assistant]
There is no direct property indicating Aragorn's membership in the Rangers of the North. However, from knowledge of the lore, Aragorn is known as a Ranger of the North.

Summary:
- Aragorn is a swordfighter (military leader).
- Aragorn married Arwen, who is half-elven.
- Aragorn is known as a Ranger of the North.

This matches the user's question.

I will now provide the final answer with a SPARQL query that returns Aragorn as the swordfighter in "The Lord of the Rings" who married a half-elven and belongs to the Rangers of the North. I will include labels for clarity.

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=retry):
The SPARQL query did not return any results, which indicates that the query might be too restrictive or the data might be incomplete. The occupation property (wdt:P106) with value military leader (wd:Q1402561) may not be the best choice to identify a swordfighter; instead, consider using a more specific property or class related to swordfighters or warriors in Tolkien's legendarium. Also, verify that the spouse is correctly identified as half-elven (wd:Q2035494) and that the membership in Rangers of the North (wd:Q2292830) is correctly queried. Additionally, ensure that the entity for Aragorn is included if possible, as he is the known answer. It might help to relax some constraints or check alternative properties to find the correct individual. Please revise the query accordingly.

[Assistant]
Thank you for the feedback. I will revise the query to be less restrictive and more focused on the known entity Aragorn, who is the swordfighter in "The Lord of the Rings" that married a half-elven and belonged to the Rangers of the North.

I will:
- Directly query for Aragorn (wd:Q180322).
- Check if his spouse is half-elven.
- Check if he is associated with Rangers of the North.
- Avoid using occupation "military leader" as a proxy for swordfighter.
- Include labels for clarity.

I will now construct a revised SPARQL query accordingly.

[Tool] Got no rows and 4 columns

[Assistant]
The query still returns no results because Aragorn is not explicitly listed as a member of the Rangers of the North in Wikidata using the property "member of" (wdt:P463).

I will try a different approach:
- I will check if Aragorn is an instance of or subclass of "Ranger of the North" or related class.
- If not, I will relax the membership constraint and just check for Aragorn's spouse being half-elven.

I will first check the instance of and subclass of properties for Aragorn.

[Tool]
Got 2 rows and 3 columns:
| subject              | property              | object                         |
| -------------------- | --------------------- | ------------------------------ |
| Aragorn (wd:Q180322) | instance of (wdt:P31) | Middle-earth man (wd:Q1621322) |
| Aragorn (wd:Q180322) | instance of (wdt:P31) | film character (wd:Q15773347)  |

[Tool] Got no rows and 3 columns

[Assistant]
Aragorn is an instance of "Middle-earth man" and "film character," but there is no subclass or instance indicating "Ranger of the North."

I will now relax the membership constraint and only check for Aragorn's spouse being half-elven. I will also check if Aragorn wields a sword (property armament wdt:P520).

I will construct a query to check if Aragorn's spouse is half-elven and if Aragorn wields a sword.

[Tool]
Got 2 rows and 6 columns:
| swordfighter         | swordfighterLabel | spouse             | spouseLabel | weapon                 | weaponLabel  |
| -------------------- | ----------------- | ------------------ | ----------- | ---------------------- | ------------ |
| Aragorn (wd:Q180322) | Aragorn (en)      | Arwen (wd:Q206018) | Arwen (en)  | Andúril (wd:Q14917772) | Andúril (en) |
| Aragorn (wd:Q180322) | Aragorn (en)      | Arwen (wd:Q206018) | Arwen (en)  | Narsil (wd:Q20149)     | Narsil (en)  |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=done):
The answer correctly identifies Aragorn as the swordfighter in The Lord of the Rings who married a half-elven (Arwen) and belongs to the Rangers of the North. The SPARQL query is well-constructed, retrieving Aragorn, his spouse Arwen (noted as half-elven), and the swords he wields (Andúril and Narsil). The query uses appropriate properties and entities, and the results are accurate and complete. The inclusion of labels in English is handled properly with optional clauses and language filters. No further refinement is necessary.


PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
SELECT ?company ?companyLabel ?inception WHERE {
  VALUES ?company {
    wd:Q2905359 wd:Q3821214
  }
  ?company wdt:P571 ?inception .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?company rdfs:label ?companyLabel FILTER ( LANG( ?companyLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}
ORDER BY ?inception

La Sportiva started earlier in 1928, while Black Diamond Equipment started later in 1989.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] which company started earlier, Black Diamond Equipment or la sportiva?

[Assistant]
To answer the question about which company started earlier, Black Diamond Equipment or La Sportiva, I need to find the founding dates of both companies.

Step 1: Search for the entities of the two companies in Wikidata.
I will start by searching for "Black Diamond Equipment" and "La Sportiva" to get their Wikidata entity IDs.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Black Diamond Equipment (wd:Q2905359): Manufacturer of equipment for climbing, skiing, and mountain sports
2. anthracite, also known as black diamond, stone coal, Kilkenny coal, hard coal, crow coal (wd:Q182458): hard coal with a volatile component (gas) of less than 10 %
3. Black Diamond, also known as Black Diamond, Washington, Black Diamond, WA (wd:Q1191152): city in King County, Washington, United States
4. Black Diamond, also known as Black Diamond, FL, Black Diamond, Florida (wd:Q570406): census designated place in Citrus County, Florida, United States
5. carbonado, also known as black diamond (wd:Q429950): toughest form of natural diamond; it is an impure form of polycr...ne diamond consisting of diamond, graphite, and amorphous carbon
6. Black Diamond (wd:Q880216): former town in Alberta, Canada
7. Black Diamond, also known as Black Diamond (library), The Black Diamond (wd:Q1142174): modern waterfront extension to the Royal Danish Library's old building
8. The Black Diamond, also known as Black Diamond, Le Diamant noir (wd:Q20802174): 1922 film directed by André Hugon
9. Black Diamond (wd:Q784842): 2008 sophomore studio album by Buraka Som Sistema
10. Black Diamond (wd:Q3398877): Kiss song

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. La Sportiva (wd:Q3821214): Outdoor Sporting Goods Company
2. Sociedad Sportiva Argentina, also known as La Sportiva (wd:Q39081671): defunct sports club in Buenos Aires
3. La Domenica Sportiva (wd:Q3208328): Italian TV series or program
4. SS Lazio, also known as S.S. Lazio, SSLazio, S.S.Lazio, SSL, S.S.L. (wd:Q2609): football section of the sports club based in Rome, Lazio, Italy
5. Fiat Sportiva Latina (wd:Q50397322)
6. La Domenica Sportiva Estate (wd:Q114560708): Italian television program
7. La Sportiva Competition Award (wd:Q66761549)
8. Unione sportiva La Piemonte (wd:Q124297461): Italian institution in Torino
9. S.S. Lazio Marines, also known as Lazio Marines, Marines Lazio, Società Sportiva Lazio Marines, S.S. Lazio Marines AFT (wd:Q3963703): American football team based in Roma, Italy
10. Associazione Sportiva La Fratellanza 1874 (wd:Q100527922)

[Assistant]
I found the entities for the two companies:
- Black Diamond Equipment: wd:Q2905359
- La Sportiva: wd:Q3821214

Next, I will look for the founding dates (properties related to inception or start date) of these two companies. The property for inception or start date is usually P571 (inception).

I will query the inception dates for both companies.

[Tool]
Got 2 rows and 3 columns:
| company                               | companyLabel                 | inception                           |
| ------------------------------------- | ---------------------------- | ----------------------------------- |
| La Sportiva (wd:Q3821214)             | La Sportiva (en)             | 1928-01-01T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) |
| Black Diamond Equipment (wd:Q2905359) | Black Diamond Equipment (en) | 1989-12-01T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=done):
The SPARQL query correctly retrieves the inception dates of both companies, Black Diamond Equipment and La Sportiva, and orders them by inception date. The answer correctly states that La Sportiva started earlier in 1928, while Black Diamond Equipment started later in 1989. The query uses the appropriate property (wdt:P571) for inception date and includes labels for readability. The output is accurate, complete, and follows the SPARQL query rules.