PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
SELECT ?mayor ?mayorLabel WHERE {
  wd:Q33935 wdt:P6 ?mayor .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?mayor rdfs:label ?mayorLabel FILTER ( LANG( ?mayorLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}
LIMIT 10

The mayor of Tel Aviv is Ron Huldai.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] Who is the mayor of Tel Aviv?

[Assistant]
To answer the question "Who is the mayor of Tel Aviv?", I need to identify the entity for Tel Aviv and the property that represents the mayor of a city in Wikidata. Then I will query the mayor of Tel Aviv using these identifiers.

Step 1: Search for the entity "Tel Aviv" in Wikidata.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Tel Aviv, also known as Tel Aviv City, TLV, Tel Aviv-Jafo, Tel-Aviv Jaffa, Tel Aviv-Jaffa (wd:Q33935): city in Israel
2. Telefon Tel Aviv (wd:Q768658): American band
3. Tel Aviv (wd:Q15755268): journal
4. Tel Aviv (wd:Q6583053): Israeli painter, painter
5. Tel Aviv (wd:Q16131234): song by Omer Adam
6. Tel Aviv (wd:Q91946708): photograph by Liselotte Grschebina 343498
7. Tel Aviv (wd:Q91939097): visual artwork by Liselotte Grschebina 343450
8. Tel Aviv (wd:Q91932450): photograph by Liselotte Grschebina 343501
9. Tel Aviv (wd:Q76626599): photograph by Liselotte Grschebina
10. Tel Aviv (wd:Q103969725): encyclopedia article

[Assistant] The entity for the city Tel Aviv is wd:Q33935. Next, I need to find the property that represents the mayor of a city in Wikidata. I will search for properties related to "mayor" to identify the correct property.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. head of government, also known as head of national government, mayor, premier, president, prime minister (wd:P6 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): head of the executive power of this town, city, municipality, state, country, or other governmental body, director / manager, chairperson
2. head of state, also known as leader, state headed by, monarch, president, queen (wd:P35 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): official with the highest formal authority in a country/state, director / manager, chairperson
3. rector, also known as chancellor, university president, Rector (academia), president (wd:P1075 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): senior official in an educational institution., director / manager, chairperson
4. chairperson, also known as dean, headed by, leader, president, chairwoman (wd:P488 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): presiding member of an organization, group or body, director / manager, significant person
5. successful candidate, also known as election winner, winning candidate, winner of election, election won by, elected (wd:P991 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): person(s) or political organization(s) elected after the election, candidate, winner
6. position holder, also known as incumbent, noble title holder, office holder, position held by (wd:P1308 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): persons who hold and/or held the position
7. position held, also known as function, held position, holds position, job, office held (wd:P39 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): subject currently or formerly holds the object position or public office
8. legislative body, also known as aboriginal council, Zila, Tehsil, rural council, representative body (wd:P194 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): legislative body governing this entity; political institution wi...ted representatives, such as a parliament/legislature or council
9. country of citizenship, also known as subject of (country), nation of citizenship, national of, nationality, nation (wd:P27 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): the object is a country that recognizes the subject as its citizen, country
10. elected in, also known as re-elected in, election (wd:P2715 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): election in which a person gained a position (as qualifier), or a position or legislative term is/was elected (as main value)

[Assistant] The property "position held" (wdt:P39) is used to indicate a position or public office held by a person, which can include the mayor of a city. I will now query the mayor of Tel Aviv (wd:Q33935) using the property "position held" (wdt:P39) and filter for the position of mayor. To do this, I need to find the entity for the position "mayor" first. I will search for the entity "mayor" in Wikidata.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. mayor, also known as Mayor (wd:Q30185): head of municipal government such as a town or city
2. burgomaster, also known as mayor, burgmeister, burgermeister, burgemeester (wd:Q177529): archaic term for a mayor (to be used with P39)
3. Mayor of Castile, also known as Mayor, Munia Mayor Sanchez, Muniadona of Castile, Mayor o Munia (wd:Q260831): Queen of Navarre
4. Jesus María, also known as Mayor (wd:Q731893): Colombian municipality of the department of Santander
5. The Mayor, also known as Mayor, Special Citizen (wd:Q27952232): 2017 South Korean film by Park In-je
6. city head, also known as town head, mayor, head of city, head of town (wd:Q4145633): position
7. Mayor (wd:Q6797626): family name
8. Mayor (wd:Q93478533): 2020 documentary film by David Osit
9. mayor, also known as mayor (Germany), mayor of a place in Germany (wd:Q17175157): mayor of a German town
10. Mayordomo mayor of the King of Spain, also known as Mayordomo mayor, Mayordomo mayor del Rey de España (wd:Q6797876): High Steward of the King of Spain

[Assistant] The entity for the position "mayor" is wd:Q30185. Now I will construct a SPARQL query to find the person who holds the position of mayor (wd:Q30185) for the city Tel Aviv (wd:Q33935) using the property "position held" (wdt:P39).

[Tool] Got no rows and 2 columns

[Assistant] The query did not return any results. This might be because the position held (wdt:P39) for mayor might have a different qualifier or the position entity might be different. I will try a different approach by searching for properties related to "mayor" specifically for the entity Tel Aviv to see if there is a direct property for the mayor of the city.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. head of government, also known as head of national government, mayor, premier, president, prime minister (wd:P6 as wdt/p): head of the executive power of this town, city, municipality, state, country, or other governmental body, director / manager, chairperson
2. located in the administrative territorial entity, also known as is in the settlement of, is in the voivodeship of, is in the shire of, is in the state of, is in the territory of (wd:P131 as wdt/p): the item is located on the territory of the following administra...if the item falls only partially into the administrative entity., location, part of
3. office held by head of government, also known as title of head of government, position of head of government, office of head of government, head of government's office, position held by head of government (wd:P1313 as wdt/p): political office that is fulfilled by the head of the government of this item
4. capital of, also known as national capital of, parish seat of, provincial capital of, seat of, state capital (wd:P1376 as wdt/p): country, state, department, canton or other administrative division of which the municipality is the governmental seat, located in the administrative territorial entity
5. native label, also known as official title, original label, original language label, original language name, original language title (wd:P1705 as wdt/p): label for the items in their official language  or their original language, name
6. twinned administrative body, also known as twin cities, twin town, twin city, sister town, sister city (wd:P190 as wdt/p): twin towns, sister cities, twinned municipalities and other loca..., either legally or informally acknowledged by their governments
7. population, also known as inhabitants, human population (wd:P1082 as wdt/p): number of people inhabiting the place; number of people of subject
8. official website, also known as site (official), home page, site official, URL, URL (official) (wd:P856 as wdt/p): URL of the official page of an item (current or former). Usage: ...but see the "Hijacked or dead websites" section of the Talk page, URL
9. official name, also known as long title, name, official title, registered name, full title (wd:P1448 as wdt/p): official name of the subject in its official language(s), name
10. category for honorary citizens of entity, also known as honorary citizens category (wd:P10280 as wdt/p): category containing the honorary citizens of a settlement (admin...ry). Honorary citizens may or may not be citizens of the country, related category

No other items found

[Assistant] There is a property "head of government" (wdt:P6) which is also known as mayor for a city. This property might directly link Tel Aviv to its mayor. I will now query the value of the property "head of government" (wdt:P6) for the entity Tel Aviv (wd:Q33935).

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 2 columns:
| mayor                   | mayorLabel      |
| ----------------------- | --------------- |
| Ron Huldai (wd:Q114760) | Ron Huldai (en) |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=done):
The SPARQL query correctly retrieves the mayor of Tel Aviv using the property 'head of government' (wdt:P6) for the entity Tel Aviv (wd:Q33935). The query also optionally retrieves the English label of the mayor. The result correctly identifies Ron Huldai as the mayor of Tel Aviv. The query follows the rules by returning the identifier and label, and the answer is accurate and complete.


PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
SELECT ?event ?eventLabel ?startDate WHERE {
  VALUES ?event {
    wd:Q128160 wd:Q191721
  }
  ?event wdt:P580 ?startDate .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?event rdfs:label ?eventLabel FILTER ( LANG( ?eventLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}
ORDER BY ?startDate

The Bay of Pigs Invasion started on April 17, 1961, and the Cuban Missile Crisis started on October 14, 1962. Therefore, the Bay of Pigs Invasion was earlier than the Cuban Missile Crisis.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] Was the Cuban Missile Crisis earlier than the Bay of Pigs Invasion?

[Assistant]
To answer this question, I need to find the dates of the Cuban Missile Crisis and the Bay of Pigs Invasion and then compare them to determine which event happened earlier.

Step 1: Identify the entities for "Cuban Missile Crisis" and "Bay of Pigs Invasion" in Wikidata.
Step 2: Retrieve the dates for these two events.
Step 3: Compare the dates to answer the question.

I will start by searching for the entities "Cuban Missile Crisis" and "Bay of Pigs Invasion" in Wikidata.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Cuban Missile Crisis (wd:Q128160): October 1962 confrontation between the Soviet Union, Cuba and the United States
2. Cuban Missile Crisis (wd:Q64117091): scholarly article
3. Cuban Missile Crisis (wd:Q124064455): 2005 video game
4. Cuban Missile Crisis (wd:Q108371818): video game series
5. Cuban Missile Crisis: The Aftermath (wd:Q1619053): 2005 video game
6. 13 Days: The Cuban Missile Crisis, also known as 13 Days (wd:Q56297685): Movie
7. Roots of the Cuban Missile Crisis (wd:Q7366662): 2001 film
8. Cuban Missile Crisis: The Soviet Story (wd:Q58537372)
9. Anatomy of the Cuban Missile Crisis (wd:Q58521477)
10. Reflections on the Cuban Missile Crisis (wd:Q86291856): 1987 book by Raymond L. Garthoff

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Bay of Pigs invasion (wd:Q191721): failed landing operation of Cuba in 1961
2. Bay of Pigs (wd:Q208508): bay on the island of Cuba
3. Bay of Pigs (wd:Q115806181): board wargame published in 1976
4. Bay of Pigs (wd:Q4874219): album by Destroyer
5. Bay of Pigs (wd:Q114489712): episode of The Practice (S4 E9)
6. Bay of Pigs Museum, also known as Brigade 2506 Museum and Library (wd:Q4874221): museum in Florida
7. Bay of Pigs Monument (wd:Q64578297): Monument in Little Havana, Miami, commemorates those lost in the 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion.
8. Bay of Pigs Redux? (wd:Q129230462): scholarly article
9. Bay of Married Pigs (wd:Q110291915): Sex and the City, Season 1, Episode 3
10. The Bay of Pigs (wd:Q58554035)

[Assistant]
I have identified the entities for the two events:
- Cuban Missile Crisis: wd:Q128160
- Bay of Pigs invasion: wd:Q191721

Next, I will retrieve the dates for these two events to compare them.

[Tool]
Got 2 rows and 3 columns:
| event                             | eventLabel                | startDate                           |
| --------------------------------- | ------------------------- | ----------------------------------- |
| Bay of Pigs invasion (wd:Q191721) | Bay of Pigs invasion (en) | 1961-04-17T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) |
| Cuban Missile Crisis (wd:Q128160) | Cuban Missile Crisis (en) | 1962-10-14T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=done):
The system correctly identified the start dates of both the Bay of Pigs Invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis using their Wikidata entities and the start time property (wdt:P580). The SPARQL query is well-formed, retrieves the relevant events and their start dates, and orders them by date. The answer correctly states that the Bay of Pigs Invasion (April 17, 1961) was earlier than the Cuban Missile Crisis (October 14, 1962). No improvements are necessary.


PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
SELECT ?dateOfDeath WHERE {
  wd:Q7934 wdt:P570 ?dateOfDeath .
}

Frank Herbert (wd:Q7934) has a date of death recorded as 1986-02-11, so he is not still alive.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] Is Frank Herbert still alive?

[Assistant]
To answer the question "Is Frank Herbert still alive?", I need to find the entity corresponding to Frank Herbert in Wikidata and then check if there is a date of death or if he is marked as deceased. If there is no date of death or he is not marked as deceased, it would imply he is still alive. Otherwise, he is not alive.

First, I will search for the entity "Frank Herbert" in Wikidata.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Frank Herbert, also known as Jr. Franklin Patrick Herbert, Jr. Franklin Herbert, Frank Patrick Herbert, Jr. Frank Patrick Herbert, Franklin Herbert (wd:Q7934): American writer (1920–1986), science fiction writer, prose writer, photographer, journalist, novelist, writer
2. Frank Herbert, also known as Francis Xavier Herbert (wd:Q5487218): American politician, politician, teacher
3. Herbert Frank (wd:Q102182447): Ph.D. Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin 1967
4. Herbert Frank (wd:Q106400255)
5. Herbert Frank (wd:Q15713780): Austrian jurist, jurist
6. Herbert Frank (wd:Q94836280): opinion journalist, engineer
7. Herbert Frank (wd:Q94855814): journalist, art critic, writer
8. Frank Herbert (wd:Q107740264): biographical book
9. Frank Herbert (wd:Q112366531)
10. Frank Herbert (wd:Q75716987): Peerage person ID=300069

[Assistant] The entity wd:Q7934 corresponds to Frank Herbert, the American science fiction writer (1920–1986). Since the years 1920–1986 are mentioned, it suggests he is not alive. To confirm, I will check if there is a date of death for this entity.

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 3 columns:
| subject                  | property                 | object                              |
| ------------------------ | ------------------------ | ----------------------------------- |
| Frank Herbert (wd:Q7934) | date of death (wdt:P570) | 1986-02-11T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=done):
The system correctly identified Frank Herbert (wd:Q7934) and queried his date of death (wdt:P570). The query returned a valid date of death (1986-02-11), which correctly answers the question that Frank Herbert is not still alive. The SPARQL query is simple, precise, and returns the actual identifier and the date of death as expected. No further refinement is necessary.


PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
SELECT ?conflict ?conflictLabel WHERE {
  wd:Q11817 wdt:P607 ?conflict .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?conflict rdfs:label ?conflictLabel FILTER ( LANG( ?conflictLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}

Yes, U.S. president Andrew Jackson was involved in a war. He participated in the War of 1812.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] Was U.S. president Jackson involved in a war?

[Assistant]
Step 1: Identify the entity "U.S. president Jackson." The most likely candidate is Andrew Jackson, the 7th president of the United States. I will search for "Jackson" with the context of U.S. president to confirm the entity.

I will use the search_entity function to find the entity for "U.S. president Jackson."

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Andrew Jackson, also known as Old Hickory, President Andrew Jackson, President Jackson, A. Jackson, General Andrew Jackson (wd:Q11817): president of the United States from 1829 to 1837, military officer, statesperson, politician, lawyer, judge
2. President of the United States, also known as US President, U.S. President, United States President, the president of the United States, President of the U.S. (wd:Q11696): head of state and head of government of the United States of America
3. Empire State V, also known as Barrett, USNS Barrett, TS Empire State V, T-AP-196, President Jackson (wd:Q5374154): 1950 Type P2-class transport
4. President Jackson, also known as 5283906, IMO 5283906 (wd:Q116551497): ship launched in 1953
5. President Jackson, also known as IMO 8616300 (wd:Q116563266): ship launched in 1988
6. Wikinews interviews U.S. Liberta...esidential candidate Bob Jackson (wd:Q17669892): Wikinews article
7. President Jackson (wd:Q63801504): fictional president from The Office
8. USS Zeilin, also known as SS President Jackson, SS Silver State (wd:Q7875755): 1920 Harris-class attack transport
9. USS President Jackson (wd:Q7873079): 1940 President Jackson-class attack transport
10. Daniel Jackson, also known as Presidente Verdisiano, Presidente Jackson, Presidente di Verdis, POTFROV (wd:Q113989189): Politician, politician

[Assistant]
The entity "Andrew Jackson" (wd:Q11817) is the U.S. president Jackson referred to in the question. He was the president of the United States from 1829 to 1837 and also a military officer.

Step 2: Determine if Andrew Jackson was involved in a war. I will search for properties related to "war" or "military conflict" for the entity Andrew Jackson. I will use the search_property_of_entity function with the query "war" to find relevant properties.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. conflict, also known as war, theatre (military), theater (military), participated in conflict, military conflict (wd:P607 as wdt/p): battles, wars or other military engagements in which the person or item participated, participant in
2. date of death, also known as DOD, deathdate, died, died on, year of death (wd:P570 as wdt/p): dissolved, abolished or demolished date, date on which the subject died, end time
3. sex or gender, also known as gender or sex, sex, gender identity, gender expression, gender (wd:P21 as wdt/p): sex or gender identity of human or animal. For human: male, fema...m, female organism. Groups of same gender use subclass of (P279)
4. medical condition, also known as disability, suffers from, suffer from, sickness, paralympic disability (wd:P1050 as wdt/p): any state relevant to the health of an organism, including diseases and positive conditions
5. religion or worldview, also known as believes, worldview, religious affiliation, religion or world view, religion (wd:P140 as wdt/p): religion of a person, organization or religious building, or associated with this subject
6. military branch, also known as unit branch, service branch, formation, branch (wd:P241 as wdt/p): branch to which this military unit, award, office, or person belongs, e.g. Royal Navy, part of
7. significant event, also known as significant occurrence, significant incident, significant achievment, sign. event, outcome (wd:P793 as wdt/p): significant or notable events associated with the subject
8. country of citizenship, also known as subject of (country), nation of citizenship, national of, nationality, nation (wd:P27 as wdt/p): the object is a country that recognizes the subject as its citizen, country
9. topic's main category, also known as article's main category, category, category for this topic, catmain, has category (wd:P910 as wdt/p): main Wikimedia category
10. place of death, also known as POD, location of death, killed in, deathplace, died in (wd:P20 as wdt/p): most specific known (e.g. city instead of country, or hospital i... city) death location of a person, animal or fictional character, location

No other items found

[Assistant]
The property "conflict" (wdt:P607) is related to wars or military conflicts in which a person participated.

Step 3: I will now query if Andrew Jackson (wd:Q11817) was involved in any conflicts using the property "conflict" (wdt:P607). I will write a SPARQL query to check for conflicts associated with Andrew Jackson.

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 2 columns:
| conflict                | conflictLabel    |
| ----------------------- | ---------------- |
| War of 1812 (wd:Q26013) | War of 1812 (en) |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=done):
The SPARQL query correctly retrieves the military conflict involving Andrew Jackson using the property 'wdt:P607'. The result shows that he participated in the War of 1812, which directly answers the user's question. The query also includes the English label for the conflict, making the answer clear and understandable. The output is accurate, complete, and follows the guidelines for SPARQL queries. No further refinement is necessary.


PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
SELECT ?country ?countryLabel ?capital ?capitalLabel WHERE {
  ?country wdt:P30 wd:Q15 ; wdt:P36 ?capital ; wdt:P31 wd:Q6256 .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?country rdfs:label ?countryLabel FILTER ( LANG( ?countryLabel ) = "en" )
  }
  OPTIONAL {
    ?capital rdfs:label ?capitalLabel FILTER ( LANG( ?capitalLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}

Got 53 rows and 4 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| country                          | countryLabel               | capital              | capitalLabel   |
| -------------------------------- | -------------------------- | -------------------- | -------------- |
| Burundi (wd:Q967)                | Burundi (en)               | Gitega (wd:Q167551)  | Gitega (en)    |
| South Sudan (wd:Q958)            | South Sudan (en)           | Juba (wd:Q1947)      | Juba (en)      |
| Sudan (wd:Q1049)                 | Sudan (en)                 | Khartoum (wd:Q1963)  | Khartoum (en)  |
| Somalia (wd:Q1045)               | Somalia (en)               | Mogadishu (wd:Q2449) | Mogadishu (en) |
| Morocco (wd:Q1028)               | Morocco (en)               | Rabat (wd:Q3551)     | Rabat (en)     |
| ...                              | ...                        | ...                  | ...            |
| São Tomé and Príncipe (wd:Q1039) | São Tomé and Príncipe (en) | São Tomé (wd:Q3932)  | São Tomé (en)  |
| Namibia (wd:Q1030)               | Namibia (en)               | Windhoek (wd:Q3935)  | Windhoek (en)  |
| Seychelles (wd:Q1042)            | Seychelles (en)            | Victoria (wd:Q3940)  | Victoria (en)  |
| South Africa (wd:Q258)           | South Africa (en)          | Cape Town (wd:Q5465) | Cape Town (en) |
| Egypt (wd:Q79)                   | Egypt (en)                 | Cairo (wd:Q85)       | Cairo (en)     |

The capitals of all countries in Africa are returned by the query. The query retrieves all entities that are instances of the class 'country' (wd:Q6256) and are located in the continent Africa (wd:Q15). For each country, it retrieves the capital city using the property 'capital' (wd:P36). The English labels for both countries and capitals are also included for readability.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] Give me the capitals of all countries in Africa.

[Assistant]
To answer the question "Give me the capitals of all countries in Africa," I need to identify the following:

1. The entity representing the continent Africa.
2. The property that links countries to the continent they are located in.
3. The entity representing countries in Africa.
4. The property that links countries to their capitals.

I will start by searching for the entity representing "Africa" in Wikidata.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Africa, also known as African continent (wd:Q15): continent
2. Africa, also known as Africa Proconsularis, Africa Province, Africa (Roman province), Africa Vetus, Province of Africa (wd:Q181238): Roman province on the northern African coast covering parts of present-day Tunisia, Algeria, and Libya
3. 1193 Africa, also known as Africa (wd:Q136898): asteroid
4. Africa (wd:Q383842): song written and composed by David Paich and Jeff Porcaro, originally recorded by Toto in 1981 and released in 1982
5. África, also known as Yapeyu (wd:Q55854): town in Corrientes, Argentina
6. Africa (wd:Q383855): Neo-Latin epic poem
7. Africa (wd:Q4689532): 2013 UK documentary series by David Attenborough
8. .africa, also known as dot africa (wd:Q4545422): generic top-level Internet domain
9. Africa, also known as Africa (Voodoo Master) (wd:Q4689531): 1983 song by Rose Laurens
10. Africa (wd:Q383848): titular see in Tunisia

[Assistant] The entity representing the continent Africa is wd:Q15. Next, I need to find the property that links countries to the continent they are located in. I will search for properties related to "continent" for countries.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. continent (wd:P30 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): continent of which the subject is a part, located in/on physical feature
2. operating area, also known as province served, serves jurisdiction, serves geographic region, serves geographic area, serves area (wd:P2541 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): geographic area or jurisdiction an organisation or industry operates in, serves, or has responsibility for, location
3. located in/on physical feature, also known as located on the terrain feature, location (terrain feature), loc (terr), on, on geographical feature (wd:P706 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): located on the specified (geo)physical feature. Should not be us...nly political/administrative (P131) or a mountain range (P4552)., location, part of
4. applies to part, also known as when viewed as, valid for part, section, region, per (wd:P518 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): part, aspect, or form of the item to which the claim applies
5. location, also known as neighbourhood, whereabouts, vilage, venue, town (wd:P276 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): location of the object, structure or event. In the case of an ad...ity use P706. Use P7153 for locations associated with the object
6. located in the administrative territorial entity, also known as is in the settlement of, is in the voivodeship of, is in the shire of, is in the state of, is in the territory of (wd:P131 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): the item is located on the territory of the following administra...if the item falls only partially into the administrative entity., location, part of
7. coordinate location, also known as point on a map, gps coordinates, gps location, latitude, location (wd:P625 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): geocoordinates of the subject. For Earth, please note that only WGS84 coordinating system is supported at the moment
8. valid in place, also known as applies to country, applies to location, applies to place, country, true in (wd:P3005 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): place where a statement is valid, applies to part
9. country of origin, also known as origin country, place of origin, originates from, country, CoO (wd:P495 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): country of origin of this item (creative work, food, phrase, product, etc.), significant place, country
10. country of citizenship, also known as subject of (country), nation of citizenship, national of, nationality, nation (wd:P27 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): the object is a country that recognizes the subject as its citizen, country

[Assistant] The property that links an entity to its continent is "continent" with the property ID wd:P30. Now, I need to find the property that links countries to their capitals. I will search for properties related to "capital" for countries.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. capital of, also known as national capital of, parish seat of, provincial capital of, seat of, state capital (wd:P1376 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): country, state, department, canton or other administrative division of which the municipality is the governmental seat, located in the administrative territorial entity
2. capital, also known as administrative seat, seat of government, seat, principal place, location of capital (wd:P36 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): seat of government of a country, province, state or other type of administrative territorial entity
3. capital cost, also known as budget, cost, unit cost (wd:P2130 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): amount of money spent on building or producing an object
4. authorised capital, also known as authorized capital (wd:P12651 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): maximum amount of share capital that the company is authorised to issue to shareholders
5. number of matches played/races/starts, also known as gp, starts, races, number of games played, mp (wd:P1350 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): matches or games a player or a team played during an event. Also...matches a player officially appeared in during the whole career.
6. uses capitalization for, also known as capitalises, capitalizes, uses capitalisation for (wd:P6106 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): lexical classes and subclasses of words as well as other uses in the language where the first letter is written as a capital letter
7. market capitalization, also known as market cap, market capitalisation (wd:P2226 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): total value of issued shares by a publicly traded company
8. location, also known as neighbourhood, whereabouts, vilage, venue, town (wd:P276 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): location of the object, structure or event. In the case of an ad...ity use P706. Use P7153 for locations associated with the object
9. located in the administrative territorial entity, also known as is in the settlement of, is in the voivodeship of, is in the shire of, is in the state of, is in the territory of (wd:P131 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): the item is located on the territory of the following administra...if the item falls only partially into the administrative entity., location, part of
10. nominal share capital (wd:P8247 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): total of the nominal values of the issued ordinary and preference shares of the entity

[Assistant] The property that links countries to their capitals is "capital" with the property ID wd:P36. Now I will build a SPARQL query to get all countries in Africa and their capitals using the continent property (wd:P30) and the capital property (wd:P36). I will also include labels for the countries and capitals for better readability.

[Tool]
SPARQL execution failed:
Error while executing a SERVICE request to <http://wikiba.se:80/ontology#label>: SERVICE responded with HTTP status code: 301, Moved Permanently. First 100 bytes of the response: '<html>
<head><title>301 Moved Permanently</title></head>
<body>
<center><h1>301 Moved Permanently'

[Assistant] The query failed because the SERVICE wikibase:label is not supported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoint. I will rewrite the query without using SERVICE wikibase:label and instead use optional clauses to get the English labels for countries and capitals.

[Tool]
Got 443 rows and 4 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| country                                                     | countryLabel                                     | capital                    | capitalLabel      |
| ----------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------ | -------------------------- | ----------------- |
| Sultanate of Mohéli (wd:Q25424205)                          | Sultanate of Mohéli (en)                         | Fomboni (wd:Q1002823)      | Fomboni (en)      |
| Tolon District (wd:Q20855220)                               | Tolon District (en)                              | Tolon (wd:Q100324238)      | Tolon (en)        |
| Zulu Kingdom (wd:Q729768)                                   | Zulu Kingdom (en)                                | Ulundi (wd:Q1013421)       | Ulundi (en)       |
| Eswatini (wd:Q1050)                                         | Eswatini (en)                                    | Lobamba (wd:Q101418)       | Lobamba (en)      |
| wd:Q88079206                                                |                                                  | L'Étang-Salé (wd:Q1014771) | L'Étang-Salé (en) |
| ...                                                         | ...                                              | ...                        | ...               |
| Cabo Juby (Spanish protectorate in Morocco) (wd:Q116820382) | Cabo Juby (Spanish protectorate in Morocco) (en) | Tarfaya (wd:Q988654)       | Tarfaya (en)      |
| Kogi State (wd:Q387745)                                     | Kogi State (en)                                  | Lokoja (wd:Q994085)        | Lokoja (en)       |
| Niger State (wd:Q503932)                                    | Niger State (en)                                 | Minna (wd:Q994105)         | Minna (en)        |
| Adamawa State (wd:Q337514)                                  | Adamawa State (en)                               | Yola (wd:Q994114)          | Yola (en)         |
| Adamawa Emirate (wd:Q775550)                                | Adamawa Emirate (en)                             | Yola (wd:Q994114)          | Yola (en)         |

[Assistant] The query returned many results, but some of them are not countries but regions or historical entities. I will refine the query to only include entities that are instances of the class "country" (wd:Q6256) and located in Africa with their capitals. I will also keep the labels for better readability.

[Tool]
Got 53 rows and 4 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| country                          | countryLabel               | capital              | capitalLabel   |
| -------------------------------- | -------------------------- | -------------------- | -------------- |
| Burundi (wd:Q967)                | Burundi (en)               | Gitega (wd:Q167551)  | Gitega (en)    |
| South Sudan (wd:Q958)            | South Sudan (en)           | Juba (wd:Q1947)      | Juba (en)      |
| Sudan (wd:Q1049)                 | Sudan (en)                 | Khartoum (wd:Q1963)  | Khartoum (en)  |
| Somalia (wd:Q1045)               | Somalia (en)               | Mogadishu (wd:Q2449) | Mogadishu (en) |
| Morocco (wd:Q1028)               | Morocco (en)               | Rabat (wd:Q3551)     | Rabat (en)     |
| ...                              | ...                        | ...                  | ...            |
| São Tomé and Príncipe (wd:Q1039) | São Tomé and Príncipe (en) | São Tomé (wd:Q3932)  | São Tomé (en)  |
| Namibia (wd:Q1030)               | Namibia (en)               | Windhoek (wd:Q3935)  | Windhoek (en)  |
| Seychelles (wd:Q1042)            | Seychelles (en)            | Victoria (wd:Q3940)  | Victoria (en)  |
| South Africa (wd:Q258)           | South Africa (en)          | Cape Town (wd:Q5465) | Cape Town (en) |
| Egypt (wd:Q79)                   | Egypt (en)                 | Cairo (wd:Q85)       | Cairo (en)     |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=done):
The SPARQL query correctly retrieves all countries in Africa along with their capitals. It uses appropriate properties (wdt:P30 for continent, wd:Q15 for Africa, wdt:P31 for instance of country, and wdt:P36 for capital) and includes English labels for readability. The query returns 53 results, which aligns with the expected number of African countries. The query structure is clear and follows best practices, including optional label retrieval. No improvements are necessary.


PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
SELECT DISTINCT ?club ?clubLabel WHERE {
  ?club wdt:P31 wd:Q476028 .
  {
    ?club wdt:P17 wd:Q29 .
  } UNION {
    ?club wdt:P131 ?adminEntity .
    ?adminEntity wdt:P17 wd:Q29 .
  }
  OPTIONAL {
    ?club rdfs:label ?clubLabel FILTER ( LANG( ?clubLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}

Got 1,570 rows and 2 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| club                                         | clubLabel                         |
| -------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------- |
| Penya Barcelonista Barcilona (wd:Q100307227) | Penya Barcelonista Barcilona (en) |
| Penya Femenina Barcelonista (wd:Q100350679)  | Penya Femenina Barcelonista (en)  |
| CD Polillas Ceuta (wd:Q100400847)            | CD Polillas Ceuta (en)            |
| CD Buñol (wd:Q102276485)                     | CD Buñol (en)                     |
| CD Dénia (wd:Q1023177)                       | CD Dénia (en)                     |
| ...                                          | ...                               |
| Unión Estepona CF (wd:Q977542)               | Unión Estepona CF (en)            |
| UC Cartes (wd:Q98501496)                     | UC Cartes (en)                    |
| RB Linense (wd:Q985272)                      | RB Linense (en)                   |
| SD Torina (wd:Q98934443)                     | SD Torina (en)                    |
| Extremadura UD (wd:Q994224)                  | Extremadura UD (en)               |

The refined query retrieves 1,570 soccer clubs in Spain. It considers clubs that have the property 'country' (wdt:P17) set to Spain or are located in an administrative territorial entity (wdt:P131) that is in Spain. This approach covers more cases and improves accuracy in identifying soccer clubs in Spain.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] Give me all soccer clubs in Spain.

[Assistant]
To answer the question "Give me all soccer clubs in Spain," I need to identify the following:

1. The entity representing "soccer club" or "football club."
2. The entity representing "Spain."
3. The property that links a soccer club to its country or location.

Step 1: Search for the entity "soccer club" or "football club" in Wikidata.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. association football club, also known as association soccer club, F.C., FC, football club, soccer club (wd:Q476028): sports club devoted to association football (soccer)
2. Inter Milan, also known as Inter, FCIM, Inter club, Inter fc, Inter football club (wd:Q631): association football club based in Milan, Lombardy, Italy
3. Inter Miami CF, also known as The Herons, Miami Soccer club, Vice City, Miami Football Club, Internacional of Miami (wd:Q16844931): American professional soccer club based in Miami
4. Inter Miami CF, also known as Miami Football Club, Miami FC, Miami Soccer club, Internacional of Miami, Internacional de Miami (wd:Q16844931): American professional soccer club based in Miami
5. CD Leganés, also known as CD Leganes, CD Leganes Football, CD Leganes Soccer, Club Deportivo Leganés, S.A.D., Leganes Football (wd:Q856119): association football club in Leganés, Spain
6. Columbus Crew, also known as the Massive, the Crew, Crew Soccer Club, Columbus Soccer Club, Columbus SC (wd:Q457163): soccer club in Columbus, Ohio, USA
7. Toronto FC, also known as Toronto Soccer Club, Toronto Soccer, Toronto Football Club, Toronto F.C., Soccer Club of Toronto (wd:Q327238): soccer club in Toronto, Ontario, Canada
8. FC Dallas, also known as Toros, Soccer Club of Dallas, Red Stripes, Hoops, Football Club Dallas (wd:Q642291): soccer club in Frisco, Texas, USA
9. Nashville SC, also known as Nashville S.C., Nashville Soccer Club (wd:Q47518754): Major League Soccer franchise in Nashville, Tennessee
10. Tochigi SC, also known as Tochigi Soccer Club (wd:Q1069091): association football club

[Assistant]
The entity "association football club" (wd:Q476028) represents a soccer club. This is the entity we will use to identify soccer clubs.

Step 2: Search for the entity "Spain" in Wikidata.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Spain, also known as Kingdom of Spain (wd:Q29): country in southwestern Europe with territories in Africa
2. Spain men's national football team, also known as La Furia, The Spanish Fury, The Red One, The Red Fury, The Fury (wd:Q42267): men's national association football team representing Spain
3. Second Spanish Republic, also known as Spain (wd:Q178038): political regime established in Spain between April 14, 1931 and April 1, 1939
4. New Spain, also known as Colonial Central America, Central America under Spain, Viceroyalty of New Spain, Spanish Mexico, Spanish Central America (wd:Q170603): viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire (1535-1821)
5. Spain under the Restoration, also known as Bourbon Restoration, Spain, Second Bourbon Restoration, Restoration, Restoration (Spain) (wd:Q1044536): name given to a period between 1874 (end of First Spanish Republ...econd Spanish Republic), and the state of Spain during that time
6. Kingdom of Spain (1820-1823), also known as Kingdom of Spain, Spain, Trienio Liberal (wd:Q238809): 1820–1823 Spanish political period
7. Spain under Joseph Bonaparte, also known as Kingdom of Spain, Napoleonic Spain, Spain (wd:Q1709185): Napoleonic client state (1808–1813)
8. Sexenio Democrático, also known as Kingdom of Spain, Spain (wd:Q12411956): 1868–1874 period of fu under a provisional government
9. Ominous Decade, also known as Kingdom of Spain, second restoration of absolutism, Spain (wd:Q2378204): period in the history of Spain, corresponding to the second rest...reign of Fernando VII from August 31, 1823 to September 29, 1833
10. Hispanic Monarchy, also known as Spains, Hispanic Crown, Spain, Kingdom of Spains, Crown of Spain (wd:Q766543): (1479-1716) set of territories distributed throughout the world,...monarch and corresponding to the period of the House of Habsburg

[Assistant]
The entity "Spain" (wd:Q29) represents the country Spain.

Step 3: Identify the property that links a soccer club to its country or location. I will search for properties related to "country" or "location" for the entity "association football club" (wd:Q476028).

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. sport, also known as play, plays, sport played, sports (wd:P641 as wdt/p): sport that the subject participates or participated in or is associated with
2. topic's main category, also known as article's main category, category, category for this topic, catmain, has category (wd:P910 as wdt/p): main Wikimedia category
3. properties for this type, also known as uses properties, Wikidata properties for this type, Wikidata properties for this class, uses property, things one could say about (wd:P1963 as wdt/p): when this subject is used as object of “instance of”, the following properties normally apply
4. model item, also known as specimen, sample, featured item, example item, best example (wd:P5869 as wdt/p): defines which item is a best practice example of modelling a sub...lue of this property, usage instructions at Wikidata:Model items
5. has list, also known as list, topic's list, topic list, related list, list for this topic (wd:P2354 as wdt/p): Wikimedia list related to this subject
6. has part(s), also known as has component, incorporates, has ingredient, has ingredients, has member (wd:P527 as wdt/p): part of this subject; inverse property of "part of" (P361). See also "has parts of the class" (P2670).
7. subclass of, also known as rdfs:subClassOf, sort of, subcategory of, subgenre of, subtype of (wd:P279 as wdt/p): this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; ALL instances of ...stance of volcanic landform); Everest is an instance of mountain
8. Freebase ID, also known as Freebase, MID, Freebase identifier, FID (wd:P646 as wdt/p): identifier for a page in the Freebase database. Format: "/m/0" f...r IDs starting with "/g/", use Google Knowledge Graph ID (P2671)
9. different from, also known as not to be confused with, to be distinguished from, similar to, see also, rejected match (wd:P1889 as wdt/p): item that is different from another item, with which it may be confused
10. equivalent class, also known as schema.org type, same kind of thing, same grouping, same class, external class (wd:P1709 as wdt/p): equivalent class in other ontologies (use property URI), exact match, URL

No other items found

[Assistant]
The search for a property related to "country" for the entity "association football club" did not return a direct property linking a soccer club to its country.

I will try searching for properties related to "location" for the entity "association football club" (wd:Q476028).

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. sport, also known as play, plays, sport played, sports (wd:P641 as wdt/p): sport that the subject participates or participated in or is associated with
2. properties for this type, also known as uses properties, Wikidata properties for this type, Wikidata properties for this class, uses property, things one could say about (wd:P1963 as wdt/p): when this subject is used as object of “instance of”, the following properties normally apply
3. model item, also known as specimen, sample, featured item, example item, best example (wd:P5869 as wdt/p): defines which item is a best practice example of modelling a sub...lue of this property, usage instructions at Wikidata:Model items
4. Freebase ID, also known as Freebase, MID, Freebase identifier, FID (wd:P646 as wdt/p): identifier for a page in the Freebase database. Format: "/m/0" f...r IDs starting with "/g/", use Google Knowledge Graph ID (P2671)
5. has part(s), also known as has component, incorporates, has ingredient, has ingredients, has member (wd:P527 as wdt/p): part of this subject; inverse property of "part of" (P361). See also "has parts of the class" (P2670).
6. GND ID, also known as Deutschen Nationalbibliothek ID, Universal Authority File, Integrated Authority File, IndividualisedGnd, GND-IDN (wd:P227 as wdt/wdtn/p): identifier from an international authority file of names, subjects, and organizations
7. subclass of, also known as rdfs:subClassOf, sort of, subcategory of, subgenre of, subtype of (wd:P279 as wdt/p): this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; ALL instances of ...stance of volcanic landform); Everest is an instance of mountain
8. has list, also known as list, topic's list, topic list, related list, list for this topic (wd:P2354 as wdt/p): Wikimedia list related to this subject
9. topic's main category, also known as article's main category, category, category for this topic, catmain, has category (wd:P910 as wdt/p): main Wikimedia category
10. Library of Congress authority ID, also known as LCSH Authority File ID, LC Name Authority ID, LCSH ID, LCSH LCCN, LC Subject Heading ID (wd:P244 as wdt/wdtn/p): Library of Congress name authority (persons, families, corporate...lowed by 8-10 digits (see regex). For manifestations, use P1144]

No other items found

[Assistant]
The search for a property related to "location" for the entity "association football club" also did not return a direct property linking a soccer club to its location or country.

I will try a different approach: I will search for properties related to "country" in general to see if there is a common property used to indicate the country of an entity. Then I will check if that property is used for soccer clubs.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. valid in place, also known as applies to country, applies to location, applies to place, country, true in (wd:P3005 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): place where a statement is valid, applies to part
2. country of origin, also known as origin country, place of origin, originates from, country, CoO (wd:P495 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): country of origin of this item (creative work, food, phrase, product, etc.), significant place, country
3. country of citizenship, also known as subject of (country), nation of citizenship, national of, nationality, nation (wd:P27 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): the object is a country that recognizes the subject as its citizen, country
4. country, also known as sovereign state, state, land, host country (wd:P17 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): sovereign state that this item is in (not to be used for human beings), located in the administrative territorial entity
5. operating area, also known as province served, serves jurisdiction, serves geographic region, serves geographic area, serves area (wd:P2541 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): geographic area or jurisdiction an organisation or industry operates in, serves, or has responsibility for, location
6. place of birth, also known as POB, location of birth, location born, born in, birthplace (wd:P19 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): most specific known birth location of a person, animal or fictional character, location
7. continent (wd:P30 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): continent of which the subject is a part, located in/on physical feature
8. located in the administrative territorial entity, also known as is in the settlement of, is in the voivodeship of, is in the shire of, is in the state of, is in the territory of (wd:P131 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): the item is located on the territory of the following administra...if the item falls only partially into the administrative entity., location, part of
9. place of publication, also known as published in (place), where published, release region, released in, published from (wd:P291 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): geographical place of publication of the edition (use 1st edition when referring to works), significant place
10. location, also known as neighbourhood, whereabouts, vilage, venue, town (wd:P276 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): location of the object, structure or event. In the case of an ad...ity use P706. Use P7153 for locations associated with the object

[Assistant]
The property "country" (wdt:P17) is used to indicate the sovereign state that an item is in (not to be used for human beings). This property is likely used to indicate the country of a soccer club.

Step 4: I will now write a SPARQL query to find all entities that are instances of "association football club" (wd:Q476028) and have the property "country" (wdt:P17) with the value "Spain" (wd:Q29). I will also include the label of the soccer clubs for better readability.

[Tool]
Got 1,568 rows and 2 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| club                                         | clubLabel                         |
| -------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------- |
| Penya Barcelonista Barcilona (wd:Q100307227) | Penya Barcelonista Barcilona (en) |
| Penya Femenina Barcelonista (wd:Q100350679)  | Penya Femenina Barcelonista (en)  |
| CD Polillas Ceuta (wd:Q100400847)            | CD Polillas Ceuta (en)            |
| CD Buñol (wd:Q102276485)                     | CD Buñol (en)                     |
| CD Dénia (wd:Q1023177)                       | CD Dénia (en)                     |
| ...                                          | ...                               |
| Unión Estepona CF (wd:Q977542)               | Unión Estepona CF (en)            |
| UC Cartes (wd:Q98501496)                     | UC Cartes (en)                    |
| RB Linense (wd:Q985272)                      | RB Linense (en)                   |
| SD Torina (wd:Q98934443)                     | SD Torina (en)                    |
| Extremadura UD (wd:Q994224)                  | Extremadura UD (en)               |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=refine):
The SPARQL query correctly retrieves soccer clubs in Spain by checking for instance of association football club (wd:Q476028) and country Spain (wd:Q29). However, the property used for country is wdt:P17, which represents the country of an item, but for sports clubs, the property indicating location or country might be more accurately represented by 'located in the administrative territorial entity' (wdt:P131) or 'country' (wdt:P17) if it is used consistently. It would be good to verify if all clubs have wdt:P17 set to Spain or if some use other properties. Also, the query could be improved by adding a filter to ensure the label is in English only in the OPTIONAL clause, which is already done. The answer is comprehensive but could mention that the property wdt:P17 is used to identify the country, which might not be perfect for all clubs. Overall, the output is good but could be slightly refined for accuracy and explanation.

[Assistant]
Thank you for the feedback. To refine the query for better accuracy, I will check if soccer clubs in Spain use the property "located in the administrative territorial entity" (wdt:P131) with a value related to Spain or its administrative divisions. I will then combine this with the property "country" (wdt:P17) to cover both cases.

Step 1: I will write a query to find soccer clubs that are instances of "association football club" (wd:Q476028) and are either linked to Spain (wd:Q29) by property "country" (wdt:P17) or linked to an administrative territorial entity (wdt:P131) that is located in Spain (wd:Q29). I will also include labels for readability.

[Tool]
Got 1,570 rows and 2 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| club                                         | clubLabel                         |
| -------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------- |
| Penya Barcelonista Barcilona (wd:Q100307227) | Penya Barcelonista Barcilona (en) |
| Penya Femenina Barcelonista (wd:Q100350679)  | Penya Femenina Barcelonista (en)  |
| CD Polillas Ceuta (wd:Q100400847)            | CD Polillas Ceuta (en)            |
| CD Buñol (wd:Q102276485)                     | CD Buñol (en)                     |
| CD Dénia (wd:Q1023177)                       | CD Dénia (en)                     |
| ...                                          | ...                               |
| Unión Estepona CF (wd:Q977542)               | Unión Estepona CF (en)            |
| UC Cartes (wd:Q98501496)                     | UC Cartes (en)                    |
| RB Linense (wd:Q985272)                      | RB Linense (en)                   |
| SD Torina (wd:Q98934443)                     | SD Torina (en)                    |
| Extremadura UD (wd:Q994224)                  | Extremadura UD (en)               |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=done):
The SPARQL query correctly retrieves all soccer clubs in Spain by checking both the direct country property and the administrative territorial entity property to cover all cases. It uses the appropriate instance of property for soccer clubs and filters labels in English. The query returns the identifiers and labels as required. The answer is complete and accurate with a substantial number of results. No further refinement is necessary.


PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
SELECT ?country ?countryLabel ( COUNT( ?language ) AS ?numOfficialLanguages ) WHERE {
  ?country wdt:P31 wd:Q6256 .
  ?country wdt:P37 ?language .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?country rdfs:label ?countryLabel FILTER ( LANG( ?countryLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}
GROUP BY ?country ?countryLabel
HAVING ( COUNT( ?language ) > 2 )
ORDER BY DESC ( ?numOfficialLanguages )
LIMIT 100

Got 31 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| country                              | countryLabel                    | numOfficialLanguages |
| ------------------------------------ | ------------------------------- | -------------------- |
| Taiwan (wd:Q865)                     | Taiwan (en)                     | 22 (xsd:int)         |
| Zimbabwe (wd:Q954)                   | Zimbabwe (en)                   | 16 (xsd:int)         |
| Mali (wd:Q912)                       | Mali (en)                       | 13 (xsd:int)         |
| South Africa (wd:Q258)               | South Africa (en)               | 12 (xsd:int)         |
| Afghanistan (wd:Q889)                | Afghanistan (en)                | 9 (xsd:int)          |
| ...                                  | ...                             | ...                  |
| Vatican City (wd:Q237)               | Vatican City (en)               | 3 (xsd:int)          |
| Cyprus (wd:Q229)                     | Cyprus (en)                     | 3 (xsd:int)          |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina (wd:Q225)     | Bosnia and Herzegovina (en)     | 3 (xsd:int)          |
| People's Republic of China (wd:Q148) | People's Republic of China (en) | 3 (xsd:int)          |
| Seychelles (wd:Q1042)                | Seychelles (en)                 | 3 (xsd:int)          |

Countries that have more than two official languages include Taiwan, Zimbabwe, Mali, South Africa, Afghanistan, Vatican City, Cyprus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, People's Republic of China, and Seychelles, among others.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] Which countries have more than two official languages?

[Assistant]
To answer the question "Which countries have more than two official languages?", I need to:

1. Identify the entity type for countries.
2. Identify the property that relates countries to their official languages.
3. Query countries that have more than two official languages.

Step 1: Identify the entity for countries. Usually, countries are instances of the class "country" in Wikidata.
Step 2: Identify the property for official languages of a country. This is commonly "official language" (P37).
Step 3: Write a SPARQL query to find countries with more than two official languages.

I will first verify the property for official languages by searching for "official language" property in Wikidata.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. official language, also known as language spoken, spoken in, speaking, language official (wd:P37 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): language designated as official by this item, language used
2. native label, also known as official title, original label, original language label, original language name, original language title (wd:P1705 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): label for the items in their official language  or their original language, name
3. Ethnologue language status, also known as EGIDS, language status (wd:P3823 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): language status identifier by Ethnologue.com using EGIDS scale
4. language regulatory body, also known as language authority, regulatory body (wd:P1018 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): regulatory body of a language
5. languages spoken, written or signed, also known as language of expression, language, wrote language, writes language, uses language (wd:P1412 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): language(s) that a person or a people speaks, writes or signs, including the native language(s)
6. native language, also known as first language, L1 speaker of, language native, mother tongue (wd:P103 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): language or languages a person has learned from early childhood, languages spoken, written or signed
7. language used, also known as languages used, medium of instruction, used language, uses language, working language (wd:P2936 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): language widely used (spoken or written) in this place or at this event or organisation
8. language of work or name, also known as language of the reference, language of URL, language of website, language of work, named in language (wd:P407 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): language associated with this creative work (such as books, show...guage" (P103) and "languages spoken, written or signed" (P1412))
9. programmed in, also known as language, programming language, written in (wd:P277 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): the programming language(s) in which the software is developed
10. writing language, also known as languages of writings, languages written, language written, writing languages, language of works (wd:P6886 as pqv/pqn/p/psn/psv/pq/wdtn/wdt/prn/pr/prv/ps): language in which the writer has written their work, languages spoken, written or signed

[Assistant]
The property "official language" (wdt:P37) is the correct property to use for official languages of countries.

Next, I will write a SPARQL query to find countries (instances of "country" wd:Q6256) that have more than two official languages (wdt:P37). I will count the number of official languages for each country and filter those with a count greater than 2.

[Tool]
Got 31 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| country                              | countryLabel                    | numOfficialLanguages |
| ------------------------------------ | ------------------------------- | -------------------- |
| Taiwan (wd:Q865)                     | Taiwan (en)                     | 22 (xsd:int)         |
| Zimbabwe (wd:Q954)                   | Zimbabwe (en)                   | 16 (xsd:int)         |
| Mali (wd:Q912)                       | Mali (en)                       | 13 (xsd:int)         |
| South Africa (wd:Q258)               | South Africa (en)               | 12 (xsd:int)         |
| Afghanistan (wd:Q889)                | Afghanistan (en)                | 9 (xsd:int)          |
| ...                                  | ...                             | ...                  |
| Vatican City (wd:Q237)               | Vatican City (en)               | 3 (xsd:int)          |
| Cyprus (wd:Q229)                     | Cyprus (en)                     | 3 (xsd:int)          |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina (wd:Q225)     | Bosnia and Herzegovina (en)     | 3 (xsd:int)          |
| People's Republic of China (wd:Q148) | People's Republic of China (en) | 3 (xsd:int)          |
| Seychelles (wd:Q1042)                | Seychelles (en)                 | 3 (xsd:int)          |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=done):
The SPARQL query correctly identifies countries with more than two official languages by counting the official languages (wdt:P37) for each country (wd:Q6256) and filtering those with counts greater than two. The query returns the country IRIs, their English labels, and the count of official languages, which matches the user's question. The answer provided lists relevant countries from the query result, and the query is well-formed and efficient. No further refinement is necessary.