PREFIX p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/>
PREFIX pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/>
PREFIX xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>
SELECT ( COUNT( ?person ) AS ?count ) WHERE {
  {
    SELECT ?person ( MAX( ?end ) AS ?lastEnd ) WHERE {
      ?person p:P39 ?statement .
      ?statement ps:P39 wd:Q1048744 .
      OPTIONAL {
        ?statement pq:P582 ?end .
      }
      FILTER ( ?person != wd:Q765165 )
    }
    GROUP BY ?person
  }
  FILTER ( BOUND( ?lastEnd ) && ?lastEnd < "1964-10-14T00:00:00Z" ^^ xsd:dateTime )
}

Got 1 row and 1 column:
| count       |
| ----------- |
| 1 (xsd:int) |

According to Wikidata, only one unique individual (Joseph Stalin) served as General Secretary of the CPSU with their last term ending before Leonid Brezhnev's start date. If you wish to include Nikita Khrushchev, whose term ended on the same day Brezhnev started, the query can be adjusted.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at http://amur:7001

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] How many General Secretaries of the CPSU were there before Leonid Brezhnev?

[Assistant]
Let's break down the question:

1. The user wants to know the number of General Secretaries of the CPSU (Communist Party of the Soviet Union) before Leonid Brezhnev.
2. We need to identify:
   - The entity for "General Secretary of the CPSU".
   - The entity for "Leonid Brezhnev".
   - The property that links people to their position as General Secretary.
   - The property that indicates the start or end date of their tenure, so we can filter those who served before Brezhnev.

Let's proceed step by step.

First, let's search for the entity "General Secretary of the CPSU".

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, also known as CCP General Secretary, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, General Secretary of the Central...e of the Chinese Communist Party, General Secretary, General Secretary of the CCP (wd:Q849418): head of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and de facto leader of China
2. Secretary General of the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo, also known as Secretary General of the CNT (wd:Q3393986): head of the confederation of Spanish anarcho-syndicalist labor unions
3. General Secretary of the CIS (wd:Q119716722): head of the Commonwealth Secretariat
4. Secretary General of the Universal Esperanto Association, also known as Ĝenerala Sekretario de UEA, Universal Esperanto Association Secretary General, Secretary General of the UEA, UEA Secretary General (wd:Q12357331)
5. General Secretary of the YSP (wd:Q130385190)
6. Secretary General of the CSTO (wd:Q119716745): diplomatic head of the CSTO
7. [Address of the general secretary] (wd:Q74790507): scientific article published on 01 June 2002
8. General Secretary of the Interior (wd:Q50128204)
9. General secretary of the Sea (wd:Q78862662): French official position
10. General Secretary of the CGIL, also known as General Secretary of the Italian General Confederation of Labour (wd:Q15355884): leader of the CGIL trade union of Italy

[Assistant] It appears that "General Secretary of the CPSU" did not directly match any entity in the top results. However, the correct title is likely "General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union." Let's try searching for that exact phrase to find the correct entity.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, also known as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, General Secretary of the Soviet Union, Gensek of the CPSU (wd:Q1048744): de facto head of state of the Soviet Union and dirigent of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
2. Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (wd:Q115147301)
3. General Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (wd:Q16682297): organization
4. General Secretary Xi Jin-ping’s ...and Their Practical Significance (wd:Q120857259): scholarly article in Studies on Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping Theories, no. 9, 2019
5. Communist Party of the Soviet Union, also known as Bolshevik Party, CPSU, RCP(b), Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (wd:Q79854): Marxist–Leninist founding and ruling party of the Soviet Union
6. Communist Party of the Soviet Union (wd:Q4229911): Political party founded in 2001
7. Communist Party of the Soviet Union (wd:Q3701765): Political party founded in 1992
8. Appeal to the General Secretary ...States of America, Ronald Reagan (wd:Q43929775): scientific article published on July 13, 1985
9. General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, also known as CCP General Secretary, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, General Secretary of the Central...e of the Chinese Communist Party, General Secretary, General Secretary of the CCP (wd:Q849418): head of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and de facto leader of China
10. Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (wd:Q2415599): supreme decision-making body of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

[Assistant]
The correct entity for "General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union" is wd:Q1048744.

Next, let's search for the entity "Leonid Brezhnev" to use as a reference point for filtering.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Leonid Brezhnev, also known as Brezhnev, Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev (wd:Q765165): General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1906–1982), military personnel, politician, engineer, surveyor
2. Admiral Kuznetsov, also known as Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov, aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov, Leonid Brezhnev, Riga, Tbilisi (wd:Q274924): 1985 Kuznetsov-class aircraft carrier
3. Starry Metropolis, also known as Neptune, Olivia, IMO 7359498, Kareliya, Leonid Brezhnev (wd:Q22968553): ship built in 1976
4. Leonid Brezhnev (wd:Q47510509): painting by Boris Chaliapin
5. Leonid Brezhnev, also known as Whiskey on the Rocks Leonid Brezhnev (wd:Q131583282): Leonid Brezhnev as depicted in television series Whiskey on the Rocks, politician
6. Leonid Brezhnev (wd:Q58345911): Scientific article (April 2014)
7. Leonid Brezhnev (wd:Q47511657): painting by Harvey Simpson
8. Leonid Brezhnev (wd:Q47510378): painting by Burton Philip Silverman
9. Leonid Brezhnev (wd:Q47509621): painting by Boris Artzybasheff
10. Yuri Brezhnev, also known as Yuri Leonidovich Brezhnev (wd:Q8061482): Soviet politician (1933-2013), politician

[Assistant]
The correct entity for Leonid Brezhnev is wd:Q765165.

Now, we need to:
- Find the property that links a person to their position as "General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union".
- Find the property that indicates the start date of their tenure, so we can filter those who served before Brezhnev.

Let's search for properties related to "position held" or "office" for a person.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. position held, also known as function, held position, holds position, job, office held (wd:P39 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): subject currently or formerly holds the object position or public office
2. position holder, also known as incumbent, noble title holder, office holder, position held by (wd:P1308 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): persons who hold and/or held the position
3. position played on team / speciality, also known as position (on team), speciality, specialism, position, player position (wd:P413 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): position or specialism of a player on a team
4. expression, gesture or body pose, also known as action, expression, facial expression, gesture, movement (wd:P6022 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): qualifier on "depicts" (P180) for human position of an individual in an artwork
5. ranking, also known as peak position, place, placing, position, rank (wd:P1352 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): subject's ordinal position as qualitatively evaluated relative to other members of a group
6. coordinate location, also known as point on a map, gps coordinates, gps location, latitude, location (wd:P625 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): geocoordinates of the subject. For Earth, please note that only WGS84 coordinating system is supported at the moment
7. term length of position, also known as term length, time in position, term of position, position term, length of term (wd:P2097 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): length of time in years (unit: Q577) a person (usually a politician) is to serve in a particular position. Do not add bounds., duration
8. office contested, also known as contested office, contested position, position contested (wd:P541 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): title of office which election will determine the next holder of
9. position held by head of the organization, also known as position held by head of the organisation, secretary's position, president's position, position held by head of the organization, office held by head of the organisation (wd:P2388 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): position of the head of this item
10. location, also known as neighbourhood, whereabouts, vilage, venue, town (wd:P276 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): location of the object, structure or event. In the case of an ad...ity use P706. Use P7153 for locations associated with the object

[Assistant]
The property "position held" (wd:P39) is used to indicate positions or offices held by a person. This is likely the property that links individuals to their role as General Secretary of the CPSU.

Next, let's check which qualifiers are typically used with "position held" to indicate the start or end date of the tenure.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. Wikidata property example, also known as e.g., Wikidata property sample, property sample, property example, for example (wd:P1855 as p/wdt): example where this Wikidata property is used; target item is one...ualifier the property being described given the associated value
2. Wikidata item of this property, also known as associated item, Wikidata property subject item, Wikidata item for this property, subject of this property, subject of property (wd:P1629 as p/wdt): item corresponding to the concept represented by the property
3. instance of, also known as unitary element of class, has type, unique individual of, type, item of type (wd:P31 as p/wdt): that class of which this subject is a particular example and mem...is a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform)
4. property proposal discussion, also known as proposal, Wikidata property proposal, proposal URL, property discussion URL, property discussion (wd:P3254 as p): URL of the page (or page section) on which the creation of the property was discussed, Wikimedia community discussion URL
5. related property, also known as rdfs:seeAlso, related properties, see also, seealso (wd:P1659 as p/wdt): used to indicate another property that might provide additional information about the subject
6. inverse property, also known as property opposite of, property inverse, opposite property, opponent, inverse of (wd:P1696 as p/wdt): links a property to its inverse property (which relates the subject and object in reverse order)
7. property constraint, also known as rdfs:range, constraint, rdfs:domain (wd:P2302 as p/wdt): constraint applicable to a Wikidata property

No other items found

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. Wikidata item of this property, also known as associated item, Wikidata property subject item, Wikidata item for this property, subject of this property, subject of property (wd:P1629 as p/wdt): item corresponding to the concept represented by the property
2. Wikidata property example, also known as e.g., Wikidata property sample, property sample, property example, for example (wd:P1855 as p/wdt): example where this Wikidata property is used; target item is one...ualifier the property being described given the associated value
3. instance of, also known as unitary element of class, has type, unique individual of, type, item of type (wd:P31 as p/wdt): that class of which this subject is a particular example and mem...is a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform)
4. inverse property, also known as property opposite of, property inverse, opposite property, opponent, inverse of (wd:P1696 as p/wdt): links a property to its inverse property (which relates the subject and object in reverse order)
5. related property, also known as rdfs:seeAlso, related properties, see also, seealso (wd:P1659 as p/wdt): used to indicate another property that might provide additional information about the subject
6. property proposal discussion, also known as proposal, Wikidata property proposal, proposal URL, property discussion URL, property discussion (wd:P3254 as p): URL of the page (or page section) on which the creation of the property was discussed, Wikimedia community discussion URL
7. equivalent property, also known as owl:equivalentProperty, schema.org property, ontological equivalent (wd:P1628 as p/wdt): equivalent property in other ontologies (use in statements on properties, use property URI), exact match, URL
8. inverse label item, also known as reverse label, label for inverse property, inverse label, inverse property label item (wd:P7087 as p/wdt): item with label/aliases of the inverse relationship of a property
9. property constraint, also known as rdfs:range, constraint, rdfs:domain (wd:P2302 as p/wdt): constraint applicable to a Wikidata property
10. stability of property value, also known as variability of value, variability of property, stability of value, stability of property value, stability of property (wd:P2668 as p/wdt): likelihood that statements with this property will change

No other items found

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. start time, also known as start date, since, valid, join time, joined (wd:P580 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): time an entity begins to exist or a statement starts being valid, point in time
2. inception, also known as initial release date, founded in, founded on, founded on date, founding date (wd:P571 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): time when an entity begins to exist; for date of official opening use P1619, start time
3. work period (start), also known as start working, flourished (start), start time for work, start date of activity, fl. (start) (wd:P2031 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): start of period during which a person or group flourished (fl. = "floruit") in their professional activity, start time, floruit
4. earliest date, also known as no earlier than, terminus post quem, start date (earliest), on or after this date, minimum date (wd:P1319 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): earliest date at which an event could have happened. Use as qualifier for other date properties
5. UTC date of spacecraft launch, also known as time of spacecraft launch, spacecraft launch time, spacecraft launch date, launch time, launch date (wd:P619 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): date of spacecraft launch in UTC
6. refine date, also known as date refinement, exact time, hour, local time, quarter (wd:P4241 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): qualifier to narrow down the precision of a date not fully specified by the Wikidata time datatype precision field
7. point in time, also known as at time, as of, year, when, time of event (wd:P585 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): date something took place, existed or a statement was true; for providing time use the "refine date" property (P4241)
8. genomic start, also known as start coordinate, genomic from, Genloc From, from, Genloc Start (wd:P644 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): genomic starting coordinate of the biological sequence (e.g. a gene)
9. start point, also known as start location, launch pad, launch site, starting place, starting point (wd:P1427 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): starting place of this journey, flight, voyage, trek, migration etc., source of transfer, location
10. opening time, also known as hour opens, opens at, opening hour, open hour (wd:P8626 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): time when an establishment or attraction opens, qualifier for P3025

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. end time, also known as ends, stop time, endtime, fall date, ineffective (wd:P582 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): moment when an entity ceases to exist and a statement stops being entirely valid or no longer be true, point in time
2. end period, also known as until period (wd:P3416 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): last period in which the statement is still valid (including the period-value)
3. date of death, also known as DOD, deathdate, died, died on, year of death (wd:P570 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): dissolved, abolished or demolished date, date on which the subject died, end time
4. work period (end), also known as floruit end, floruit (end of work), flourished (end), retirement, work ends (wd:P2032 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): end of period during which a person or group flourished (fl. = "floruit") in their professional activity, end time, floruit
5. destination of transfer, also known as recipient, to, target, receiver, end point (wd:P12694 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): entity that a transferred item comes to be associated with as a result of this process
6. terminus, also known as end point, terminating connection, termini, terminuses, trailhead (wd:P559 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): the feature (intersecting road, train station, etc.) at the end of a linear feature
7. dissolved, abolished or demolished date, also known as ended, publication end date, final issue, date repealed, final year (wd:P576 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): point in time at which the subject (organisation, building) ceas...g equipment,  "discontinued date" (P2669) for stopping a product, end time
8. end cause, also known as cause of ending, ended by, end has cause, end reason, reason for end (wd:P1534 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): qualifier used together with the end date qualifier (P582) to specify the reason for the end
9. point in time, also known as at time, as of, year, when, time of event (wd:P585 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): date something took place, existed or a statement was true; for providing time use the "refine date" property (P4241)
10. last line, also known as closing line, ending, excipit, final line, final sentence (wd:P3132 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): last line (excipit) of a poem, last sentence of a novel, etc.

[Assistant]
The qualifiers "start time" (wd:P580) and "end time" (wd:P582) are used to indicate the period of tenure for a position.

Now, let's check the "position held" (wd:P39) statements for Leonid Brezhnev (wd:Q765165) to find the exact start date of his tenure as General Secretary of the CPSU (wd:Q1048744). This will help us filter for those who served before him.

[Tool]
Got 3 rows and 3 columns:
| subject                      | property                | object                                                                             |
| ---------------------------- | ----------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Leonid Brezhnev (wd:Q765165) | position held (wdt:P39) | General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (wd:Q1048744)         |
| Leonid Brezhnev (wd:Q765165) | position held (wdt:P39) | Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union (wd:Q2355240)  |
| Leonid Brezhnev (wd:Q765165) | position held (wdt:P39) | member of the Supreme Soviet of ...et Federative Socialist Republic (wd:Q42530449) |

[Tool]
Got 1,142 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject                      | property                         | object                                                                                |
| ---------------------------- | -------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Leonid Brezhnev (wd:Q765165) | instance of (wdt:P31)            | human (wd:Q5)                                                                                |
| Leonid Brezhnev (wd:Q765165) | occupation (wdt:P106)            | politician (wd:Q82955)                                                                                |
| Leonid Brezhnev (wd:Q765165) | sex or gender (wdt:P21)          | male (wd:Q6581097)                                                                                |
| Leonid Brezhnev (wd:Q765165) | given name (wdt:P735)            | Leonid (wd:Q29881628)                                                                                |
| Leonid Brezhnev (wd:Q765165) | date of birth (wdt:P569)         | 1907-01-01T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime)                                                                                |
| Leonid Brezhnev (wd:Q765165) | Commons category (wdt:P373)      | Leonid Brezhnev                                                                                |
| Leonid Brezhnev (wd:Q765165) | image (wdt:P18)                  | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Staatshoofden%2C%20portretten%2C%20Bestanddeelnr%20925-6564.jpg> |
| Leonid Brezhnev (wd:Q765165) | country of citizenship (wdt:P27) | Soviet Union (wd:Q15180)                                                                                |
| Leonid Brezhnev (wd:Q765165) | family name (wdt:P734)           | Brezhnev (wd:Q16860426)                                                                                |
| Leonid Brezhnev (wd:Q765165) | place of birth (wdt:P19)         | Kamyanske (wd:Q156719)                                                                                |
| ...                          | ...                              | ...                                                                                |

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 2 columns:
| statement                                      | start                               |
| ---------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------- |
| s:Q765165-03F49237-857C-45DC-A504-5003EEAE0DA4 | 1964-10-14T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) |

[Assistant]
Leonid Brezhnev started his tenure as General Secretary of the CPSU on 1964-10-14.

Now, to answer the original question, we need to count the number of people who held the position "General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union" (wd:Q1048744) with a "start time" (wd:P580) before 1964-10-14.

Let's construct a SPARQL query to count these individuals.

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| count       |
| ----------- |
| 2 (xsd:int) |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=retry):
The query counts the number of people who started their term as General Secretary of the CPSU before Leonid Brezhnev's start date (1964-10-14). However, it does not ensure that it only counts those whose entire term ended before Brezhnev, or that it excludes Brezhnev himself if he started on that date. Also, the query does not account for the possibility of multiple non-consecutive terms by the same person (should only count unique individuals, not terms). Furthermore, the query does not check for the end date of the term, so it might include people whose term overlapped with Brezhnev. Please refine the query to ensure it counts only unique individuals who held the position before Brezhnev, and exclude Brezhnev himself.

[Assistant]
Thank you for the feedback. Let's clarify the requirements and refine the approach:

1. We want to count unique individuals who served as General Secretary of the CPSU before Leonid Brezhnev.
2. We must exclude Brezhnev himself.
3. We should only count those whose term(s) ended before Brezhnev started (i.e., before 1964-10-14), or whose term did not overlap with Brezhnev's.
4. If someone served multiple non-consecutive terms, we should still count them only once.

To do this, we need to:
- For each person who held the position, check all their terms.
- Only include a person if all their terms as General Secretary ended before 1964-10-14 (or, more precisely, if none of their terms overlap with Brezhnev's start date).
- Exclude Brezhnev himself.

Let's first check how the end time (wd:P582) is recorded for these statements, and if there are any cases where the end time is missing (which could indicate the term continued into Brezhnev's period).

Let's list all people who held the position, their term start and end dates.

[Tool]
Got 7 rows and 3 columns:
| person                             | start                               | end                                 |
| ---------------------------------- | ----------------------------------- | ----------------------------------- |
| Joseph Stalin (wd:Q855)            | 1922-04-03T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) | 1952-10-16T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) |
| Nikita Khrushchev (wd:Q35314)      | 1953-09-14T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) | 1964-10-14T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) |
| Leonid Brezhnev (wd:Q765165)       | 1964-10-14T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) | 1982-11-10T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) |
| Yuri Andropov (wd:Q44071)          | 1982-11-12T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) | 1984-02-09T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) |
| Constantine Chernenko (wd:Q127442) | 1984-02-13T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) | 1985-03-10T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) |
| Mikhail Gorbachev (wd:Q30487)      | 1985-03-11T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) | 1991-08-24T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) |
| Volodymyr Ivashko (wd:Q1065213)    | 1991-08-24T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) | 1991-11-06T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) |

[Assistant]
From the data, we see that:
- Joseph Stalin (1922–1952)
- Nikita Khrushchev (1953–1964)
- Leonid Brezhnev (1964–1982)
- The rest served after Brezhnev.

Khrushchev's end date is exactly Brezhnev's start date, so his term did not overlap with Brezhnev's. We need to ensure we only count those whose terms ended before Brezhnev's start date (not including Brezhnev himself).

To generalize, let's write a query that:
- Selects all people who held the position.
- Excludes Brezhnev.
- For each person, checks that all their terms as General Secretary ended before 1964-10-14 (or, if end date is missing, the term started before 1964-10-14 and ended before that date).
- Counts each person only once.

However, in this case, based on the data, only Stalin and Khrushchev qualify.

Let's write a query that counts unique people who held the position, whose last term ended before 1964-10-14, and who are not Brezhnev.

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| count       |
| ----------- |
| 1 (xsd:int) |

[Assistant]
The query above only counts terms, not unique individuals, and it may count someone with multiple terms more than once. To ensure we only count unique individuals whose every term ended before Brezhnev's start date, we need to:
- For each person (excluding Brezhnev), check that all their terms as General Secretary ended before 1964-10-14.

Let's write a query that selects people who held the position, are not Brezhnev, and for whom there does NOT exist any term that started before or overlapped with Brezhnev's start date (i.e., any term that started before or on 1964-10-14 and ended after or is open-ended).

We can use a NOT EXISTS clause to exclude anyone who had a term that overlapped with or extended into Brezhnev's period.

Let's construct this refined query.

[Tool]
Failed to call function execute:
failed to parse input: no matching token found from position 303: 'IS NOT NULL && ?end2 >= "1964-10-14T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) ||
      (?end2 IS NULL && ?start2 <= "1964-10-14T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime)
    )
  }
}'

[Assistant]
The error occurred because SPARQL does not support "IS NOT NULL" or "IS NULL" directly. Instead, we should use the BOUND() function to check if a variable is present.

Let's rephrase the FILTER as follows:
- If the end date is present and end date >= 1964-10-14, or
- If the end date is not present and the start date <= 1964-10-14.

Let's try again with BOUND().

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| count       |
| ----------- |
| 2 (xsd:int) |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=retry):
The answer and query are incorrect. The query attempts to count the number of unique individuals who served as General Secretary of the CPSU before Leonid Brezhnev, but it contains logical errors:

1. The FILTER NOT EXISTS clause is overly complex and does not reliably filter out people who served after or during Brezhnev's tenure. It may exclude people who served both before and after 1964-10-14, or those whose end date is not specified.
2. The query does not directly filter for people whose tenure ended before Brezhnev's start date (1964-10-14).
3. The answer of '2' is incorrect; historically, there were more than 2 General Secretaries before Brezhnev.

Suggested improvement: Select all people who held the position (wd:Q1048744) and whose tenure ended before 1964-10-14, or whose tenure started and ended before that date, and count the distinct individuals. Double-check the historical list for accuracy.

[Assistant]
Thank you for the detailed feedback. Let's clarify and correct the approach:

**Goal:** Count unique individuals who served as General Secretary of the CPSU (wd:Q1048744) and whose tenure(s) ended before Leonid Brezhnev's start date (1964-10-14). We should:
- Include only those whose last term ended before 1964-10-14.
- Exclude Brezhnev himself.
- Count each person only once, even if they served multiple terms.

**Step-by-step plan:**
1. For each person who held the position, find the latest end date of their term(s) as General Secretary.
2. If their latest end date is before 1964-10-14, include them.
3. If a person has a term with no end date or an end date on/after 1964-10-14, exclude them.
4. Exclude Brezhnev himself.

Let's first get all people who held the position, their term start and end dates, to verify the data.

[Tool]
Got 7 rows and 3 columns:
| person                             | start                               | end                                 |
| ---------------------------------- | ----------------------------------- | ----------------------------------- |
| Joseph Stalin (wd:Q855)            | 1922-04-03T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) | 1952-10-16T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) |
| Nikita Khrushchev (wd:Q35314)      | 1953-09-14T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) | 1964-10-14T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) |
| Leonid Brezhnev (wd:Q765165)       | 1964-10-14T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) | 1982-11-10T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) |
| Yuri Andropov (wd:Q44071)          | 1982-11-12T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) | 1984-02-09T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) |
| Constantine Chernenko (wd:Q127442) | 1984-02-13T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) | 1985-03-10T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) |
| Mikhail Gorbachev (wd:Q30487)      | 1985-03-11T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) | 1991-08-24T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) |
| Volodymyr Ivashko (wd:Q1065213)    | 1991-08-24T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) | 1991-11-06T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) |

[Assistant]
From the data, the only people with terms ending before 1964-10-14 are:
- Joseph Stalin (end: 1952-10-16)
- Nikita Khrushchev (end: 1964-10-14)

Khrushchev's end date is exactly Brezhnev's start date. Historically, there were also earlier General Secretaries (e.g., Lenin, Kamenyev, Zinoviev, etc.), but the Wikidata data for "General Secretary of the CPSU" (wd:Q1048744) only lists Stalin and Khrushchev before Brezhnev.

To ensure completeness, let's check if there are other relevant positions (e.g., "First Secretary" or earlier titles) that might be missing from the current property usage. Let's search for all people who held the position "General Secretary of the CPSU" and see if there are any other relevant entities or aliases for the position.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, also known as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, General Secretary of the Soviet Union, Gensek of the CPSU (wd:Q1048744): de facto head of state of the Soviet Union and dirigent of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
2. Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (wd:Q115147301)
3. Communist Party of the Soviet Union, also known as Bolshevik Party, CPSU, RCP(b), Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (wd:Q79854): Marxist–Leninist founding and ruling party of the Soviet Union
4. Communist Party of the Soviet Union (wd:Q4229911): Political party founded in 2001
5. Communist Party of the Soviet Union (wd:Q3701765): Political party founded in 1992
6. [Twenty First Congress of the Co...sks of pathological physiology.] (wd:Q78566276): scientific article published on 01 January 1959
7. Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (wd:Q2415599): supreme decision-making body of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
8. General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam, also known as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam (wd:Q848786): Head of the Communist Party of Vietnam and top leader of Vietnam
9. First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba, also known as General Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba (wd:Q5453787): Head of the Communist Party of Cuba and top leader of Cuba
10. First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba, also known as General Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba (wd:Q5453787): Head of the Communist Party of Cuba and top leader of Cuba

[Assistant]
The entity wd:Q1048744 ("General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union") includes the alias "First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union," so all relevant terms should be covered by this entity.

Given the Wikidata data, only Stalin and Khrushchev are listed as General Secretaries before Brezhnev. Historically, the title "General Secretary" was established with Stalin in 1922; prior to that, the party leadership structure was different.

Therefore, the correct approach is:
- For each person who held the position (wd:Q1048744), get their latest end date.
- If their latest end date is before 1964-10-14, include them.
- Exclude Brezhnev.
- Count each person only once.

Let's write a query that, for each person (excluding Brezhnev), finds the latest end date of their term(s) as General Secretary, and counts those whose latest end date is before 1964-10-14.

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| count       |
| ----------- |
| 1 (xsd:int) |

[Assistant]
According to the Wikidata data, only one unique individual (Joseph Stalin) is counted as having served as General Secretary of the CPSU with their last term ending before Brezhnev's start date. Nikita Khrushchev's term ended exactly on the day Brezhnev started, so he is not included by this strict "before" filter.

If you want to include Khrushchev (whose term ended on the same day Brezhnev started), you could use "less than or equal to" in the filter. Let me know if you want that adjustment.

Here is the final query and answer based on the current strict interpretation.

[Tool] Stopped generation process


PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
SELECT ?dateOfDeath WHERE {
  wd:Q6711 wdt:P570 ?dateOfDeath
}

Allen Ginsberg died on April 5, 1997.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at http://amur:7001

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] When did Allen Ginsberg die?

[Assistant]
First, I need to identify the correct entity for "Allen Ginsberg" in Wikidata. Then, I need to find the property that represents "date of death". After that, I will construct a SPARQL query to retrieve the date of death for Allen Ginsberg.

Step 1: Search for the entity "Allen Ginsberg".

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Allen Ginsberg, also known as Irwin Allen Ginsberg (wd:Q6711): American poet and writer (1926–1997), autobiographer, photographer, screenwriter, playwright, musician, diarist, teacher, writer, poet
2. Allen Ginsberg (wd:Q102249265): Ph.D. Rutgers University, New Brunswick 1986
3. Allen Ginsberg Library (wd:Q117833470): this entity is a library in the state of colorado. it was identified and verified by the chr task force
4. Untitled (Allen Ginsberg) (wd:Q76558858): print in the National Gallery of Art (NGA 155538)
5. Allen Ginsberg no number (wd:Q64163104): photograph in the National Gallery of Art (NGA 88333)
6. Allen Ginsberg no number (wd:Q64163625): photograph in the National Gallery of Art (NGA 88331)
7. Allen Ginsberg no number (wd:Q64163102): photograph in the National Gallery of Art (NGA 88336)
8. Allen Ginsberg no number (wd:Q64163079): photograph in the National Gallery of Art (NGA 88334)
9. Allen Ginsberg no number (wd:Q64162725): photograph in the National Gallery of Art (NGA 88330)
10. Allen Ginsberg no number (wd:Q64162264): photograph in the National Gallery of Art (NGA 88332)

[Assistant]
The most relevant entity for "Allen Ginsberg" is wd:Q6711, who is the American poet and writer.

Next, I need to find the property for "date of death" to retrieve the date when Allen Ginsberg died.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. date of death, also known as DOD, deathdate, died, died on, year of death (wd:P570 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): dissolved, abolished or demolished date, date on which the subject died, end time
2. place of death, also known as POD, location of death, killed in, deathplace, died in (wd:P20 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): most specific known (e.g. city instead of country, or hospital i... city) death location of a person, animal or fictional character, location
3. date of birth, also known as year of birth, birthdate, DOB, born on, born (wd:P569 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): date on which the subject was born, inception
4. date of burial or cremation, also known as burial date, cremation date, date of cremation, funeral date (wd:P4602 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): date on which the person was buried or cremated soon after death, point in time
5. number of deaths, also known as dead, qty fatalities, qty deaths, number of fatalities, fatalities (wd:P1120 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): total (cumulative) number of people who died since start as a direct result of an event or cause
6. birthday, also known as b-day, bday, birth day (wd:P3150 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): item for day and month on which the subject was born. Used when full "date of birth" (P569) isn't known., date of birth
7. commemorates, also known as monument to, memorial to, memorializes, marks, in memory of (wd:P547 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): what the place, monument, memorial, or holiday, commemorates, main subject
8. cause of death, also known as death cause, murder method, method of murder, die of, die from (wd:P509 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): underlying or immediate cause of death.  Underlying cause (e.g. ...adest category, e.g. natural causes, accident, homicide, suicide
9. inception, also known as initial release date, founded in, founded on, founded on date, founding date (wd:P571 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): time when an entity begins to exist; for date of official opening use P1619, start time
10. dissolved, abolished or demolished date, also known as ended, publication end date, final issue, date repealed, final year (wd:P576 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): point in time at which the subject (organisation, building) ceas...g equipment,  "discontinued date" (P2669) for stopping a product, end time

[Assistant]
The property for "date of death" is wd:P570.

Now, I will construct a SPARQL query to retrieve the date of death for Allen Ginsberg (wd:Q6711) using the property "date of death" (wdt:P570).

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| dateOfDeath                         |
| ----------------------------------- |
| 1997-04-05T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=done):
The SPARQL query correctly retrieves the date of death for Allen Ginsberg (wd:Q6711) using the appropriate property (wdt:P570). The result matches the provided answer, and the query returns the actual IRI (in this case, a literal date value) as required. No further refinement is needed.


Failed to generate SPARQL query

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at http://amur:7001

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] How many Oscars did all the movies directed by Hayao Miyazaki combined win?

[Assistant]
Let's break down the question:

1. We need to identify the entity for Hayao Miyazaki.
2. We need to find all movies directed by Hayao Miyazaki.
3. For each of these movies, we need to find how many Oscars (Academy Awards) they have won.
4. We need to sum the total number of Oscars won by all these movies.

Let's start by searching for the entity "Hayao Miyazaki" in Wikidata.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Hayao Miyazaki, also known as Miyazaki Hayao, Tsutomu Teruki (wd:Q55400): Japanese animator, film director, and mangaka (born 1941), mechanical designer, character designer, animation director, environmentalist, film producer, film director, comics artist, screenwriter, film editor, illustrator, animator, director, lyricist, mangaka
2. Hayao Miyazaki (wd:Q11454632): Japanese baseball player, baseball player
3. Hayao Miyazaki bibliography (wd:Q130265400)
4. Never-Ending Man: Hayao Miyazaki (wd:Q42859983): 2016 film
5. Hayao Miyazaki's Daydream Data Notes, also known as Miyazaki Hayao no Zassō Nōto (wd:Q888819): collection of manga and illustrated writings by Hayao Miyazaki
6. Hayao Miyazaki and the Heron (wd:Q130287351): 2024 documentary film
7. Miyazaki Prefecture, also known as Miyazaki (wd:Q130300): prefecture of Japan
8. Miyazaki (wd:Q204308): city in Miyazaki prefecture, Japan
9. 6905 Miyazaki, also known as Miyazaki (wd:Q717728): asteroid
10. Hayao (wd:Q60786238): Japanese male given name (はやお)

[Assistant]
The correct entity for Hayao Miyazaki, the Japanese animator and film director, is wd:Q55400.

Next, we need to find all movies directed by Hayao Miyazaki. To do this, we should identify the property for "director" and then filter for movies where Hayao Miyazaki is the director.

Let's search for the property "director" in Wikidata.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. director / manager, also known as leader, manager, manager/director, managing director, Officer-in-Charge (wd:P1037 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): person who manages any kind of group, significant person
2. director, also known as film director, movie director, game director, directed by (wd:P57 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): director(s) of film, TV-series, stageplay, video game or similar, contributor to the creative work or subject, creator
3. editor-in-chief, also known as lead editor, managing editor, executive editor, editor in chief, directed by (wd:P5769 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): a publication's editorial leader who has final responsibility fo...publishing articles or books in collections or periodical papers
4. position held by head of the organization, also known as position held by head of the organisation, secretary's position, president's position, position held by head of the organization, office held by head of the organisation (wd:P2388 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): position of the head of this item
5. creative director (wd:P12617 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): person who makes high-level creative decisions, director
6. assistant director, also known as second unit director (wd:P5126 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): assistant stage director of a performing arts, film or television production
7. artistic director (wd:P8938 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): person responsible for the overall artistic vision of an organization and for its execution. See also P3174 for works., director / manager
8. art director, also known as artistic director (wd:P3174 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): person credited as the art director/artistic director of this wo... designers, lighting designers; See also P8938 for organizations
9. director of photography, also known as cinematographer, DOP (wd:P344 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): person responsible for the framing, lighting, and filtration of the subject work, film crew member
10. director of archaeological fieldwork, also known as dig director, director of excavations, excavation director (wd:P4345 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): person leading the archaeological or anthropological investigation at a given site, significant person

[Assistant]
The correct property for "director" (of a film) is wd:P57.

Now, we need to find all items where wdt:P57 (director) is wd:Q55400 (Hayao Miyazaki), and these items should be movies. To ensure we only get movies, we should filter for items that are instances of "film" (movie).

Let's search for the entity "film" to get its QID.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. film, also known as cinematic work, moving picture, movie, motion pictures, motion picture (wd:Q11424): sequence of images that give the impression of movement, stored on film stock
2. photographic film, also known as camera film, film, photo film (wd:Q6293): sheet of plastic coated with light-sensitive chemicals
3. film studies, also known as cinema studies, film, movie studies (wd:Q1660187): academic discipline that deals with various theoretical, historical, and critical approaches to films
4. thin film, also known as film, films, nanofilm, pellicle, thin layer (wd:Q1137203): a layer of material ranging from fractions of a nanometer to several micrometers in thickness
5. motion picture film, also known as moving-picture film, movie film, cinematographic film, film (wd:Q110968856): type of photographic film for motion pictures
6. /Film, also known as SlashFilm, slashfilm.com (wd:Q573998): film blog
7. Everybody's Talking About Jamie, also known as film (wd:Q65050923): 2021 film directed by Jonathan Butterell
8. plastic foil, also known as Film, plastic film, Plastic film, plastic films (wd:Q1736298): thin continuous polymeric material
9. Film (wd:Q1414297): 1965 short film directed by Alan Schneider
10. Film, Film, Film, also known as Фильм, фильм, фильм (wd:Q4484382): 1968 animated short film by Fyodor Khitruk

[Assistant]
The correct entity for "film" (movie) is wd:Q11424.

Now, we need to find all items that are instances of wd:Q11424 (film) and have wd:P57 (director) as wd:Q55400 (Hayao Miyazaki).

Next, for each of these films, we need to find how many Oscars (Academy Awards) they have won. Let's search for the property related to "award received" or specifically "Academy Award" (Oscar) in Wikidata.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. award received, also known as win, winner of, recognition title, received award, prize received (wd:P166 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): award or recognition received by a person, organization or creative work
2. for work, also known as awarded for work, citation for award, for their work on, nominated for work (wd:P1686 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): qualifier of award received (P166) to specify the work that an award was given to the creator for
3. winner, also known as nominee, prizewinner, titleholder, top dog, victor (wd:P1346 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): winner of a competition or similar event, not to be used for awa...ssibly qualified with "for work" (P1686)) or for wars or battles, participating team, participant
4. conferred by, also known as presented by, officiated by, issued by, granted by, given by (wd:P1027 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): person or organization who grants an award, certification, grant, or role
5. nominated for, also known as nominee for, shortlisted for, selected for award, selected for, nominee for award (wd:P1411 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): award nomination received by a person, organisation or creative work (inspired from "award received" (Property:P166))
6. eligible recipient, also known as eligible recipient for award, type of recipient who is eligible for this award (wd:P8115 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): party that is eligible to receive something, like an award, grant or prize
7. award rationale, also known as award citation, rationale, award reason (wd:P6208 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): qualifier to add short citation explaining the official reason f... or add comments about a person's award. No quote marked needed.
8. trophy awarded, also known as cup awarded, diploma awarded, medal awarded (wd:P4622 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): trophy awarded at the end of a selection process or of a competi...winners or finishers under the form of a cup, a medal, a diploma
9. nominee, also known as award nominee (wd:P2453 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): qualifier used with “nominated for” to specify which person or organization was nominated
10. awarded for period (wd:P4566 as pqn/pqv/p/pq/ps/wdt/psn/prn/psv/prv/wdtn/pr): period during which the achievement must have been made to be eligible for an award

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Academy Award, also known as Academy Award Theater (wd:Q4671334): CBS radio anthology series
2. Academy Award (wd:Q113905749): Thoroughbred racehorse
3. Academy Awards, also known as Oscars, The Oscars (wd:Q19020): annual awards for cinematic achievements
4. Academy Honorary Award, also known as Honorary Academy Award, Honorary Oscar (wd:Q727328): award
5. Academy Juvenile Award (wd:Q489705): Special Honorary Academy Award for performers under the age of 18
6. Academy Fellowship Award, also known as BAFTA Fellowship (wd:Q787148): award
7. Sahitya Akademi Award, also known as Kendra Sahitya Academy Award, Sahitya Academy Award (wd:Q172582): literary honour awarded to authors of outstanding literary works in India
8. Polish Film Awards, also known as Orły, Polish Academy Award, Orzeł (wd:Q497324): trophy
9. Sings Days of Wine and Roses, Mo... and Other Academy Award Winners, also known as Sinatra Sings Days of Wine and R... and Other Academy Award Winners, Days of Wine and Roses, Moon River and Other Academy Award Winners, Academy Award Winners (wd:Q976472): 1964 studio album by Frank Sinatra
10. Berlin-Brandenburg Academy Award (wd:Q414530): award

[Assistant]
The correct entity for the Oscars (Academy Awards) is wd:Q19020.

Now, to count the number of Oscars won by all movies directed by Hayao Miyazaki, we need to:
- Select all films (wd:Q11424) where the director (wdt:P57) is Hayao Miyazaki (wd:Q55400).
- For each film, count the number of times it received an award (wdt:P166) that is the Academy Award (wd:Q19020) or a subclass of it.
- Sum these counts for all such films.

To ensure we capture all relevant Oscar wins (including specific Oscar categories), we should include awards that are instances or subclasses of the Academy Award.

Let's build the SPARQL query step by step.

First, let's check how the "award received" property (wdt:P166) is used for a known Miyazaki film, such as "Spirited Away". Let's search for "Spirited Away" to get its QID.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Spirited Away, also known as Sen to Chihiro no Kamikakushi (wd:Q155653): 2001 Japanese animated film directed by Hayao Miyazaki
2. kamikakushi, also known as spirit away, spiriting away, spirited away, snatched by kami, snatched by demons (wd:Q2443949): trope in Japanese mythology about people being abducted by an angry god
3. Miyazaki's Spirited Away, also known as Spirited Away, Spirited Away OST, Miyazaki's Spirited Away [Original Soundtrack] (wd:Q3228258): album by Joe Hisaishi
4. Spirited Away (wd:Q124830294): episode of Avatar: The Last Airbender (S1 E5)
5. Spirited Away (wd:Q65943447): episode of Unforgettable (S1 E11)
6. Spirited Away (wd:Q114551187): episode of The Wild Thornberrys (S3 E10)
7. Spirited Away (wd:Q114520366): episode of Disappeared (S8 E3)
8. Spirited Away soundtrack releases, also known as Music of Spirited Away (wd:Q118906038): Wikipedia article covering multiple soundtrack releases
9. Crazy Kwai Boo: Sanxingdui Spirited Away (wd:Q123055291): 2022 animated film
10. Crazy Kwai Boo: Sanxingdui spirited away (wd:Q123051455): 2022 Chinese film

[Tool]
Got 1,025 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject                    | property                        | object                                                                                |
| -------------------------- | ------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| Spirited Away (wd:Q155653) | instance of (wdt:P31)           | anime film (wd:Q20650540)                                                                              |
| Spirited Away (wd:Q155653) | title (wdt:P1476)               | 千と千尋の神隠し (ja)                                                                                |
| Spirited Away (wd:Q155653) | publication date (wdt:P577)     | 2001-04-04T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime)                                                                    |
| Spirited Away (wd:Q155653) | main subject (wdt:P921)         | consumerism (wd:Q89640)                                                                                |
| Spirited Away (wd:Q155653) | Commons category (wdt:P373)     | Spirited Away                                                                                |
| Spirited Away (wd:Q155653) | image (wdt:P18)                 | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sen%20to%20Chihiro%20no%20kamikakushi%20title.jpg> |
| Spirited Away (wd:Q155653) | described by source (wdt:P1343) | The Feminist Film Guide (wd:Q113260418)                                                                |
| Spirited Away (wd:Q155653) | country of origin (wdt:P495)    | Japan (wd:Q17)                                                                                |
| Spirited Away (wd:Q155653) | official website (wdt:P856)     | <http://bventertainment.go.com/movies/spiritedaway/index2.html>                                        |
| Spirited Away (wd:Q155653) | genre (wdt:P136)                | drama film (wd:Q130232)                                                                                |
| ...                        | ...                             | ...                                                                                |

[Tool]
Got 3 rows and 3 columns:
| subject                    | property                  | object                                               |
| -------------------------- | ------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------- |
| Spirited Away (wd:Q155653) | award received (wdt:P166) | Golden Bear (wd:Q154590)                             |
| Spirited Away (wd:Q155653) | award received (wdt:P166) | Academy Award for Best Animated Feature (wd:Q106800) |
| Spirited Away (wd:Q155653) | award received (wdt:P166) | Animation Kobe Theatrical Film Award (wd:Q19830564)  |

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, also known as Academy Award for Animated Feature Film, Academy Award for Best Animated Feature Film (wd:Q106800): film category of the Academy Awards (Oscars)
2. Politically concerned movie Zoot...d for Best Animated Feature Film (wd:Q30069136): Wikinews article
3. Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature Film, also known as Oscar for Best Documentary Feature, Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature (wd:Q111332): award for documentary movie
4. Annie Award for Best Animated Feature (wd:Q1800189): list of award winners
5. Academy Award for Best International Feature Film (wd:Q105304): American film award
6. Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film, also known as Academy Award for Animated Short Filn (wd:Q917808): award given for short films
7. Golden Horse Award for Best Animated Feature (wd:Q20062574): Taiwanese film award
8. Silver Condor Award for Best Animated Feature (wd:Q6359059)
9. Gaudí Award for Best Animated Feature Film (wd:Q11923871)
10. List of submissions to the 74th ...s for Best Animated Feature Film (wd:Q55698384)

[Assistant]
"Academy Award for Best Animated Feature" (wd:Q106800) is a specific Oscar category and is a subclass or instance of the Academy Awards (wd:Q19020).

To ensure we count all Oscar wins, we should include all awards that are either wd:Q19020 or subclasses/instances of it.

Now, let's construct a SPARQL query that:
- Finds all films (wd:Q11424) directed by Hayao Miyazaki (wd:Q55400).
- For each film, finds all "award received" (wdt:P166) that are Academy Awards (wd:Q19020) or subclasses/instances of it.
- Counts the total number of such awards.

We will use the property path (wdt:P166/(wdt:P279|wdt:P31)*) to traverse subclasses/instances.

Let's write and execute the query.

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| oscarWins   |
| ----------- |
| 0 (xsd:int) |

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| oscarWins   |
| ----------- |
| 2 (xsd:int) |

[Tool]
Got 2 rows and 2 columns:
| film                                 | award                                                |
| ------------------------------------ | ---------------------------------------------------- |
| Spirited Away (wd:Q155653)           | Academy Award for Best Animated Feature (wd:Q106800) |
| The Boy and the Heron (wd:Q47482560) | Academy Award for Best Animated Feature (wd:Q106800) |

[Tool]
Got 10 rows and 3 columns:
| subject                              | property                  | object                                                                            |
| ------------------------------------ | ------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| The Boy and the Heron (wd:Q47482560) | award received (wdt:P166) | Academy Award for Best Animated Feature (wd:Q106800)                              |
| The Boy and the Heron (wd:Q47482560) | award received (wdt:P166) | Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film (wd:Q878902)                    |
| The Boy and the Heron (wd:Q47482560) | award received (wdt:P166) | BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film (wd:Q240201)                                   |
| The Boy and the Heron (wd:Q47482560) | award received (wdt:P166) | New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Animated Film (wd:Q1134095)           |
| The Boy and the Heron (wd:Q47482560) | award received (wdt:P166) | Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Animated Film (wd:Q1471837)   |
| The Boy and the Heron (wd:Q47482560) | award received (wdt:P166) | Ōfuji Noburō Award (wd:Q384857)                                                   |
| The Boy and the Heron (wd:Q47482560) | award received (wdt:P166) | Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Animated Film (wd:Q4068936)       |
| The Boy and the Heron (wd:Q47482560) | award received (wdt:P166) | Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics A...ion Award for Best Animated Film (wd:Q5211223) |
| The Boy and the Heron (wd:Q47482560) | award received (wdt:P166) | Florida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Animated Film (wd:Q5461349)            |
| The Boy and the Heron (wd:Q47482560) | award received (wdt:P166) | San Francisco Film Critics Circle Award for Best Animated Feature (wd:Q7414011)   |

[Tool]
Got 345 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject                                              | property                          | object                                                                      |
| ---------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Academy Award for Best Animated Feature (wd:Q106800) | instance of (wdt:P31)             | Academy Awards (wd:Q19020)                                                  |
| Academy Award for Best Animated Feature (wd:Q106800) | country (wdt:P17)                 | United States (wd:Q30)                                                      |
| Academy Award for Best Animated Feature (wd:Q106800) | inception (wdt:P571)              | 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime)                                         |
| Academy Award for Best Animated Feature (wd:Q106800) | official website (wdt:P856)       | <http://www.oscars.org>                                                     |
| Academy Award for Best Animated Feature (wd:Q106800) | native label (wdt:P1705)          | Academy Award for Best Animated Feature (en)                                |
| Academy Award for Best Animated Feature (wd:Q106800) | topic's main category (wdt:P910)  | wd:Q9240896                                                                 |
| Academy Award for Best Animated Feature (wd:Q106800) | winner (wdt:P1346)                | Shrek (wd:Q483815)                                                          |
| Academy Award for Best Animated Feature (wd:Q106800) | logo image (wdt:P154)             | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Oscar-free-version.svg> |
| Academy Award for Best Animated Feature (wd:Q106800) | topic's main template (wdt:P1424) | wd:Q11175559                                                                |
| Academy Award for Best Animated Feature (wd:Q106800) | conferred by (wdt:P1027)          | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (wd:Q212329)                    |
| ...                                                  | ...                               | ...                                                                         |

[Assistant]
Based on the query results, the movies directed by Hayao Miyazaki that have won Oscars are "Spirited Away" and "The Boy and the Heron," each winning the "Academy Award for Best Animated Feature." This results in a total of 2 Oscars.

Here is the final SPARQL query and the answer:

```sparql
SELECT (COUNT(*) AS ?oscarWins) WHERE {
  ?film wdt:P57 wd:Q55400;
        wdt:P166 ?award.
  ?award (wdt:P279|wdt:P31)* wd:Q19020.
}
```

Answer: The movies directed by Hayao Miyazaki have won a total of 2 Oscars combined.

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=refine):
The SPARQL query is mostly correct, but it may overcount Oscars if a single film won multiple Oscars and each is counted as a separate award. The query counts the total number of Oscar awards received by all films directed by Hayao Miyazaki, which matches the question. However, if the same film won multiple Oscars, this is the intended behavior. If the question intended to count unique films that won at least one Oscar, the query would need to be adjusted. Also, the query returns only the count, not the actual identifiers of the awards, which is acceptable here since the user asked for a count. The query does not use non-standard label services, so that's correct. Overall, the answer is correct, but a clarification on whether the user wants the total number of Oscars or the number of films that won Oscars could be helpful.

[Assistant]
Thank you for your feedback! To clarify:

- The current SPARQL query counts the total number of Oscar awards won by all movies directed by Hayao Miyazaki. If a single film won multiple Oscars, each Oscar is counted separately, which matches the typical interpretation of "how many Oscars did all the movies ... win?".
- If you instead want to know how many unique films directed by Hayao Miyazaki have won at least one Oscar (regardless of how many Oscars each film won), the query would need to be adjusted to count distinct films.

If you would like the query for the number of unique films that won at least one Oscar, please let me know! Otherwise, the current query and answer are correct for the total number of Oscars won.