PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
SELECT ?filmFestival ?inceptionDate WHERE {
  ?filmFestival wdt:P31 wd:Q220505 ; wdt:P571 ?inceptionDate .
}
ORDER BY ASC ( ?inceptionDate )
LIMIT 1

The oldest film festival is the Venice Biennale, founded in 1895.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] what is the oldest film festival?

[Assistant] Let's start by looking at some examples.

[Tool]
Example 1:
Question:
What is the population of Cairo?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?val WHERE {
  wd:Q85 wdt:P1082 ?val .
}

Using entities:
Cairo, also known as al-Qāhira, Cairo, Egypt, Qahira (wd:Q85): capital city of Egypt

Using properties:
population, also known as inhabitants, human population (wd:P1082 as wdt): number of people inhabiting the place; number of people of subject

Example 2:
Question:
Where did the architect of the Eiffel Tower study?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?uri WHERE {
  wd:Q243 wdt:P84 ?x .
  ?x wdt:P69 ?uri
}

Using entities:
Eiffel Tower (wd:Q243): tower located on the Champ de Mars in Paris, France

Using properties:
educated at, also known as graduated from, graduate of, place of education, school attended, schooled at (wd:P69 as wdt): educational institution attended by subject, affiliation
architect, also known as architecture firm (wd:P84 as wdt): person or architectural firm responsible for designing this building, designed by

Example 3:
Question:
How many politicians graduated from Columbia University?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ( COUNT( DISTINCT ?uri ) AS ?c ) WHERE {
  ?uri wdt:P106 wd:Q82955 ; wdt:P69 wd:Q49088 .
}

Using entities:
politician, also known as pol, political leader, polit., political figure (wd:Q82955): person who holds or seeks positions in government

Using properties:
occupation, also known as job, work, vocation, profession, employment (wd:P106 as wdt): occupation of a person; see also "field of work" (Property:P101), "position held" (Property:P39)
educated at, also known as graduated from, graduate of, place of education, school attended, schooled at (wd:P69 as wdt): educational institution attended by subject, affiliation

[Assistant] Based on the examples, we need to identify the entity for "film festival" and the property for "founded" or "established". Let's first search for the entity "film festival".

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. film festival, also known as motion picture festival, movie festival (wd:Q220505): dedicated event to screen films
2. Filmworks Film Festival (wd:Q125606262)
3. Filmworks Film Festival (wd:Q125735665)
4. Filmshift Film Festival (wd:Q125712688)
5. Filmstock Film Festival (wd:Q125713127)
6. Filmstock Film Festival (wd:Q14681975): annual film festival held in Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado and Utah, USA
7. film festival (wd:L745705-S1)
8. Cannes Film Festival, also known as Cannes International Film Festival, Festival de Cannes (wd:Q42369): annual film festival held in Cannes, France
9. Berlin International Film Festival, also known as Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin, Berlin Film Festival, Berlinale, Berlin Festival (wd:Q130871): annual film festival held in Berlin, Germany
10. Venice Film Festival, also known as Venice International Film Festival (wd:Q49024): annual film festival held in Venice, Italy

[Assistant] The most relevant entity for "film festival" is `wd:Q220505`. Now let's search for the property "founded" or "established".

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. notable work, also known as artwork, wrote, writer of, works, work (wd:P800 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): notable scientific, artistic or literary work, or other work of significance among subject's works
2. inception, also known as initial release date, founded in, founded on, founded on date, founding date (wd:P571 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): time when an entity begins to exist; for date of official opening use P1619, start time
3. founded by, also known as starter, co-founded by, started by, institutor, instituted by (wd:P112 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): founder or co-founder of this organization, religion, place or entity, creator
4. location of formation, also known as place of incorporation, originates from, place of establishment, place of formation, place of foundation (wd:P740 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): location where a group or organization was formed, location of creation
5. service entry, also known as commissioned, time of service entry, service introduction, launch date, in service (wd:P729 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): date or point in time on which a piece or class of equipment entered operational service, start time
6. time of discovery or invention, also known as invented in, time of invention, time of discovery, invention time, invented on (wd:P575 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): date or point in time when the item was discovered or invented
7. discoverer or inventor, also known as inventor or discoverer, inventor, invented by, invented, introduced by (wd:P61 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): subject who discovered, first described, invented, or developed this discovery or invention or scientific hypothesis or theory
8. foundational text, also known as main text, treaty, organic law, founding document, establishing document (wd:P457 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): text through which an institution or object has been created or established
9. date of incorporation, also known as date incorporated, incorporated, incorporated on date, incorporation date, year incorporated (wd:P10786 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): date when company, organization or city was incorporated
10. subject named as, also known as established as, established form, established heading, named as, spelled as (wd:P1810 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): name by which a subject is recorded in a database, mentioned as a contributor of a work, or is referred to in a particular context, name

[Assistant]
The most relevant property for "founded" or "established" is `wd:P571` (inception). We will use this property to find the oldest film festival. Let's construct a SPARQL query to find the film festivals and their inception dates, then sort them by the inception date to find the oldest one.

Here is the SPARQL query:

```sparql
SELECT ?filmFestival ?inceptionDate WHERE {
  ?filmFestival wdt:P31 wd:Q220505 ;
                wdt:P571 ?inceptionDate .
}
ORDER BY ASC(?inceptionDate)
LIMIT 1
```

This query selects the film festival and its inception date, orders the results by the inception date in ascending order, and limits the result to the oldest one.

Let's execute this query.

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 2 columns:
| filmFestival                 | inceptionDate                       |
| ---------------------------- | ----------------------------------- |
| Venice Biennale (wd:Q205751) | 1895-01-01T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) |

[Assistant]
The oldest film festival is the Venice Biennale, which was founded in 1895.

Here is the final SPARQL query and answer:

```sparql
SELECT ?filmFestival ?inceptionDate WHERE {
  ?filmFestival wdt:P31 wd:Q220505 ;
                wdt:P571 ?inceptionDate .
}
ORDER BY ASC(?inceptionDate)
LIMIT 1
```

The oldest film festival is the Venice Biennale, founded in 1895.

[Tool] Stopped generation process


PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
SELECT ?title ?titleLabel WHERE {
  wd:Q7259 wdt:P97 ?title .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?title rdfs:label ?titleLabel .
    FILTER ( LANG( ?titleLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}

Ada Lovelace's noble title is 'countess'.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] What was Ada Lovelace’s noble title?

[Assistant] Let's start by looking at some examples.

[Tool]
Example 1:
Question:
Which city has the most inhabitants?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?uri WHERE {
  ?uri wdt:P31 / wdt:279 * wd:Q515 ; wdt:P1082 ?population .
}
ORDER BY DESC ( ?population )
LIMIT 1

Using entities:
city, also known as cities (wd:Q515): large human settlement

Using properties:
population, also known as inhabitants, human population (wd:P1082 as wdt): number of people inhabiting the place; number of people of subject
instance of, also known as unitary element of class, has type, unique individual of, type, item of type (wd:P31 as wdt): that class of which this subject is a particular example and mem...is a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform)

Example 2:
Question:
Show me all Czech movies.

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?uri WHERE {
  ?uri wdt:P31 wd:Q11424 .
  {
    ?uri wdt:P495 wd:Q213 .
  } UNION {
    ?uri wdt:P495 wd:Q33946 .
  }
}

Using entities:
film, also known as cinematic work, moving picture, movie, motion pictures, motion picture (wd:Q11424): sequence of images that give the impression of movement, stored on film stock
Czech Republic, also known as CZ, CZE, CZR, Czechia (wd:Q213): country in Central Europe
Czechoslovakia, also known as TCH, People's Republic of Czechoslovakia, CSFR, Federation of Czechoslovakia, ČSFR (wd:Q33946): country in Central Europe, 1918–1992

Using properties:
instance of, also known as unitary element of class, has type, unique individual of, type, item of type (wd:P31 as wdt): that class of which this subject is a particular example and mem...is a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform)
country of origin, also known as origin country, place of origin, originates from, country, CoO (wd:P495 as wdt): country of origin of this item (creative work, food, phrase, product, etc.), significant place, country

Example 3:
Question:
How many grand-children did Jacques Cousteau have?

SPARQL:
SELECT ( COUNT( DISTINCT ?uri ) as ?count ) WHERE {
  wd:Q83233 wdt:P40 / wdt:P40 ?uri
}

Using entities:
Jacques Cousteau, also known as Jacques-Yves Cousteau (wd:Q83233): French naval officer, oceanographer, filmmaker and author (1910-1997), Officer of the French Navy, marine biologist, conservationist, world traveler, oceanographer, film producer, film director, photographer, screenwriter, filmmaker, biologist, zoologist, innovator, engineer, inventor, explorer, writer

Using properties:
child, also known as has son, kids, mother of, kid, issue (wd:P40 as wdt): subject has object as child. Do not use for stepchildren—use "relative" (P1038), qualified with "type of kinship" (P1039), significant person, relative

[Assistant] Based on the examples, we need to identify the entity for Ada Lovelace and then find the property that represents her noble title. Let's start by searching for the entity Ada Lovelace.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Ada, also known as Augusta Ada King Countess of Lovelace, Augusta Ada King-Noel, Countess of Lovelace, Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace, Augusta Ada King, Lady Ada (wd:Q7259): English mathematician (1815–1852), English matematican, computer scientist, mathematician, programmer, translator, engineer, inventor, writer, poet
2. Ada Lovelace, also known as Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace, Augusta Ada King-Noel, Countess of Lovelace, Augusta Ada King Countess of Lovelace, Lady Ada, Lovelace, Ada (wd:Q7259): English mathematician (1815–1852), English matematican, computer scientist, mathematician, translator, programmer, inventor, engineer, writer, poet
3. Ada Lovelace (wd:Q114068528): GPU microarchitecture designed by Nvidia
4. Ada Lovelace (wd:Q87282992): episode of In Our Time
5. Ada Lovelace Day (wd:Q115052486): 2nd Tuesday in October celebrating women in STEM
6. Ada Lovelace Day (wd:Q115052486): 2nd Tuesday in October celebrating women in STEM
7. Ada Lovelace Award (wd:Q30128828): award for women in computing
8. mail Ada Lovelace (wd:Q100740077): street of Saint-Denis, in Seine-Saint-Denis, France
9. Place Ada Lovelace (wd:Q124088750): public square at the EPFL, Ecublens, Switzerland
10. impasse Ada Lovelace (wd:Q125549094)

[Assistant] The correct entity for Ada Lovelace is `wd:Q7259`. Now, let's find the property that represents her noble title. We can search for properties related to titles or nobility.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. noble title, also known as hereditary title, nobility title, peerage, royal and noble ranks, royal title (wd:P97 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): titles held by the person
2. position holder, also known as incumbent, noble title holder, office holder, position held by (wd:P1308 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): persons who hold and/or held the position
3. honorific prefix, also known as called, style prefix, referred to as, pre-nominal, honorific title (wd:P511 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): word or expression used before a name, in addressing or referring to a person
4. family, also known as royal house, noble family, member of family, house, dynasty (wd:P53 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): family, including dynasty and nobility houses. Not family name (use P734 for family name)., member of
5. award received, also known as win, winner of, recognition title, received award, prize received (wd:P166 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): award or recognition received by a person, organization or creative work
6. native label, also known as official title, original label, original language label, original language name, original language title (wd:P1705 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): label for the items in their official language  or their original language, name
7. official name, also known as long title, name, official title, registered name, full title (wd:P1448 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): official name of the subject in its official language(s), name
8. The Peerage person ID, also known as Peerage person ID, thepeerage, TP id (wd:P4638 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): identifier for a person on The Peerage genealogical website
9. has heir or beneficiary, also known as heir, beneficiary (wd:P12002 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): people or organizations that received, or will receive, (all or part of) the subject's property or title
10. replaced by, also known as heir, superseded by, successor, succeeded by, next job holder (wd:P1366 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): other person or item which continues the item by replacing it in... nor identical, but adds to the series (e.g. books in a series)., followed by

[Assistant]
The property `wd:P97` (noble title) seems to be the most relevant for finding Ada Lovelace's noble title. Let's construct a SPARQL query to retrieve this information.

```sparql
SELECT ?title WHERE {
  wd:Q7259 wdt:P97 ?title .
}
```

I will now execute this query to see the results.

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| title                  |
| ---------------------- |
| countess (wd:Q5177051) |

[Assistant]
The SPARQL query returned the noble title "countess" for Ada Lovelace. To provide a more complete answer, we can also include the label of the title in the query.

Here is the refined SPARQL query:

```sparql
SELECT ?title ?titleLabel WHERE {
  wd:Q7259 wdt:P97 ?title .
  OPTIONAL { ?title rdfs:label ?titleLabel . FILTER(LANG(?titleLabel) = "en") }
}
```

I will execute this query to get the label as well.

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 2 columns:
| title                  | titleLabel    |
| ---------------------- | ------------- |
| countess (wd:Q5177051) | countess (en) |

[Assistant]
The SPARQL query has confirmed that Ada Lovelace's noble title is "countess." Here is the final SPARQL query and the answer:

```sparql
SELECT ?title ?titleLabel WHERE {
  wd:Q7259 wdt:P97 ?title .
  OPTIONAL { ?title rdfs:label ?titleLabel . FILTER(LANG(?titleLabel) = "en") }
}
```

Ada Lovelace's noble title is "countess."

[Tool] Stopped generation process


PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
SELECT ( COUNT( ?prize ) AS ?count ) WHERE {
  wd:Q7191 wdt:P112 wd:Q23810 .
  wd:Q7191 wdt:P527 ?prize .
}

Got 1 row and 1 column:
| count       |
| ----------- |
| 5 (xsd:int) |

There are 5 prizes established by Alfred Nobel.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] How many prizes are there established by Alfred Nobel ?

[Assistant] Let's start by looking at some examples.

[Tool]
Example 1:
Question:
What is the largest city in Australia?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?uri WHERE {
  ?uri wdt:P31 / wdt:P279 * wd:Q515 ; wdt:P17 wd:Q408 ; wdt:P1082 ?population .
}
ORDER BY DESC ( ?population )
LIMIT 1

Using entities:
Australia, also known as AU, The Commonwealth of Australia, Stria, Straya, Stralia (wd:Q408): country in Oceania
city, also known as cities (wd:Q515): large human settlement

Using properties:
population, also known as inhabitants, human population (wd:P1082 as wdt): number of people inhabiting the place; number of people of subject
country, also known as sovereign state, state, land, host country (wd:P17 as wdt): sovereign state that this item is in (not to be used for human beings), located in the administrative territorial entity
subclass of, also known as rdfs:subClassOf, sort of, subcategory of, subgenre of, subtype of (wd:P279 as wdt): this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; ALL instances of ...stance of volcanic landform); Everest is an instance of mountain
instance of, also known as unitary element of class, has type, unique individual of, type, item of type (wd:P31 as wdt): that class of which this subject is a particular example and mem...is a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform)

Example 2:
Question:
Which musician wrote the most books?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?uri WHERE {
  ?uri wdt:P106 wd:Q639669 .
  ?x wdt:P31 wd:Q571 ; wdt:P50 ?uri .
}
GROUP BY ?uri
ORDER BY DESC ( COUNT( ?x ) )
LIMIT 1

Using entities:
book, also known as books (wd:Q571): medium for recording information (words or images) typically on bound pages or more abstractly in electronic or audio form
musician, also known as musical artist (wd:Q639669): person who composes, conducts or performs music

Using properties:
occupation, also known as job, work, vocation, profession, employment (wd:P106 as wdt): occupation of a person; see also "field of work" (Property:P101), "position held" (Property:P39)
instance of, also known as unitary element of class, has type, unique individual of, type, item of type (wd:P31 as wdt): that class of which this subject is a particular example and mem...is a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform)
author, also known as writer, written by, poet, playwright, maker (wd:P50 as wdt): main creator(s) of a written work (use on works, not humans); us...hor name string) when Wikidata item is unknown or does not exist, creator

Example 3:
Question:
Give me the grandchildren of Elvis Presley.

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?o2 WHERE {
  wd:Q303 wdt:P40 ?o1 .
  ?o1 wdt:P40 ?o2
}

Using entities:
Elvis Presley, also known as The King of Rock'n'Roll, Elvis A. Presley, King of Rock'n'Roll, Elvis, Elvis Aaron Presley (wd:Q303): American singer and actor (1935–1977), military personnel, military officer, philanthropist, film actor, composer, activist, singer, actor

Using properties:
child, also known as has son, kids, mother of, kid, issue (wd:P40 as wdt): subject has object as child. Do not use for stepchildren—use "relative" (P1038), qualified with "type of kinship" (P1039), significant person, relative

[Assistant] From the examples, we can see how to structure a SPARQL query to retrieve specific information from Wikidata. To answer the question about the number of prizes established by Alfred Nobel, we need to identify the relevant entities and properties. Let's start by searching for Alfred Nobel in the knowledge graph.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Alfred Nobel, also known as Alfred Bernhard Nobel, Nobel, Alfred B. Nobel (wd:Q23810): Swedish chemist and inventor (1833–1896), weapons manufacturer, philanthropist, industrialist, photographer, scientist, inventor, engineer, chemist
2. Alfred Nobel (wd:Q18236602): Irish horse
3. Alfred Nobel (wd:Q4992600): Wikimedia duplicated page, scientist
4. Alfred Nobel (wd:Q2047706): train service
5. Alfred nobel (wd:Q82943104): scientific article published on 01 October 1996
6. Alfred Nobel (wd:Q123948893): street in Sofia, Bulgaria
7. Alfred Nobel. (wd:Q55480875): scientific article published in January 1959
8. Alfred Nobel (wd:Q59017243): scientific article published in Nature
9. Alfred Nobel (wd:Q127414859): railway underpass in Helmond, the Netherlands
10. Alfred Nobel (wd:Q124728259): painting by Emil Österman

[Assistant] The top result for "Alfred Nobel" is the correct entity: Alfred Bernhard Nobel (wd:Q23810). Now, let's find out what properties are associated with this entity, particularly those related to prizes.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. award received, also known as win, winner of, recognition title, received award, prize received (wd:P166 as p/wdt): award or recognition received by a person, organization or creative work
2. described by source, also known as mentioned in, source of item, reviewed in, mentioned in news article, talked about in (wd:P1343 as p/wdt): work where this item is described, attested in
3. significant event, also known as significant occurrence, significant incident, significant achievment, sign. event, outcome (wd:P793 as p/wdt): significant or notable events associated with the subject
4. country of citizenship, also known as subject of (country), nation of citizenship, national of, nationality, nation (wd:P27 as p/wdt): the object is a country that recognizes the subject as its citizen, country
5. topic's main category, also known as article's main category, category, category for this topic, catmain, has category (wd:P910 as p/wdt): main Wikimedia category
6. instance of, also known as unitary element of class, has type, unique individual of, type, item of type (wd:P31 as p/wdt): that class of which this subject is a particular example and mem...is a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform)
7. student of, also known as professor, studied under, pupil of, tutor, mentor (wd:P1066 as p/wdt): person who has taught this person, significant person
8. given name, also known as name, proper name, personal name, middle name, forename (wd:P735 as p/wdt): first name or another given name of this person; values used with the property should not link disambiguations nor family names, name
9. occupation, also known as job, work, vocation, profession, employment (wd:P106 as p/wdt): occupation of a person; see also "field of work" (Property:P101), "position held" (Property:P39)
10. image, also known as still capture, still, screenshot, screen capture, portrait (wd:P18 as p/wdt): image of relevant illustration of the subject; if available, als...tor map, flag image, signature image, logo image, collage image)

No other items found

[Assistant] The property "award received" (wd:P166) seems relevant, but it refers to awards received by Alfred Nobel himself, not the prizes he established. We need to find a property that indicates the prizes established by Alfred Nobel. Let's try searching for properties related to "established" or "founded" for Alfred Nobel.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. notable work, also known as artwork, wrote, writer of, works, work (wd:P800 as p/wdt): notable scientific, artistic or literary work, or other work of significance among subject's works
2. work location, also known as work place, working from, working at, worked from, worked at (wd:P937 as p/wdt): location where persons or organisations were actively participating in employment, business or other work, significant place, location
3. occupation, also known as job, work, vocation, profession, employment (wd:P106 as p/wdt): occupation of a person; see also "field of work" (Property:P101), "position held" (Property:P39)
4. place of birth, also known as POB, location of birth, location born, born in, birthplace (wd:P19 as p/wdt): most specific known birth location of a person, animal or fictional character, location
5. date of birth, also known as year of birth, birthdate, DOB, born on, born (wd:P569 as p/wdt): date on which the subject was born, inception
6. spouse, also known as married partner, married to, marry, partner, spouses (wd:P26 as p): the subject has the object as their spouse (husband, wife, partn...etc.). Use "unmarried partner" (P451) for non-married companions, significant person, relative
7. described by source, also known as mentioned in, source of item, reviewed in, mentioned in news article, talked about in (wd:P1343 as p/wdt): work where this item is described, attested in
8. residence, also known as living in, place of residence, resided at, resided in, resident in (wd:P551 as p/wdt): the place where the person is or has been, resident, location
9. medical condition, also known as disability, suffers from, suffer from, sickness, paralympic disability (wd:P1050 as p): any state relevant to the health of an organism, including diseases and positive conditions
10. award received, also known as win, winner of, recognition title, received award, prize received (wd:P166 as p/wdt): award or recognition received by a person, organization or creative work

No other items found

[Assistant]
None of the properties listed seem to directly indicate the prizes established by Alfred Nobel. However, we can try a different approach by searching for the Nobel Prizes themselves and then checking if Alfred Nobel is associated with their establishment.

Let's search for the Nobel Prizes in the knowledge graph.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Nobel Prize, also known as Nobel (wd:Q7191): set of annual international awards, primarily 5 established in 1895 by Alfred Nobel
2. Nobel prize (wd:Q68617247): scientific article published on 01 October 1970
3. Nobel prize (wd:Q68632222): scientific article published on 01 October 1971
4. Nobel Prize (wd:Q56550587): scientific article published in the British Medical Journal
5. Nobel Prize (wd:Q68562111): scientific article published on 01 October 1966
6. Nobel Prize (wd:Q84949135): scientific article published on 01 October 1964
7. Nobel Prize (wd:Q93856116)
8. Nobel Prize (wd:Q93924922): scientific article published in October 1960
9. NOBEL PRIZE (wd:Q81850411): scientific article published on 01 December 1912
10. Nobel Prize (wd:L1244268-S3)

[Assistant] The top result for "Nobel Prize" is the correct entity: Nobel Prize (wd:Q7191). Now, let's check the properties associated with this entity to see if there is a property indicating that Alfred Nobel established these prizes.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. inception, also known as initial release date, founded in, founded on, founded on date, founding date (wd:P571 as p/wdt): time when an entity begins to exist; for date of official opening use P1619, start time
2. founded by, also known as starter, co-founded by, started by, institutor, instituted by (wd:P112 as p/wdt): founder or co-founder of this organization, religion, place or entity, creator
3. official website, also known as site (official), home page, site official, URL, URL (official) (wd:P856 as p/wdt): URL of the official page of an item (current or former). Usage: ...but see the "Hijacked or dead websites" section of the Talk page, URL
4. location, also known as neighbourhood, whereabouts, vilage, venue, town (wd:P276 as p/wdt): location of the object, structure or event. In the case of an ad...ity use P706. Use P7153 for locations associated with the object
5. native label, also known as official title, original label, original language label, original language name, original language title (wd:P1705 as p/wdt): label for the items in their official language  or their original language, name
6. described by source, also known as mentioned in, source of item, reviewed in, mentioned in news article, talked about in (wd:P1343 as p/wdt): work where this item is described, attested in
7. has part(s), also known as has component, incorporates, has ingredient, has ingredients, has member (wd:P527 as p/wdt): part of this subject; inverse property of "part of" (P361). See also "has parts of the class" (P2670).

No other items found

[Assistant]
The property "founded by" (wd:P112) seems to be the most relevant for our purpose. Let's check if Alfred Nobel (wd:Q23810) is listed as the founder of the Nobel Prize (wd:Q7191).

We can construct a simple SPARQL query to verify this relationship and count the number of prizes established by Alfred Nobel.

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| count       |
| ----------- |
| 5 (xsd:int) |

[Assistant]
The SPARQL query confirms that there are 5 prizes established by Alfred Nobel.

Here is the final SPARQL query and the answer:

```sparql
SELECT (COUNT(?prize) AS ?count) WHERE {
  wd:Q7191 wdt:P112 wd:Q23810 .
  wd:Q7191 wdt:P527 ?prize .
}
```

Answer: There are 5 prizes established by Alfred Nobel.

[Tool] Stopped generation process


PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
SELECT ?birthdate WHERE {
  wd:Q521221 wdt:P569 ?birthdate
}

November 17, 1944

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] when was the creator of saturday night live born?

[Assistant] Let's start by looking at some examples.

[Tool]
Example 1:
Question:
Which organizations were founded in 1930?

SPARQL:
SELECT * WHERE {
  ?sub wdt:P571 ?year .
  ?sub wdt:P31 / wdt:P131 * wd:Q43229 .
  FILTER ( year( ?year ) = 1930 ) .
}

Using entities:
organization, also known as organizations, organization in sociology, organisation, institution, organisations (wd:Q43229): social entity established to meet needs or pursue goals

Using properties:
located in the administrative territorial entity, also known as is in the settlement of, is in the voivodeship of, is in the shire of, is in the state of, is in the territory of (wd:P131 as wdt): the item is located on the territory of the following administra...if the item falls only partially into the administrative entity., location, part of
instance of, also known as unitary element of class, has type, unique individual of, type, item of type (wd:P31 as wdt): that class of which this subject is a particular example and mem...is a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform)
inception, also known as initial release date, founded in, founded on, founded on date, founding date (wd:P571 as wdt): time when an entity begins to exist; for date of official opening use P1619, start time

Example 2:
Question:
Which classes does the Millepede belong to?

SPARQL:
SELECT ?uri WHERE {
  wd:Q11185669 wdt:P279 ?uri .
}

Using entities:
millipede (wd:Q11185669): common name of myriapods

Using properties:
subclass of, also known as rdfs:subClassOf, sort of, subcategory of, subgenre of, subtype of (wd:P279 as wdt): this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; ALL instances of ...stance of volcanic landform); Everest is an instance of mountain

Example 3:
Question:
In which films did Julia Roberts as well as Richard Gere play?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?uri WHERE {
  ?uri wdt:P31 wd:Q11424 .
  ?uri wdt:P161 wd:Q48410 .
  ?uri wdt:P161 wd:Q40523 .
}

Using entities:
film, also known as cinematic work, moving picture, movie, motion pictures, motion picture (wd:Q11424): sequence of images that give the impression of movement, stored on film stock
Julia Roberts, also known as Julia Fiona Roberts (wd:Q40523): American actress (born 1967), television actor, film producer, voice actor, stage actor, film actor, actor, model
Richard Gere, also known as Richard Tiffany Gere (wd:Q48410): American actor (born 1949), human rights activist, television actor, film director, film producer, photographer, voice actor, stage actor, film actor, actor

Using properties:
cast member, also known as feat., starring (film/play), film starring, starring, actor (wd:P161 as wdt): actor in the subject production [use "character role" (P453) and...use "recorded participant" (P11108) for non-fiction productions], significant person, performer
instance of, also known as unitary element of class, has type, unique individual of, type, item of type (wd:P31 as wdt): that class of which this subject is a particular example and mem...is a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform)

[Assistant] Based on the examples, we need to identify the creator of Saturday Night Live and then find their date of birth. Let's first search for the entity "Saturday Night Live".

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Saturday Night Live, also known as Saturday Night, NBC's Saturday Night (wd:Q13979): American late-night live television sketch comedy show
2. Saturday Night Live (wd:Q6122059): television series
3. Saturday Night Live (wd:Q23039888): tv show aired in 2016
4. Saturday Night Live (wd:Q28452163): album by Trouble Funk
5. Saturday Night Live Korea, also known as SNL Korea, SNL.KOREA, SNL Korea 6 (wd:Q7426718): 2011 South Korean television series
6. Le Saturday Night Live (wd:Q28194825): French late-night live television comedy show
7. Saturday Night Live Japan (wd:Q11304712): Japanese TV series or program
8. history of Saturday Night Live, also known as Saturday Night Live history (wd:Q5866387): List article
9. Katy Perry/Robyn, also known as Saturday Night Live Season 37 Episode 9, Saturday Night Live S37E9, Saturday Night Live, season 37 episode 9 (wd:Q5483492): episode of Saturday Night Live (S37 E9)
10. Saturday Night Live Samurai (wd:Q7426709): recurring SNL character, samurai

[Assistant] The correct entity for "Saturday Night Live" is `wd:Q13979`. Now, let's find out who the creator of this show is. We can use the property "creator" (P170).

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. collection creator, also known as creator, archive creator, collector, archives of, archive of (wd:P6241 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): entity (person, organization, etc.) that caused a record or collection to be produced or gathered
2. founded by, also known as starter, co-founded by, started by, institutor, instituted by (wd:P112 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): founder or co-founder of this organization, religion, place or entity, creator
3. creator, also known as created by, visual artist, sculptor, sculpted by, realized by (wd:P170 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): maker of this creative work or other object (where no more specific property exists)
4. author, also known as writer, written by, poet, playwright, maker (wd:P50 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): main creator(s) of a written work (use on works, not humans); us...hor name string) when Wikidata item is unknown or does not exist, creator
5. author name string, also known as short author name, writer named as, writer name, writer indicated as, songwriting credits string (wd:P2093 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): stores unspecified author or editor name for publications; use i...or editor (P98) does not exist or is not known. Do not use both.
6. notable work, also known as artwork, wrote, writer of, works, work (wd:P800 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): notable scientific, artistic or literary work, or other work of significance among subject's works
7. possible creator, also known as creator (possible), attributed to (wd:P1779 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): for a creative work with considerable uncertainty about the author
8. developer, also known as written by, video game developer, video game dev, game developer, game dev (wd:P178 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): organization or person that developed the item, creator
9. fabrication method, also known as process used, method of cooking, preparation method, obtained by, method used (wd:P2079 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): method, process or technique used to grow, cook, weave, build, assemble, manufacture the item, uses
10. foundational text, also known as main text, treaty, organic law, founding document, establishing document (wd:P457 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): text through which an institution or object has been created or established

[Assistant] The correct property for "creator" is `wdt:P170`. Let's use this property to find the creator of "Saturday Night Live" (`wd:Q13979`).

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| creator                     |
| --------------------------- |
| Lorne Michaels (wd:Q521221) |

[Assistant] The creator of "Saturday Night Live" is Lorne Michaels (`wd:Q521221`). Now, let's find out when Lorne Michaels was born. We can use the property "date of birth" (P569).

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. date of birth, also known as year of birth, birthdate, DOB, born on, born (wd:P569 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): date on which the subject was born, inception
2. place of birth, also known as POB, location of birth, location born, born in, birthplace (wd:P19 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): most specific known birth location of a person, animal or fictional character, location
3. birthday, also known as b-day, bday, birth day (wd:P3150 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): item for day and month on which the subject was born. Used when full "date of birth" (P569) isn't known., date of birth
4. country of citizenship, also known as subject of (country), nation of citizenship, national of, nationality, nation (wd:P27 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): the object is a country that recognizes the subject as its citizen, country
5. commemorates, also known as monument to, memorial to, memorializes, marks, in memory of (wd:P547 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): what the place, monument, memorial, or holiday, commemorates, main subject
6. birth name, also known as née, name at birth, name before marriage, ne, né (wd:P1477 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): full name of a person at birth, if different from their current, generally used name, name
7. date of death, also known as DOD, deathdate, died, died on, year of death (wd:P570 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): dissolved, abolished or demolished date, date on which the subject died, end time
8. inception, also known as initial release date, founded in, founded on, founded on date, founding date (wd:P571 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): time when an entity begins to exist; for date of official opening use P1619, start time
9. website username or ID, also known as user name, website username, website ID, username in social media, username (wd:P554 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): username or identifier on a website that the person or movement ... account on, for use as qualifier of "website account on" (P553)
10. pseudonym, also known as nom de plume, nom-de-plume, nome de guerre, pen name, ring name (wd:P742 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): alias used by someone (for nickname use P1449), name

[Assistant] The correct property for "date of birth" is `wdt:P569`. Let's use this property to find the date of birth of Lorne Michaels (`wd:Q521221`).

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| birthdate                           |
| ----------------------------------- |
| 1944-11-17T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) |

[Assistant]
Lorne Michaels, the creator of "Saturday Night Live," was born on November 17, 1944.

Here is the final SPARQL query:

```sparql
SELECT ?birthdate WHERE {
  wd:Q521221 wdt:P569 ?birthdate
}
```

And the answer to the question is:

**November 17, 1944**

[Tool] Stopped generation process


PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
ASK WHERE {
  wd:Q1297 wdt:P206 wd:Q1169 .
}

Yes

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] Is Chicago located at Lake Michigan?

[Assistant] Let's start by looking at some examples.

[Tool]
Example 1:
Question:
Which bridges cross the Seine?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?uri WHERE {
  ?uri wdt:P31 wd:Q12280 ; wdt:P177 wd:Q1471 .
}

Using entities:
bridge, also known as bridge (engineering), bridges, bridge (structure) (wd:Q12280): structure that spans and provides a passage over a road, railway, river, or some other obstacle
Seine, also known as Seine River, river Seine (wd:Q1471): river in France

Using properties:
crosses, also known as under, tunnel under, through, spanning, over (wd:P177 as wdt): obstacle (body of water, road, railway...) which this bridge (ferry, ford) crosses over or this tunnel goes under
instance of, also known as unitary element of class, has type, unique individual of, type, item of type (wd:P31 as wdt): that class of which this subject is a particular example and mem...is a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform)

Example 2:
Question:
In which military conflicts did Lawrence of Arabia participate?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?o1 WHERE {
  wd:Q170596 wdt:P607 ?o1 .
}

Using entities:
T. E. Lawrence, also known as Thomas Edward Lawrence, T.E. Lawrence, Thomas Edward Shaw, John Hume Ross, Lawrence of Arabia (wd:Q170596): British archaeologist, army officer and diplomat (1888–1935), military personnel, military officer, castellologist, autobiographer, aircraft pilot, world traveler, anthropologist, archaeologist, screenwriter, translator, diplomat, writer, spy

Using properties:
conflict, also known as war, theatre (military), theater (military), participated in conflict, military conflict (wd:P607 as wdt): battles, wars or other military engagements in which the person or item participated, participant in

Example 3:
Question:
Who was married to president Chirac?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?uri WHERE {
  wd:Q2105 wdt:P26 ?uri .
}

Using entities:
Jacques Chirac (wd:Q2105): President of France from 1995 to 2007, politician, official

Using properties:
spouse, also known as married partner, married to, marry, partner, spouses (wd:P26 as wdt): the subject has the object as their spouse (husband, wife, partn...etc.). Use "unmarried partner" (P451) for non-married companions, significant person, relative

[Assistant] Based on the examples, we need to identify the relevant entities and properties for our question. We are looking for the location of Chicago and whether it is located at Lake Michigan. Let's start by searching for the entities "Chicago" and "Lake Michigan".

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Chicago, also known as The Second City, The Queen of the West, The Windy City, City of Broad Shoulders, City by the Lake (wd:Q1297): city and county seat of Cook County, Illinois, United States of America
2. Chicago, also known as City of Chicago, City of Broad Shoulders, The Queen of the West, City by the Lake, Chi-Town (wd:Q1297): city and county seat of Cook County, Illinois, United States of America
3. Chicago (wd:Q189889): 2002 film by Rob Marshall
4. Chicago, also known as Chicago (band), Chicago (musical group), Chicago Transit Authority, The Big Thing (wd:Q371938): American rock band
5. 334 Chicago, also known as (334) Chicago, Chicago (wd:Q151343): outer main-belt asteroid
6. Willard, also known as Chicago, Chicago Junction, Willard, OH, Willard, Ohio (wd:Q2233885): city in Huron County, Ohio, United States
7. Chicago (wd:Q656285): 1975 musical by John Kander and Fred Ebb
8. Chicago (wd:Q3281484): 1927 film by Frank John Urson
9. Chicago, also known as One Chicago (wd:Q20649503): American television series franchise
10. Chicago, also known as Chicago II (wd:Q2451193): 1970 studio album by Chicago

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Lake Michigan, also known as Michigan (wd:Q1169): one of the Great Lakes of North America
2. Lake Michigan (wd:Q92397898): photograph by Harry Callahan
3. Lake Michigan (wd:Q64154858): photograph in the National Gallery of Art (NGA 92925)
4. Lake Michigan (wd:Q64154774): photograph in the National Gallery of Art (NGA 92585)
5. Lake Michigan (wd:Q113239022): scientific article published on 17 April 2022
6. Lake County, also known as Aishcum County, Michigan, Lake County, Michigan, Lake County, MI, Aishcum County (wd:Q63771): county in Michigan, United States
7. Lake City, also known as Lake City, MI, Lake City, Michigan (wd:Q2061014): city and county seat of Missaukee, Michigan, United States
8. Lake Angelus, also known as Lake Angelus, MI, Lake Angelus, Michigan (wd:Q940731): city in Oakland County, Michigan
9. Walled Lake, also known as Walled Lake, Michigan, Walled Lake, MI (wd:Q2847502): city in Oakland County, Michigan, United States
10. Sylvan Lake, also known as Sylvan Lake, MI, Sylvan Lake, Michigan (wd:Q3295703): human settlement in Oakland County, Michigan, United States of America

[Assistant]
From the search results, we can see that the correct entities for "Chicago" and "Lake Michigan" are:

- Chicago: `wd:Q1297`
- Lake Michigan: `wd:Q1169`

Next, we need to find out if there is a property that indicates the location of a city near a lake. Let's search for properties related to "location" or "near" for the entity "Chicago".

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. coordinate location, also known as point on a map, gps coordinates, gps location, latitude, location (wd:P625 as p/wdt): geocoordinates of the subject. For Earth, please note that only WGS84 coordinating system is supported at the moment
2. located in the administrative territorial entity, also known as is in the settlement of, is in the voivodeship of, is in the shire of, is in the state of, is in the territory of (wd:P131 as p/wdt): the item is located on the territory of the following administra...if the item falls only partially into the administrative entity., location, part of
3. locator map image, also known as locator map, map image, map (wd:P242 as p/wdt): geographic map image which highlights the location of the subject within some larger entity, image
4. location map (wd:P1943 as p/wdt): blank geographic map image suitable for overlaying coordinate points, as defined at c:Category:Location maps, image
5. official website, also known as site (official), home page, site official, URL, URL (official) (wd:P856 as p/wdt): URL of the official page of an item (current or former). Usage: ...but see the "Hijacked or dead websites" section of the Talk page, URL
6. country, also known as sovereign state, state, land, host country (wd:P17 as p/wdt): sovereign state that this item is in (not to be used for human beings), located in the administrative territorial entity
7. area, also known as total area, surface area, surface, size, resolution (wd:P2046 as p/wdt): area occupied by an object
8. headquarters location, also known as headquarters locality, seat, headquarters town, HQ, HQ location (wd:P159 as p/wdt): city or town where an organization's headquarters is or has been situated. Use P276 qualifier for specific building, significant place
9. located in or next to body of water, also known as located on body of water, ocean, on bay, next to lake, on coast of (wd:P206 as p/wdt): body of water on or next to which a place is located, location
10. image, also known as still capture, still, screenshot, screen capture, portrait (wd:P18 as p/wdt): image of relevant illustration of the subject; if available, als...tor map, flag image, signature image, logo image, collage image)

No other items found

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. shares border with, also known as shares borders with, next to, bordered by, border, borders clockwise (wd:P47 as p/wdt): countries or administrative subdivisions, of equal level, that t...rders, either by land or water. A single common point is enough.
2. located in the administrative territorial entity, also known as is in the settlement of, is in the voivodeship of, is in the shire of, is in the state of, is in the territory of (wd:P131 as p/wdt): the item is located on the territory of the following administra...if the item falls only partially into the administrative entity., location, part of
3. Freebase ID, also known as Freebase, MID, Freebase identifier, FID (wd:P646 as p/wdt): identifier for a page in the Freebase database. Format: "/m/0" f...r IDs starting with "/g/", use Google Knowledge Graph ID (P2671)
4. part of, also known as of, within, system of, subsystem of, subgroup of (wd:P361 as p/wdt): object of which the subject is a part (if this subject is alread... of "has part" (P527, see also "has parts of the class" (P2670))
5. located in or next to body of water, also known as located on body of water, ocean, on bay, next to lake, on coast of (wd:P206 as p/wdt): body of water on or next to which a place is located, location
6. area, also known as total area, surface area, surface, size, resolution (wd:P2046 as p/wdt): area occupied by an object
7. follows, also known as prev, successor to, succeeds to, succeeds, split from (wd:P155 as p/wdt): immediately prior item in a series of which the subject is a par... preceding item, e.g. political offices, use "replaces" (P1365)]
8. coordinate location, also known as point on a map, gps coordinates, gps location, latitude, location (wd:P625 as p/wdt): geocoordinates of the subject. For Earth, please note that only WGS84 coordinating system is supported at the moment
9. described by source, also known as mentioned in, source of item, reviewed in, mentioned in news article, talked about in (wd:P1343 as p/wdt): work where this item is described, attested in
10. headquarters location, also known as headquarters locality, seat, headquarters town, HQ, HQ location (wd:P159 as p/wdt): city or town where an organization's headquarters is or has been situated. Use P276 qualifier for specific building, significant place

No other items found

[Assistant]
From the search results, the property `located in or next to body of water` (P206) seems to be the most relevant for determining if Chicago is located at Lake Michigan. Let's check if Chicago has this property and if the object of this property is Lake Michigan.

We will use the following SPARQL query to verify this:

```sparql
ASK WHERE {
  wd:Q1297 wdt:P206 wd:Q1169 .
}
```

This ASK query will return `true` if Chicago is located at Lake Michigan and `false` otherwise.

Let's execute this query.

[Tool] True

[Assistant]
The SPARQL query returned `True`, which means that Chicago is indeed located at Lake Michigan.

Therefore, the answer to the question "Is Chicago located at Lake Michigan?" is:

**Yes**

Here is the final SPARQL query and answer:

```sparql
ASK WHERE {
  wd:Q1297 wdt:P206 wd:Q1169 .
}
```

Answer: Yes

[Tool] Stopped generation process


PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
SELECT ?person WHERE {
  wd:Q761383 wdt:P138 ?person .
}

Bernhard Riemann

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] After whom is the Riemannian geometry named?

[Assistant] Let's start by looking at some examples.

[Tool]
Example 1:
Question:
What kind of music did Lou Reed play?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?uri WHERE {
  wd:Q189080 wdt:P136 ?uri .
}

Using entities:
Lou Reed, also known as Lewis Allen Reed, Lewis A. Reed, Lewis Allan Reed (wd:Q189080): American rock musician (1942–2013), singer-songwriter, record producer, music executive, film director, photographer, songwriter, guitarist, musician, composer, singer, actor, poet

Using properties:
genre, also known as genre of music, type of music, type of film, music genre, literary genre (wd:P136 as wdt): creative work's genre or an artist's field of work (P101). Use main subject (P921) to relate creative works to their topic

Example 2:
Question:
Show me all English Gothic buildings in Kent.

SPARQL:
SELECT ?uri WHERE {
  ?type wdt:P279 * wd:Q176483 .
  ?uri wdt:P149 ?type ; wdt:P7959 wd:Q67479626 .
}

Using entities:
Gothic architecture, also known as Gothic monument, Gothic style (wd:Q176483): style of architecture
Kent (wd:Q67479626): historic county of England

Using properties:
architectural style, also known as architecture, style of architecture (wd:P149 as wdt): architectural style of a structure, movement
subclass of, also known as rdfs:subClassOf, sort of, subcategory of, subgenre of, subtype of (wd:P279 as wdt): this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; ALL instances of ...stance of volcanic landform); Everest is an instance of mountain
historic county, also known as ancient or geographic county, located in historic county of Ireland, located in historic UK county, located in historic United Kingdom county, traditional county (wd:P7959 as wdt): traditional, geographical division of Great Britain and Ireland

Example 3:
Question:
Give me all spacecrafts that flew to Mars.

SPARQL:
SELECT ?s1 where {
  ?s1 wdt:P31 wd:Q389459
}

Using entities:
Mars rover, also known as Mars rovers (wd:Q389459): space exploration vehicle designed to move across the surface of Mars

Using properties:
instance of, also known as unitary element of class, has type, unique individual of, type, item of type (wd:P31 as wdt): that class of which this subject is a particular example and mem...is a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform)

[Assistant] From the examples, we can see that the pattern for finding the namesake of something is to look for the property "named after" (P138). Let's first search for the entity "Riemannian geometry".

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Riemannian geometry (wd:Q761383): branch of differential geometry dealing with (generalized) Riemannian manifolds
2. Riemannian Geometry (wd:Q60133667): scientific article published in Nature
3. Riemannian Geometry. (wd:Q115229154): scientific article published in 1927
4. Riemannian Geometry. (wd:Q115229007): scientific article published in 1985
5. Riemannian geometry (wd:Q115364222): scientific article published in 1989
6. Riemannian geometry (wd:Q115158804): scientific article published in 1992
7. Discrete Riemannian geometry (wd:Q115328318): scientific article published in 1999
8. GENERALIZED RIEMANNIAN GEOMETRY. (wd:Q36396185): scientific article
9. Generalizing Riemannian geometry (wd:Q115333889): scientific article published in 1973
10. Book Review: Riemannian geometry (wd:Q115282274): scientific article published in 1989

[Assistant] The top result, "Riemannian geometry" (wd:Q761383), seems to be the correct entity. Now let's check if it has the property "named after" (P138).

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. named after, also known as toponym, namesake, named in honor of, named for, etymology (wd:P138 as p/wdt): entity or event that inspired the subject's name, or namesake (i...fier "applies to name" (P5168) can be used to indicate which one
2. subclass of, also known as rdfs:subClassOf, sort of, subcategory of, subgenre of, subtype of (wd:P279 as p/wdt): this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; ALL instances of ...stance of volcanic landform); Everest is an instance of mountain
3. instance of, also known as unitary element of class, has type, unique individual of, type, item of type (wd:P31 as p/wdt): that class of which this subject is a particular example and mem...is a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform)
4. Library of Congress authority ID, also known as LCSH Authority File ID, LC Name Authority ID, LCSH ID, LCSH LCCN, LC Subject Heading ID (wd:P244 as wdtn/p/wdt): Library of Congress name authority (persons, families, corporate...lowed by 8-10 digits (see regex). For manifestations, use P1144]
5. topic's main category, also known as article's main category, category, category for this topic, catmain, has category (wd:P910 as p/wdt): main Wikimedia category
6. Encyclopædia Britannica Online ID, also known as Encyclopaedia Britannica Online ID, Encyclopedia Britannica Online ID, EBID, EB ID, Britannica online ID (wd:P1417 as p/wdt): identifier for an article in the online version of Encyclopædia Britannica
7. Quora topic ID, also known as Quora topic identifier, Quora topic name (wd:P3417 as p/wdt): identifier for a topic on Quora (English language version)
8. NDL Authority ID, also known as NDLSH (NDL Subject Headings), NDLNA (NDL Name Authority), NDLNAId, NDL identifier, NDL ID (wd:P349 as wdtn/p/wdt): identifier for authority control per the National Diet Library of Japan
9. KBpedia ID, also known as KBpedia ontology, KKO, KBpedia knowledge graph, KBpedia, Kbpedia (wd:P8408 as wdtn/p/wdt): identifier for the KBpedia knowledge graph, which provides consi...operability and extraction of training sets for machine learning
10. Commons category, also known as category on Wikimedia Commons, Wikimedia Commons category, Wikimedia Commons cat, Commons cat, commonscat (wd:P373 as p/wdt): name of the Wikimedia Commons category containing files related to this item (without the prefix "Category:")

No other items found

[Assistant]
The property "named after" (P138) is indeed associated with the entity "Riemannian geometry". We can now construct a SPARQL query to find out who Riemannian geometry is named after.

Let's run the SPARQL query:

```sparql
SELECT ?person WHERE {
  wd:Q761383 wdt:P138 ?person .
}
```

This query will return the person after whom Riemannian geometry is named.

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| person                       |
| ---------------------------- |
| Bernhard Riemann (wd:Q42299) |

[Assistant]
The SPARQL query has returned that Riemannian geometry is named after Bernhard Riemann.

Therefore, the answer to the question "After whom is the Riemannian geometry named?" is Bernhard Riemann.

Here is the final SPARQL query and the answer:

```sparql
SELECT ?person WHERE {
  wd:Q761383 wdt:P138 ?person .
}
```

Answer: Bernhard Riemann

[Tool] Stopped generation process


PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
SELECT ( COUNT( DISTINCT ?movie ) AS ?count ) WHERE {
  ?movie wdt:P57 wd:Q42574 .
  ?movie wdt:P577 ?date .
  FILTER ( YEAR( ?date ) < 2010 )
}

Got 1 row and 1 column:
| count        |
| ------------ |
| 15 (xsd:int) |

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] How many movies has James Cameron directed prior to the year 2010?

[Assistant] Let's start by looking at some examples.

[Tool]
Example 1:
Question:
Give me all companies in the advertising industry.

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?uri WHERE {
  ?uri wdt:P31 wd:Q4830453 ; wdt:P452 wd:Q39809 .
}

Using entities:
marketing, also known as communications, sales, public relations, publicity, promotion (wd:Q39809): study and process of promoting, distributing, and selling products or services to customers
business (wd:Q4830453): organization undertaking commercial, industrial, or professional activity

Using properties:
instance of, also known as unitary element of class, has type, unique individual of, type, item of type (wd:P31 as wdt): that class of which this subject is a particular example and mem...is a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform)
industry, also known as branch, economic branch, field of action, field of exercise, sector (wd:P452 as wdt): specific industry of company or organization, part of

Example 2:
Question:
Where do the Red Sox play?

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?uri WHERE {
  wd:Q213959 wdt:P115 ?uri
}

Using entities:
Boston Red Sox, also known as Sox, redsoxs, RedSox, Red Sox, redsox (wd:Q213959): baseball team and Major League Baseball franchise in Boston, Massachusetts, United States

Using properties:
home venue, also known as home water, venue, stadium, home ground, home field (wd:P115 as wdt): home stadium or venue of a sports team or applicable performing arts organization, location

Example 3:
Question:
Give me all libraries established earlier than 1400.

SPARQL:
SELECT DISTINCT ?uri WHERE {
  ?uri wdt:P31 wd:Q7075 ; wdt:P571 ?date .
  FILTER ( YEAR( ?date ) < 1400 )
}

Using entities:
library, also known as libraries, library organization (wd:Q7075): institution charged with the care of a collection of literary, m...ence materials, such as books, manuscripts, recordings, or films

Using properties:
instance of, also known as unitary element of class, has type, unique individual of, type, item of type (wd:P31 as wdt): that class of which this subject is a particular example and mem...is a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform)
inception, also known as initial release date, founded in, founded on, founded on date, founding date (wd:P571 as wdt): time when an entity begins to exist; for date of official opening use P1619, start time

[Assistant] Based on the examples, we need to identify the entity for James Cameron and the property for the movies he has directed. We also need to filter the results based on the year of the movie being before 2010. Let's start by searching for the entity for James Cameron.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. James Cameron, also known as James Francis Cameron, J. F. Cameron, J F Cameron, Jim Cameron, J.F. Cameron (wd:Q42574): Canadian filmmaker (born 1954), television producer, philanthropist, film director, film producer, screenwriter, film editor, inventor, director, engineer, explorer, actor
2. James Cameron (wd:Q3160968): 19th century Scottish artisan missionary (1800–1875), artisan
3. James Cameron (wd:Q6130912): South African cricketer, cricketer
4. James Cameron, also known as James Herbert Cameron, Jr. (wd:Q10305062): American civil rights activist (1914-2006), civil rights advocate, writer
5. James Cameron (wd:Q6130916): Scottish footballer (1868-1934), association football manager, association football player
6. James Cameron, also known as Mark James Walter Cameron (wd:Q6130915): British journalist (1911–1985), television presenter, autobiographer, journalist
7. Cameron James, also known as Cameron Lewis James (wd:Q24060497): association football player (born 1998), association football player
8. James Cameron, also known as James Gair Cameron (wd:Q6130910): Zimbabwean cricketer, cricketer
9. James R. Cameron, also known as James Cameron, James Reese Cameron (wd:Q6141583): American historian (born 1929), historian
10. James Cameron (wd:Q119824536): association football player, Canadian soccer player

[Assistant] The first result is the correct entity for James Cameron, the Canadian filmmaker. Now let's search for the property that represents the movies he has directed.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. place of birth, also known as POB, location of birth, location born, born in, birthplace (wd:P19 as p/wdt): most specific known birth location of a person, animal or fictional character, location
2. date of birth, also known as year of birth, birthdate, DOB, born on, born (wd:P569 as p/wdt): date on which the subject was born, inception
3. educated at, also known as graduated from, graduate of, place of education, school attended, schooled at (wd:P69 as p/wdt): educational institution attended by subject, affiliation
4. languages spoken, written or signed, also known as language of expression, language, wrote language, writes language, uses language (wd:P1412 as p/wdt): language(s) that a person or a people speaks, writes or signs, including the native language(s)
5. NDL Authority ID, also known as NDLSH (NDL Subject Headings), NDLNA (NDL Name Authority), NDLNAId, NDL identifier, NDL ID (wd:P349 as wdtn/p/wdt): identifier for authority control per the National Diet Library of Japan
6. award received, also known as win, winner of, recognition title, received award, prize received (wd:P166 as p/wdt): award or recognition received by a person, organization or creative work
7. Letterboxd director ID, also known as Letterboxd film director ID, Letterboxd movie director ID (wd:P12383 as p/wdt): identifier for a film director on the online database Letterboxd
8. occupation, also known as job, work, vocation, profession, employment (wd:P106 as p/wdt): occupation of a person; see also "field of work" (Property:P101), "position held" (Property:P39)
9. GND ID, also known as Deutschen Nationalbibliothek ID, Universal Authority File, Integrated Authority File, IndividualisedGnd, GND-IDN (wd:P227 as p/wdt/wdtn): identifier from an international authority file of names, subjects, and organizations
10. nominated for, also known as nominee for, shortlisted for, selected for award, selected for, nominee for award (wd:P1411 as p/wdt): award nomination received by a person, organisation or creative work (inspired from "award received" (Property:P166))

No other items found

[Assistant] The property `P106` (occupation) is not the one we're looking for. However, the property `P12383` (Letterboxd director ID) seems to be related to directors. But since it's an external ID, it won't help us directly. Instead, we need to find the property that links a director to the movies they've directed. Let's try searching for the property "director" or "directed" more broadly.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. organization directed by the office or position, also known as leader of, head of, leads, organization directed by, organization directed from the office (wd:P2389 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): organization which is directed by this office
2. has goal, also known as intention, mission, objective, objective of project or action, project of (wd:P3712 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): desired result or outcome
3. director, also known as film director, movie director, game director, directed by (wd:P57 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): director(s) of film, TV-series, stageplay, video game or similar, contributor to the creative work or subject, creator
4. editor-in-chief, also known as lead editor, managing editor, executive editor, editor in chief, directed by (wd:P5769 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): a publication's editorial leader who has final responsibility fo...publishing articles or books in collections or periodical papers
5. has effect, also known as has symptom, implies, leads to, led to, outcome (wd:P1542 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): effect of this item, followed by
6. position held by head of the organization, also known as position held by head of the organisation, secretary's position, president's position, position held by head of the organization, office held by head of the organisation (wd:P2388 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): position of the head of this item
7. director / manager, also known as leader, manager, manager/director, managing director, Officer-in-Charge (wd:P1037 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): person who manages any kind of group, significant person
8. agent of action, also known as being done by, initiator, initiated by, done by, doer (wd:P12995 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): particular item that initiates this action or class of actions
9. depicted by, also known as acted by, shown in, seen in, portrayed by, played by (wd:P1299 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): object depicting this subject (object being creative works such as books, films, paintings)
10. direction (wd:P560 as prv/wdtn/ps/pq/prn/pr/p/wdt/psn/pqv/pqn/psv): relative direction of an entity

[Assistant]
The property `P57` (director) is the one we need. It links a movie to its director. Now, let's construct a SPARQL query to find all the movies directed by James Cameron and filter them by the year being before 2010.

We'll start with a basic query to list the movies directed by James Cameron.

[Tool] Got no rows and 1 columns

[Assistant] It seems that the query did not return any results. This might be because the structure of the data is different from what we assumed. Let's try a simpler query to list the movies directed by James Cameron without the qualifier.

[Tool]
Got 21 rows and 1 column, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| movie                                  |
| -------------------------------------- |
| Titanic 3D (wd:Q10382726)              |
| Aliens (wd:Q104814)                    |
| True Lies (wd:Q110397)                 |
| Freak Nation (wd:Q111283110)           |
| Piranha II: The Spawning (wd:Q1576981) |
| ...                                    |
| Xenogenesis (wd:Q519406)               |
| wd:Q55728868                           |
| T2-3D: Battle Across Time (wd:Q728267) |
| Avatar (wd:Q73966879)                  |
| Ghosts of the Abyss (wd:Q983912)       |

[Assistant]
The query returned the movies directed by James Cameron. Now, we need to filter these movies to only include those released before the year 2010. We will use the property `P577` (publication date) to get the release year of each movie.

Let's update the query to include this filter.

[Tool]
Got 34 rows and 1 column, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| movie                                  |
| -------------------------------------- |
| Aliens (wd:Q104814)                    |
| True Lies (wd:Q110397)                 |
| True Lies (wd:Q110397)                 |
| True Lies (wd:Q110397)                 |
| True Lies (wd:Q110397)                 |
| ...                                    |
| Titanic (wd:Q44578)                    |
| Xenogenesis (wd:Q519406)               |
| T2-3D: Battle Across Time (wd:Q728267) |
| Avatar (wd:Q73966879)                  |
| Ghosts of the Abyss (wd:Q983912)       |

[Assistant]
The query returned the movies directed by James Cameron that were released before the year 2010. However, there are duplicate entries for some movies. This might be due to multiple statements or qualifiers. To avoid duplicates, we can use the `DISTINCT` keyword.

Let's update the query to remove duplicates and count the number of movies.

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| count        |
| ------------ |
| 15 (xsd:int) |

[Assistant]
The query returned the count of movies directed by James Cameron that were released before the year 2010. The result is 15 movies.

Here is the final SPARQL query and the answer:

```sparql
SELECT (COUNT(DISTINCT ?movie) AS ?count) WHERE {
  ?movie wdt:P57 wd:Q42574 .
  ?movie wdt:P577 ?date .
  FILTER (YEAR(?date) < 2010)
}
```

The answer to the question "How many movies has James Cameron directed prior to the year 2010?" is **15**.

[Tool] Stopped generation process