PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
SELECT ?instrument ?instrumentLabel WHERE {
  wd:Q154216 wdt:P1303 ?instrument .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?instrument rdfs:label ?instrumentLabel .
    FILTER ( lang( ?instrumentLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}

Got 4 rows and 2 columns:
| instrument              | instrumentLabel  |
| ----------------------- | ---------------- |
| voice (wd:Q17172850)    | voice (en)       |
| bass guitar (wd:Q46185) | bass guitar (en) |
| piano (wd:Q5994)        | piano (en)       |
| guitar (wd:Q6607)       | guitar (en)      |

Cat Stevens plays the following instruments: voice, bass guitar, piano, and guitar.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] Which instruments does Cat Stevens play?

[Assistant]
Let's break down the question:

1. The entity is "Cat Stevens" (the musician).
2. The property is "instrument" (which instruments does he play?).

First, I will search for the entity "Cat Stevens" in Wikidata to get the correct identifier.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Cat Stevens, also known as Yusuf Islam, Yusuf Islam (Cat Stevens), Yusuf/Cat Stevens, Yusuf (wd:Q154216): British musician (born 1948), singer-songwriter, recording artist, guitarist, musician, composer, singer
2. Cat Stevens (wd:Q123717389): 2001 box set by Cat Stevens
3. Catherine Crowe, also known as Catherine Ann Crowe, Mrs. Crowe, Catherine Stevens Crowe, Catherine Stevens (wd:Q2537956): English novelist, story writer, and playwright; spiritualist and spirit story collector (1790–1872), translator, writer
4. Catherine Stevens (wd:Q14918517): Belgian athletics competitor, athletics competitor
5. Catrin Stevens (wd:Q47124278): historian, editor, writer
6. Catherine Stevens (wd:Q96292350)
7. Catherine Hamersly, also known as Catherine Stevens, Kate Hamersly, Kate Stevens (wd:Q118198771): (1823-1893)
8. Barbara Stanwyck, also known as Ruby Stevens, Ruby Catherine Stevens (wd:Q94002): American actress (1907–1990), television actor, screenwriter, stage actor, film actor, actor, model
9. Catasetum stevensonii (wd:Q15443245): species of plant
10. Catherine Octavia Stevens (wd:Q105812567): British astronomer (1865–1959), astronomer

[Assistant]
The top result for "Cat Stevens" is wd:Q154216, which refers to the British musician also known as Yusuf Islam.

Next, I need to find the property for "instrument" (which instruments he plays). I'll search for properties related to "instrument".

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. instrument, also known as uses this instrument, teaches instrument, instruments, plays this instrument, plays instrument (wd:P1303 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): musical instrument that a person plays or teaches or used in a music occupation, uses
2. instrumentation, also known as scoring, scored for, orchestration, instruments employed, orchestrated for (wd:P870 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): combination of musical instruments employed in a composition or accompanying a (folk) dance
3. uses, also known as uses trope, used, using, wielded, wields (wd:P2283 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): item or concept used by the subject or in the operation (see also instrument [P1303] and armament [P520])
4. orchestration, also known as scoring, score notation, orchestration notation, orchestration in notated form, notated scoring (wd:P11862 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): an enumeration of the instruments used in a musical composition or arrangement described using any system of score notation
5. performer, also known as actor, sung by, singer, recording by, recorded by (wd:P175 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): actor, musician, band or other performer associated with this role or musical work, contributor to the creative work or subject
6. music transcriber, also known as transcriber of music, notation writer, music notation writer, musical transcriber, musical notation writer (wd:P9260 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): person who transcribed a musical work into musical notation; for composers of music, use P86, creator
7. issuing agent of work, also known as work issued by, organ of, official publication of, official organ of, official journal of (wd:P9901 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): organization, agency, or other entity responsible for issuing a ...f the entity; distinct from commercial publisher of the resource
8. produced sound, also known as call, makes call, makes sound, sound, sound emitted (wd:P4733 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): item for the sound generated by the subject, for instance the cry of an animal
9. MusicBrainz instrument ID, also known as MBinst, MBID instrument, instrument MBID (wd:P1330 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): identifier for an instrument on the music encyclopedia MusicBrainz
10. has melody, also known as uses tune, to the tune of, uses melody, TTTO, has tune (wd:P1625 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): this work has the melody of the following work, references work, tradition or theory

[Assistant]
The most relevant property is "instrument" (wdt:P1303), which refers to musical instruments that a person plays.

Now, I will construct a SPARQL query to find which instruments Cat Stevens (wd:Q154216) plays, using the property wdt:P1303. I will also try to include the instrument labels for readability, but will make them optional as per the instructions.

[Tool]
Got 4 rows and 2 columns:
| instrument              | instrumentLabel  |
| ----------------------- | ---------------- |
| voice (wd:Q17172850)    | voice (en)       |
| bass guitar (wd:Q46185) | bass guitar (en) |
| piano (wd:Q5994)        | piano (en)       |
| guitar (wd:Q6607)       | guitar (en)      |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=refine):
The SPARQL query correctly retrieves the instruments played by Cat Stevens using the property 'plays instrument' (wdt:P1303). However, the query only returns the IRIs of the instruments, without any human-readable labels. For completeness and clarity, it would be better to also include the labels of the instruments in the result using OPTIONAL {?instrument rdfs:label ?instrumentLabel. FILTER (lang(?instrumentLabel) = 'en')}. This would make the output more user-friendly and align with best practices, even though the answer provided is already human-readable.

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=done):
The SPARQL query correctly retrieves the instruments played by Cat Stevens (wd:Q154216) using the appropriate property (wdt:P1303) and includes optional English labels for human readability. The answer matches the query result, and the query returns the actual IRIs of the instruments as required. No further refinement is necessary.


PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
SELECT ?org WHERE {
  ?org wdt:P452 wd:Q2401742 ; wdt:P17 wd:Q31 .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?org rdfs:label ?label FILTER ( lang( ?label ) = "en" )
  }
}

Some telecommunications organizations located in Belgium are: Skyline Communications, Télésat, Proximus, Orange Belgium, SWIFT, Automatique Electrique de Belgique, Proximus Group, Telenet, Voxbone, and Mobistar.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] Which telecommunications organizations are located in Belgium?

[Assistant]
Let's break down the question:

1. We need to identify "telecommunications organizations" in Wikidata.
2. We need to find those that are "located in Belgium".

First, I will search for the entity representing "telecommunications organization" to use as a filter for the type of organization.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Intelsat, also known as International Telecommunications Satellite Organization, International Telecommunications Satellite Corporation, Intelsat S.A. (wd:Q778126): Luxembourgish communications satellite services provider
2. OTE, also known as Organismos Tilepikinonion Ellados AE, HTO, Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A. (wd:Q206678): Greek telecommunication company
3. International Telecommunications Satellite Organization, also known as Agreement relating to the Intern...nications Satellite Organization (wd:Q15546770): intergovernmental organization
4. European Telecommunications Satellite Organization, also known as Eutelsat IGO (wd:Q47537350): European intergovernmental organisation
5. Globalization, International Organizations, and Telecommunications (wd:Q60140176): scholarly article by Kirsten Rodine-Hardy published September 2015 in Review of Policy Research
6. Intelsat headquarters, also known as 3400 International Drive, 4000 Connecticut Avenue, INTELSAT Headquarter Building, INTELSAT Headquarters Building, International Telecommunications...ganization Headquarters Building (wd:Q6044259): space age style building in Washington, DC
7. organization, also known as organizations, organization in sociology, organisation, institution, organisations (wd:Q43229): social entity established to meet needs or pursue goals
8. .org, also known as dot-org, .organization, .org domain (wd:Q32131): generic top-level domain
9. The Organization, also known as Organization (wd:Q1986084): 1971 film by Don Medford
10. telecommunications, also known as telephone industry, telecoms, telecommunications sector, telecommunications market, ISIC 61 (wd:Q2401742): telecommunications industry in general or providers of telecommunications networks and services

[Assistant]
The search did not return a specific entity for "telecommunications organization" as a class, but it did return "telecommunications" (wd:Q2401742), which refers to the telecommunications industry or providers of telecommunications networks and services. This is likely the best candidate for filtering organizations by industry.

Next, I will search for properties related to industry or sector, to find organizations in the telecommunications sector.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. industry, also known as branch, economic branch, field of action, field of exercise, sector (wd:P452 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): specific industry of company or organization, part of
2. employment by economic sector, also known as employment by industry, employment by sector (wd:P2297 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): employment divided by sector
3. product or material produced, also known as products, product or service provided, product, material, or service produced or provided, product, producer of (wd:P1056 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): material or product produced or sold by an organization, industry, facility, or process, material or product produced by an organization, industry, facility, or process, immediate cause of
4. product, material, or service produced or provided, also known as products, product or service provided, product, material, or service produced or provided, product, output (wd:P1056 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): material or product produced or sold by an organization, industry, facility, or process, material or product produced by an organization, industry, facility, or process, immediate cause of
5. field of work, also known as scientific discipline, scientific area, responsible for, research on, research fields (wd:P101 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): specialization of a person or organization; see P106 for the occupation, interested in
6. location of creation, also known as manufactured in, manufacturing location, mint, minted at, photographed at (wd:P1071 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): place where the item was conceived or made; where applicable, location of final assembly, significant place
7. raw material processed, also known as consumed resource, commodity, raw material used, natural resource used, material used (wd:P10672 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): raw or intermediate material, or a natural resource converted or...energy (not to be confused with P186 that is used with products)
8. field of this occupation, also known as practice, works in, profession's field, practices, field of this profession (wd:P425 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): field corresponding to this occupation or profession (use only f...fessions - for people use Property:P101, for companies use P452)
9. SIC code, also known as SIC industry classification, Standard Industrial Classification code (wd:P3242 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): U.S. Standard Industrial Classification number for industries and economic activities
10. occupation, also known as job, work, vocation, profession, employment (wd:P106 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): occupation of a person; see also "field of work" (Property:P101), "position held" (Property:P39)

[Assistant]
The property "industry" (wdt:P452) is the most appropriate for filtering organizations by their industry, such as telecommunications.

Now, I need to find the entity for Belgium to filter organizations located there.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Belgium, also known as Kingdom of Belgium, BEL, be, BE, 🇧🇪 (wd:Q31): country in western Europe
2. Belgium, also known as Belgium, IL, Belgium, Illinois (wd:Q2281631): village in Illinois, United States
3. Belgium, also known as Belgium, WI (wd:Q2025327): village in Ozaukee County, Wisconsin
4. Belgium (wd:Q1658699): town in Wisconsin, United States
5. Belgium, also known as Belgium, West Virginia, Belgium, WV (wd:Q2894385): unincorporated community in West Virginia, United States
6. Belgium in the Eurovision Young Musicians, also known as Belgium (wd:Q14849447): Belgium in youth classical music contest
7. Belgium in the long nineteenth century, also known as Belgium (wd:Q16951058): history of Belgium from 1789 to 1914
8. Belgium (wd:Q106879226): family name
9. Belgium (wd:Q109469128): 2019 single by Lil Peep
10. Belgium (wd:Q19072874): poem by Florence Earle Coates

[Assistant]
The correct entity for the country Belgium is wd:Q31.

Next, I need to find the property that links organizations to their location (specifically, organizations located in Belgium). I will search for properties related to "location" or "country".

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. valid in place, also known as applies to country, applies to location, applies to place, country, true in (wd:P3005 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): place where a statement is valid, applies to part
2. country of origin, also known as origin country, place of origin, originates from, country, CoO (wd:P495 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): country of origin of this item (creative work, food, phrase, product, etc.), significant place, country
3. country of citizenship, also known as subject of (country), nation of citizenship, national of, nationality, nation (wd:P27 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): the object is a country that recognizes the subject as its citizen, country
4. country, also known as sovereign state, state, land, host country (wd:P17 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): sovereign state that this item is in (not to be used for human beings), located in the administrative territorial entity
5. operating area, also known as province served, serves jurisdiction, serves geographic region, serves geographic area, serves area (wd:P2541 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): geographic area or jurisdiction an organisation or industry operates in, serves, or has responsibility for, location
6. place of birth, also known as POB, location of birth, location born, born in, birthplace (wd:P19 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): most specific known birth location of a person, animal or fictional character, location
7. continent (wd:P30 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): continent of which the subject is a part, located in/on physical feature
8. located in the administrative territorial entity, also known as is in the settlement of, is in the voivodeship of, is in the shire of, is in the state of, is in the territory of (wd:P131 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): the item is located on the territory of the following administra...if the item falls only partially into the administrative entity., location, part of
9. place of publication, also known as published in (place), where published, release region, released in, published from (wd:P291 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): geographical place of publication of the edition (use 1st edition when referring to works), significant place
10. location, also known as neighbourhood, whereabouts, vilage, venue, town (wd:P276 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): location of the object, structure or event. In the case of an ad...ity use P706. Use P7153 for locations associated with the object

[Assistant]
The property "country" (wdt:P17) is the most direct way to filter organizations by the country they are located in.

Now, I will construct a SPARQL query to find organizations whose industry is telecommunications (wd:Q2401742) and whose country is Belgium (wd:Q31). I will also try to return their labels if available.

Here is the query I will use:
```sparql
SELECT ?org WHERE {
  ?org wdt:P452 wd:Q2401742;
       wdt:P17 wd:Q31.
  OPTIONAL { ?org rdfs:label ?label FILTER (lang(?label) = "en") }
}
```
I will execute this query to see if it returns relevant telecommunications organizations located in Belgium.

[Tool]
Got 10 rows and 1 column:
| org                                               |
| ------------------------------------------------- |
| Skyline Communications (wd:Q131334717)            |
| Télésat (wd:Q1984475)                             |
| Proximus (wd:Q2005282)                            |
| Orange Belgium (wd:Q24038997)                     |
| SWIFT (wd:Q257597)                                |
| Automatique Electrique de Belgique (wd:Q27863183) |
| Proximus Group (wd:Q566857)                       |
| Telenet (wd:Q616340)                              |
| Voxbone (wd:Q7942372)                             |
| Mobistar (wd:Q917050)                             |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=done):
The SPARQL query correctly retrieves organizations in Belgium (wd:Q31) whose industry is telecommunications (wd:Q2401742), and returns their IRIs as required. The use of OPTIONAL for labels is appropriate and does not interfere with the main result. The answer provided matches the query result. No further refinement is needed.


PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
SELECT ?award ?awardLabel WHERE {
  wd:Q319308 wdt:P166 ?award .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?award rdfs:label ?awardLabel .
    FILTER ( lang( ?awardLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}

Got 8 rows and 2 columns:
| award                                                              | awardLabel                                               |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------ | -------------------------------------------------------- |
| Guggenheim Fellowship (wd:Q1316544)                                | Guggenheim Fellowship (en)                               |
| Albertus-Magnus professorate (wd:Q2639529)                         | Albertus-Magnus professorate (en)                        |
| Barwise Prize (wd:Q4865981)                                        | Barwise Prize (en)                                       |
| Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (wd:Q52382875) | Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (en) |
| National Book Award (wd:Q572316)                                   | National Book Award (en)                                 |
| CSS Fellow (wd:Q59766571)                                          | CSS Fellow (en)                                          |
| Fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (wd:Q61745062)       | Fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (en)       |
| Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction (wd:Q784589)                 | Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction (en)               |

Douglas Hofstadter has won the following awards (with their Wikidata IRIs):
- Guggenheim Fellowship (wd:Q1316544)
- Albertus-Magnus professorate (wd:Q2639529)
- Barwise Prize (wd:Q4865981)
- Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (wd:Q52382875)
- National Book Award (wd:Q572316)
- CSS Fellow (wd:Q59766571)
- Fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (wd:Q61745062)
- Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction (wd:Q784589)

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] Which awards did Douglas Hofstadter win?

[Assistant]
Let's break down the question:

1. The user wants to know which awards Douglas Hofstadter has won.
2. First, I need to identify the correct Wikidata entity for Douglas Hofstadter.
3. Then, I need to find the property that links a person to awards they have received.
4. Finally, I will construct a SPARQL query to retrieve the awards won by Douglas Hofstadter.

I'll start by searching for the Wikidata entity for Douglas Hofstadter.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Douglas Hofstadter, also known as Douglas R. Hofstadter, Douglas Richard Hofstadter (wd:Q319308): American physicist, computer scientist and  professor of cognitive science, university teacher, computer scientist, philosopher, physicist, writer
2. Douglas, also known as Doolish, Douglas, Isle of Man (wd:Q18569): capital city of the Isle of Man
3. Douglas, also known as Douglas, Arizona, Douglas, AZ (wd:Q79878): city in Cochise County, Arizona, United States
4. Douglas, also known as Douglas, Wyoming, Douglas, WY (wd:Q983438): city in Converse County, Wyoming, United States
5. Douglas, also known as Douglas Aircraft Company (wd:Q651778): 1921-1967 aerospace manufacturer in the United States
6. Douglas, also known as Douglas, GA, Douglas, Georgia (wd:Q1004791): city in Coffee County, Georgia, United States
7. Douglas, also known as Douglas, AL (wd:Q66753): town in Marshall County, Alabama, in the United States
8. Douglas, also known as Douglas Pereira, Douglas Pereira dos Santos (wd:Q1988686): Brazilian association football player, born 1990, association football player
9. Douglas, also known as Douglas, MI, Douglas, Michigan (wd:Q2172413): city in Michigan, United States
10. Douglas, also known as Douglas, ND, Douglas, North Dakota (wd:Q2226686): city in Ward County, North Dakota, United States

[Assistant]
The correct Wikidata entity for Douglas Hofstadter is wd:Q319308.

Next, I need to find the property that links a person to the awards they have received. I'll search for properties related to "award".

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. award received, also known as win, winner of, recognition title, received award, prize received (wd:P166 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): award or recognition received by a person, organization or creative work
2. conferred by, also known as presented by, officiated by, issued by, granted by, given by (wd:P1027 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): person or organization who grants an award, certification, grant, or role
3. winner, also known as nominee, prizewinner, titleholder, top dog, victor (wd:P1346 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): winner of a competition or similar event, not to be used for awa...ssibly qualified with "for work" (P1686)) or for wars or battles, participating team, participant
4. grants, also known as awards, bestows, confers, gives out (wd:P5460 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): confers degree, honor, award, prize, title, certificate or medal denoting achievement to a person or organization
5. nominated for, also known as nominee for, shortlisted for, selected for award, selected for, nominee for award (wd:P1411 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): award nomination received by a person, organisation or creative work (inspired from "award received" (Property:P166))
6. for work, also known as awarded for work, citation for award, for their work on, nominated for work (wd:P1686 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): qualifier of award received (P166) to specify the work that an award was given to the creator for
7. award rationale, also known as award citation, rationale, award reason (wd:P6208 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): qualifier to add short citation explaining the official reason f... or add comments about a person's award. No quote marked needed.
8. nominee, also known as award nominee (wd:P2453 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): qualifier used with “nominated for” to specify which person or organization was nominated
9. eligible recipient, also known as eligible recipient for award, type of recipient who is eligible for this award (wd:P8115 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): party that is eligible to receive something, like an award, grant or prize
10. awarded for period (wd:P4566 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): period during which the achievement must have been made to be eligible for an award

[Assistant]
The most relevant property for awards received is "award received" (wd:P166).

Now, I will construct a SPARQL query to find all awards received by Douglas Hofstadter (wd:Q319308) using the property "award received" (wd:P166). I will also try to include the labels of the awards for readability, but the main result will be the IRIs.

Here is the query I will use:

```sparql
SELECT ?award ?awardLabel WHERE {
  wd:Q319308 wdt:P166 ?award .
  OPTIONAL { ?award rdfs:label ?awardLabel . FILTER (lang(?awardLabel) = "en") }
}
```

I will execute this query to get the results.

[Tool]
Got 8 rows and 2 columns:
| award                                                              | awardLabel                                               |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------ | -------------------------------------------------------- |
| Guggenheim Fellowship (wd:Q1316544)                                | Guggenheim Fellowship (en)                               |
| Albertus-Magnus professorate (wd:Q2639529)                         | Albertus-Magnus professorate (en)                        |
| Barwise Prize (wd:Q4865981)                                        | Barwise Prize (en)                                       |
| Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (wd:Q52382875) | Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (en) |
| National Book Award (wd:Q572316)                                   | National Book Award (en)                                 |
| CSS Fellow (wd:Q59766571)                                          | CSS Fellow (en)                                          |
| Fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (wd:Q61745062)       | Fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (en)       |
| Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction (wd:Q784589)                 | Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction (en)               |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=done):
The SPARQL query correctly retrieves all awards received by Douglas Hofstadter using the appropriate property (wdt:P166) and returns the IRIs of the awards as required. The labels are included in an OPTIONAL clause, which is appropriate. The answer is complete and follows all the specified rules.


PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
SELECT ?areaCode WHERE {
  wd:Q64 wdt:P473 ?areaCode
}

Got 1 row and 1 column:
| areaCode |
| -------- |
| 030      |

The area code of Berlin is 030.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] What is the area code of Berlin?

[Assistant]
Let's break down the question:

1. We need to identify the entity for "Berlin" in Wikidata.
2. We need to find the property for "area code" (likely a telephone area code).
3. We will then write a SPARQL query to retrieve the area code(s) for Berlin.

First, let's search for the entity "Berlin" in Wikidata.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Berlin, also known as Berlin (Germany), Berlin, Germany, DE-BE (wd:Q64): federated state, capital and largest city of Germany
2. Berlin, also known as Berlin, New Hampshire, Berlin, NH (wd:Q821244): city in Coos County, New Hampshire, United States
3. Lincoln, also known as Berlin, Lincoln, IA, Lincoln, Iowa (wd:Q1930098): city in Iowa, United States
4. Berlin (wd:Q614184): town in Maryland, United States
5. Berlin, also known as Berlin, New Jersey, Long-a-Coming, New Jersey, Berlin, NJ (wd:Q1086827): borough in Camden County, New Jersey, United States
6. Berlin, also known as Berlin, GA, Berlin, Georgia, USA, Berlin, USA (wd:Q2345711): town in Colquitt County, Georgia, United States
7. Berlin, also known as Berlin, WI, Berlin, Wisconsin (wd:Q1569850): city in Green Lake and Waushara counties, Wisconsin, United States
8. Berlin, also known as Berlin, ND, Berlin, North Dakota (wd:Q821229): city in North Dakota
9. Berlin (wd:Q2504681): village in Illinois, U.S.
10. Berlin (wd:Q821198): American synthpop band

[Assistant]
The most relevant entity for Berlin, Germany is wd:Q64.

Next, let's search for the property related to "area code" (specifically telephone area code) in Wikidata.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. local dialing code, also known as area code, dialling code, local calling code, local dialling code, STD code (wd:P473 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): identifier dedicated to subject city by the area communication network
2. CDDA designationTypeCode, also known as designated area code, CDDA type ID, CDDA type, CDDA, CDDA code (wd:P9800 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): code for the national designation type used in the Common Database on Designated Areas inventory (CDDA)
3. country calling code, also known as calling code, country code, country dialing code, dialing code, phone code (wd:P474 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): identifier for a country - dialed on phone after the international dialing prefix (precede value by +)
4. location code (wd:P13262 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): an assigned code for the location (physical or virtual) within a given system (please use more specific property if available), catalog code
5. mobile country code, also known as ITU-T country identifier, MCC (wd:P2258 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): identifier for countries in ITU-T Recommendation E.212 for use in describing mobile networks
6. postal code, also known as pincode, PIN Code, postal index number, post code, postcode (wd:P281 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): identifier assigned by postal authorities for the subject area or building
7. official number of town quarter, also known as Chak number, district number, region number, village number (wd:P5901 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): official number for the administrative division or section, region or part of a town
8. ATC code, also known as ATCC (wd:P267 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): therapeutic chemical identification code per ATC
9. operating area, also known as province served, serves jurisdiction, serves geographic region, serves geographic area, serves area (wd:P2541 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): geographic area or jurisdiction an organisation or industry operates in, serves, or has responsibility for, location
10. station code, also known as station identifier, station number, station numbering, telegraph code (wd:P296 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): generic identifier for a railway station, when possible, use spe... certain coding system (e.g. P1378 for China Railway TMIS codes), location code

[Assistant]
The most relevant property for telephone area code is "local dialing code" (wd:P473).

Now, I will construct a SPARQL query to retrieve the area code(s) (local dialing code) for Berlin (wd:Q64).

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| areaCode |
| -------- |
| 030      |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=done):
The SPARQL query is correct and directly retrieves the area code (P473) for Berlin (Q64) from Wikidata. The answer matches the expected result, and the query returns the actual value as required. No further refinement is necessary.


PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
SELECT DISTINCT ?company ?website ?companyLabel WHERE {
  ?company wdt:P31 / wdt:P279 * wd:Q783794 ; wdt:P1128 ?employees ; wdt:P856 ?website .
  FILTER ( ?employees > 500000 ) OPTIONAL {
    ?company rdfs:label ?companyLabel FILTER ( lang( ?companyLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}

Got 31 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| company                                           | website                                | companyLabel                              |
| ------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------- |
| DHL Group (wd:Q109931818)                         | <https://www.dpdhl.com>                | DHL Group (en)                            |
| G4S (wd:Q1322045)                                 | <http://www.g4s.com>                   | G4S (en)                                  |
| Tata Consultancy Services (wd:Q13227919)          | <https://www.tcs.com/>                 | Tata Consultancy Services (en)            |
| Volkswagen Group (wd:Q156578)                     | <https://www.volkswagenag.com/>        | Volkswagen Group (en)                     |
| Volkswagen Group (wd:Q156578)                     | <https://www.volkswagenag.com/de.html> | Volkswagen Group (en)                     |
| ...                                               | ...                                    | ...                                       |
| China National Petroleum Corporation (wd:Q588786) | <http://www.cnpc.com.cn/es/>           | China National Petroleum Corporation (en) |
| China National Petroleum Corporation (wd:Q588786) | <http://www.cnpc.com.cn/ru/>           | China National Petroleum Corporation (en) |
| Russian Railways (wd:Q660770)                     | <https://eng.rzd.ru>                   | Russian Railways (en)                     |
| Russian Railways (wd:Q660770)                     | <https://www.rzd.ru/>                  | Russian Railways (en)                     |
| United States Postal Service (wd:Q668687)         | <https://www.usps.com/>                | United States Postal Service (en)         |

This query retrieves the websites of all companies (including subclasses) with more than 500,000 employees, ensuring each company-website pair appears only once in the results.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] Give me the websites of companies with more than 500000 employees.

[Assistant]
Let's break down the question:

1. We need to find entities that are companies.
2. These companies should have more than 500,000 employees.
3. We want to retrieve their websites.

First, I will search for the entity representing "company" in Wikidata.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. company, also known as co., firm (wd:Q783794): legal entity representing an association of people, whether natural, legal or a mixture of both, with a specific objective
2. company, also known as company (military unit), military company (wd:Q102538): military unit size designation
3. enterprise, also known as business enterprise, firm, company (wd:Q6881511): organizational unit producing goods or services, which benefits ...n-making, especially for the allocation of its current resources
4. Company (wd:Q225093): 2002 film directed by Ram Gopal Varma
5. Company (wd:Q2915810): 1970 musical comedy by Stephen Sondheim
6. Company (wd:Q23723998): 2016 single by Justin Bieber
7. The Company, also known as Company (wd:Q681815): 2003 film by Robert Altman
8. Company (wd:Q5155503): 1979 short novel by Samuel Beckett, Your dream team, real rewards
9. .company (wd:Q16048325): top-level domain
10. Manuel Compañy, also known as Compañy (wd:Q15876995): Spanish photographer, photographer

[Assistant]
The most relevant entity for "company" as a business organization is wd:Q783794.

Next, I need to find the property for "number of employees" and the property for "website". I will search for these properties.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. employees, also known as workers, staff, personnel, number of employees, employee count (wd:P1128 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): total number of employees of a company at a given "point in time...not deprecated rank). Add data for recent years, don't overwrite
2. employer, also known as working at, working for, working place, works at, works for (wd:P108 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): person or organization for which the subject works or worked, affiliation
3. significant person, also known as significant people, sigper, sign. person, relevant person, relevant people (wd:P3342 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): person linked to the item in any possible way
4. member count, also known as total members, number of members, count of members, amount of members, membership (wd:P2124 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): number of entities that are part of an organization at a particular time
5. number of seats, also known as membership quantity, number of seats (members), quantity of members, seats (members) (wd:P1342 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): total number of seats/members in an assembly (legislative house or similar)
6. category for employees of the organization, also known as Academic staff, category for employees of the organisation, Professor (wd:P4195 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): Wikimedia category for people who work or worked at this organization
7. work location, also known as work place, working from, working at, worked from, worked at (wd:P937 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): location where persons or organisations were actively participating in employment, business or other work, significant place, location
8. number of works, also known as works, works posted, work count, posts posted, posts (wd:P3740 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): qualifier on identifiers, e.g. for creators or locations, giving... external database associated with the subject of the identifier
9. employment by economic sector, also known as employment by industry, employment by sector (wd:P2297 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): employment divided by sector
10. in work (wd:P2553 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): qualifier of award received and nominated for (P1411) to specify...ominated creative work appeared causing the nomination/award win

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. official shop URL, also known as online store, shop, shop URL, store, store URL (wd:P10225 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): official URL where the agent sells products/merchandise, official website
2. official website, also known as site (official), home page, site official, URL, URL (official) (wd:P856 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): URL of the official page of an item (current or former). Usage: ...but see the "Hijacked or dead websites" section of the Talk page, URL
3. title of broader work, also known as container title, website title (wd:P6333 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): title of website, journal or other work in which an article (or ...is published in. Use "published in" (P1433) instead if possible.
4. login URL, also known as sign-in URL, sign in URL, sign-in page, sign in page, login page (wd:P11903 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): URL of a webpage used to log into a service, URL
5. product or material produced, also known as products, product or service provided, product, material, or service produced or provided, product, producer of (wd:P1056 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): material or product produced or sold by an organization, industry, facility, or process, material or product produced by an organization, industry, facility, or process, immediate cause of
6. product, material, or service produced or provided, also known as products, product or service provided, product, material, or service produced or provided, product, output (wd:P1056 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): material or product produced or sold by an organization, industry, facility, or process, material or product produced by an organization, industry, facility, or process, immediate cause of
7. sitemap URL, also known as sitemap xml, site map URL, sitemap (wd:P11212 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): URL to the sitemap of the subject's official website, URL
8. subreddit, also known as r/, reddit, Reddit community ID, Reddit forum, Reddit sub ID (wd:P3984 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): name of the Reddit forum associated to this subject
9. reference URL, also known as URL fonte, webref, URL ref, URL, site (wd:P854 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): should be used for Internet URLs as references. Use "Wikimedia import URL" (P4656) for imports from WMF sites, URL
10. URL, also known as Uniform Resource Locator, URLs, Uniform Resource Locators (wd:P2699 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): location of a resource

[Assistant]
The relevant properties are:
- Number of employees: wdt:P1128
- Official website: wdt:P856

Now, I will construct a SPARQL query to find companies (wd:Q783794) with more than 500,000 employees (wdt:P1128 > 500000) and retrieve their official websites (wdt:P856). I will also include optional labels for readability.

[Tool]
Got 2 rows and 3 columns:
| company                   | website                 | companyLabel   |
| ------------------------- | ----------------------- | -------------- |
| DHL Group (wd:Q109931818) | <https://www.dpdhl.com> | DHL Group (en) |
| DHL (wd:Q489815)          | <https://www.dhl.com>   | DHL (en)       |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=refine):
The SPARQL query is mostly correct, but it currently restricts results to entities that are an instance of 'company' (wd:Q783794). However, many large companies on Wikidata may be classified as 'public company' (wd:Q891723), 'business enterprise' (wd:Q4830453), or other subclasses of company. To ensure completeness, the query should include companies that are instances of subclasses of 'company' as well. Consider using a property path (wdt:P31/wdt:P279*) to include all subclasses of company. This will likely yield a more comprehensive list of companies with more than 500,000 employees.

[Assistant]
Thank you for the feedback. You are correct: many large companies may be classified as instances of subclasses of "company" (wd:Q783794), such as "public company" (wd:Q891723), "business enterprise" (wd:Q4830453), etc. To capture all such entities, I should use a property path wdt:P31/wdt:P279* to include all instances of subclasses of "company".

I will update the SPARQL query accordingly and rerun it to provide a more comprehensive answer.

[Tool]
Got 98 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| company                                   | website                 | companyLabel                      |
| ----------------------------------------- | ----------------------- | --------------------------------- |
| DHL Group (wd:Q109931818)                 | <https://www.dpdhl.com> | DHL Group (en)                    |
| G4S (wd:Q1322045)                         | <http://www.g4s.com>    | G4S (en)                          |
| G4S (wd:Q1322045)                         | <http://www.g4s.com>    | G4S (en)                          |
| G4S (wd:Q1322045)                         | <http://www.g4s.com>    | G4S (en)                          |
| G4S (wd:Q1322045)                         | <http://www.g4s.com>    | G4S (en)                          |
| ...                                       | ...                     | ...                               |
| Russian Railways (wd:Q660770)             | <https://eng.rzd.ru>    | Russian Railways (en)             |
| Russian Railways (wd:Q660770)             | <https://www.rzd.ru/>   | Russian Railways (en)             |
| Russian Railways (wd:Q660770)             | <https://www.rzd.ru/>   | Russian Railways (en)             |
| United States Postal Service (wd:Q668687) | <https://www.usps.com/> | United States Postal Service (en) |
| United States Postal Service (wd:Q668687) | <https://www.usps.com/> | United States Postal Service (en) |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=refine):
The query is generally correct and retrieves companies (and their subclasses) with more than 500,000 employees and their websites. However, there are duplicate rows for the same company and website, likely due to multiple statements or labels. To improve the result, add a DISTINCT modifier to the SELECT clause to avoid duplicate entries. The query should be:

SELECT DISTINCT ?company ?website ?companyLabel WHERE { ... }

This will ensure each company-website pair appears only once in the results.

[Assistant]
Thank you for the suggestion. You are correct: adding the DISTINCT modifier to the SELECT clause will ensure that each company-website pair appears only once, eliminating duplicates caused by multiple statements or labels.

Here is the improved SPARQL query with DISTINCT added to the SELECT clause:

SELECT DISTINCT ?company ?website ?companyLabel WHERE {
  ?company wdt:P31/wdt:P279* wd:Q783794 ;
          wdt:P1128 ?employees ;
          wdt:P856 ?website .
  FILTER(?employees > 500000)
  OPTIONAL { ?company rdfs:label ?companyLabel FILTER (lang(?companyLabel) = "en") }
}

I will now finalize this as the answer.

[Tool] Stopped generation process


PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
SELECT DISTINCT ?cosmonaut ?cosmonautLabel WHERE {
  {
    ?cosmonaut wdt:P106 wd:Q12634815 ; wdt:P31 wd:Q5 .
  } UNION {
    ?cosmonaut wdt:P106 wd:Q11631 ; wdt:P463 ?program ; wdt:P31 wd:Q5 .
    FILTER ( ?program IN ( wd:Q849730 , wd:Q9063118 ) )
  } UNION {
    ?cosmonaut wdt:P450 ?mission ; wdt:P31 wd:Q5 .
    ?mission wdt:P137 ?program .
    FILTER ( ?program IN ( wd:Q849730 , wd:Q9063118 ) )
  } UNION {
    ?cosmonaut wdt:P463 ?program ; wdt:P31 wd:Q5 .
    FILTER ( ?program IN ( wd:Q849730 , wd:Q9063118 ) )
  }
  OPTIONAL {
    ?cosmonaut rdfs:label ?cosmonautLabel .
    FILTER ( lang( ?cosmonautLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}

Got 103 rows and 2 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| cosmonaut                                       | cosmonautLabel                       |
| ----------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------ |
| Vladimir Komarov (wd:Q104865)                   | Vladimir Komarov (en)                |
| Svetlana Oktyabrevna Omelchenko (wd:Q108169808) | Svetlana Oktyabrevna Omelchenko (en) |
| Aleksandr Gorbunov (wd:Q109493064)              | Aleksandr Gorbunov (en)              |
| Lev Vorobyov (wd:Q1129526)                      | Lev Vorobyov (en)                    |
| Marina Vasilevskaya (wd:Q118185958)             | Marina Vasilevskaya (en)             |
| ...                                             | ...                                  |
| Jügderdemidiin Gürragchaa (wd:Q81129)           | Jügderdemidiin Gürragchaa (en)       |
| Maidarzhavyn Ganzorig (wd:Q823491)              | Maidarzhavyn Ganzorig (en)           |
| Dmitri Zaikin (wd:Q905516)                      | Dmitri Zaikin (en)                   |
| Zenon Jankowski (wd:Q916497)                    | Zenon Jankowski (en)                 |
| Gennady Manakov (wd:Q956160)                    | Gennady Manakov (en)                 |

This query returns all cosmonauts in Wikidata who are humans, including those with the occupation 'cosmonaut', those with the occupation 'astronaut' who are members of the Soviet or Russian space programs, and those associated with relevant space missions or organizations. Labels are returned in English only.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] Give me all cosmonauts.

[Assistant]
Let's break down the question:

1. The user is asking for all cosmonauts.
2. "Cosmonaut" is a specific term, often used for Russian or Soviet space travelers, but may be represented as an occupation or subclass in Wikidata.
3. I need to find the correct entity for "cosmonaut" in Wikidata, and then find all people with that occupation or class.

First, I will search for the entity "cosmonaut" in Wikidata.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. astronaut, also known as cosmonaut, vyomanaut, taikonaut, spationaut, spacionaut (wd:Q11631): person who commands, pilots, or serves as a crew member of a spacecraft
2. The Cosmonaut, also known as Cosmonaut (wd:Q3016381): 2013 film directed by Nicolás Alcalá
3. Forsaken, also known as Cosmonaut, Forsaken: Mission Mars, Martian, Prishelets, The Cosmonaut (wd:Q55659194): 2018 Russian science fiction film by Aleksandr Kulikov
4. Cosmonaut, also known as Cosmonauta (wd:Q3695198): 2009 film directed by Susanna Nicchiarelli
5. cosmonaut, also known as Russian astronaut (wd:Q12634815): astronaut from the former Soviet Union and its satellite countries and today's Russia
6. Cosmonaut (wd:Q5174345): 2010 studio album by Bump of Chicken
7. COSMONAUT (wd:Q122343082): 2018 video game
8. cosmonaut (wd:L493546-S2)
9. cosmonaut (wd:L30879)
10. cosmonaut (wd:L30879-F1)

[Assistant]
From the search results, there are two relevant entities:

- wd:Q11631: astronaut, also known as cosmonaut, vyomanaut, taikonaut, spationaut, spacionaut (general term for space travelers)
- wd:Q12634815: cosmonaut, also known as Russian astronaut (specifically for astronauts from the former Soviet Union and Russia)

Since the user specifically asked for "cosmonauts," wd:Q12634815 is the most precise entity.

Next, I need to find all people who are cosmonauts. This is likely represented as an occupation (property "occupation") or as an instance/subclass.

I'll search for the property "occupation" to confirm its property ID.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. occupation, also known as job, work, vocation, profession, employment (wd:P106 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): occupation of a person; see also "field of work" (Property:P101), "position held" (Property:P39)
2. field of this occupation, also known as practice, works in, profession's field, practices, field of this profession (wd:P425 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): field corresponding to this occupation or profession (use only f...fessions - for people use Property:P101, for companies use P452)
3. members have occupation, also known as profession of members, organization of, organization for, organisation of, organisation for (wd:P3989 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): some or all members of this group share the occupation
4. practiced by, also known as proponent, studied by, practitioners, practioner, occupation of this field (wd:P3095 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): type of agents that study this subject or work in this field
5. position held, also known as function, held position, holds position, job, office held (wd:P39 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): subject currently or formerly holds the object position or public office
6. employer, also known as working at, working for, working place, works at, works for (wd:P108 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): person or organization for which the subject works or worked, affiliation
7. country of citizenship, also known as subject of (country), nation of citizenship, national of, nationality, nation (wd:P27 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): the object is a country that recognizes the subject as its citizen, country
8. occupant, also known as tenant, resident, renter, occupiers, lessee (wd:P466 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): person or organization occupying property, used by
9. field of work, also known as scientific discipline, scientific area, responsible for, research on, research fields (wd:P101 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): specialization of a person or organization; see P106 for the occupation, interested in
10. work location, also known as work place, working from, working at, worked from, worked at (wd:P937 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): location where persons or organisations were actively participating in employment, business or other work, significant place, location

[Assistant]
The property "occupation" is wd:P106. To get all cosmonauts, I need to find all people whose occupation (wd:P106) is "cosmonaut" (wd:Q12634815).

Now, I'll write a SPARQL query to select all entities with occupation "cosmonaut" and optionally include their labels.

[Tool]
Got 8 rows and 2 columns:
| cosmonaut                                       | cosmonautLabel                       |
| ----------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------ |
| Void (wd:Q106373153)                            | Void (en)                            |
| Svetlana Oktyabrevna Omelchenko (wd:Q108169808) | Svetlana Oktyabrevna Omelchenko (en) |
| Aleksandr Gorbunov (wd:Q109493064)              | Aleksandr Gorbunov (en)              |
| Marina Vasilevskaya (wd:Q118185958)             | Marina Vasilevskaya (en)             |
| Ural Sultanov (wd:Q15210574)                    | Ural Sultanov (en)                   |
| Anna Kikina (wd:Q18352451)                      | Anna Kikina (en)                     |
| Vladimír Remek (wd:Q254985)                     | Vladimír Remek (en)                  |
| Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez (wd:Q362902)              | Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez (en)           |

[Assistant]
I found several entities whose occupation is specifically "cosmonaut" (wd:Q12634815). Here is a SPARQL query that returns all cosmonauts (with their IRIs and optional English labels):

```sparql
SELECT ?cosmonaut ?cosmonautLabel WHERE {
  ?cosmonaut wdt:P106 wd:Q12634815 .
  OPTIONAL { ?cosmonaut rdfs:label ?cosmonautLabel . FILTER (lang(?cosmonautLabel) = "en") }
}
```

This query will return all Wikidata entities whose occupation is "cosmonaut," along with their English labels if available.

[User]
Feedback (status=refine):
The query is on the right track by selecting entities whose occupation is 'cosmonaut' (wd:Q12634815). However, the result set is suspiciously small (only 8 entities), which is far fewer than the actual number of cosmonauts. This suggests that not all cosmonauts in Wikidata are marked with this specific occupation. Many cosmonauts may have 'astronaut' (wd:Q488839) as their occupation, or may be included via other properties such as 'member of' (P463) with 'Soviet space program' or 'Russian space program', or via 'space traveler' (P1029). To improve recall, the query should be expanded to include these alternative ways cosmonauts are represented in Wikidata. Please refine the query to capture all cosmonauts, not just those with the exact occupation 'cosmonaut'.

[Assistant]
Thank you for the feedback. You are correct: many cosmonauts may be represented in Wikidata with the more general occupation "astronaut" (wd:Q488839), or as members of the "Soviet space program" or "Russian space program", or via the "space traveler" property (P1029). To improve recall, I need to:

1. Include people whose occupation is either "cosmonaut" (wd:Q12634815) or "astronaut" (wd:Q488839), but only if they are associated with the Soviet or Russian programs.
2. Include people who are members (P463) of the "Soviet space program" (wd:Q157304) or "Russian space program" (wd:Q217438).
3. Include people who have "space traveler" (P1029) missions that are part of the Soviet or Russian programs.

First, I will verify the entity IDs for "astronaut", "Soviet space program", "Russian space program", and "space traveler" property.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. astronaut, also known as cosmonaut, vyomanaut, taikonaut, spationaut, spacionaut (wd:Q11631): person who commands, pilots, or serves as a crew member of a spacecraft
2. Astronaut (wd:Q2453076): 2004 studio album by Duran Duran
3. commercial astronaut, also known as astronaut (wd:Q2868586): astronaut employed by a company instead of a government
4. Astronaut (wd:Q67021662): 2019 film directed by Shelagh McLeod
5. Astronaut (wd:Q3627648): song by Simple Plan
6. Astronaut (wd:Q21051376): 2015 German song performed by Sido
7. Astronaut (wd:Q751700): album by Unheilig
8. Astronaut (wd:Q4811608): album by Salem Al Fakir
9. Astronaut (wd:Q122929411): 2023 studio album by Ash Walker
10. astronaut (wd:Q110209908): term used for space travellers in many western countries

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Soviet space program, also known as space program of the Soviet Union, Soviet space programme (wd:Q849730): national space program of the Soviet Union
2. Soviet spacemen's programme (wd:Q71913933): journal article; published in Nature on 1975-2
3. Voices of the Soviet Space Program (wd:Q95417882)
4. German influence on the Soviet space program (wd:Q113134448): German influence on the Soviet space program after WWII
5. space program (wd:Q60054001): organized effort by a government with a goal related to space
6. space program (wd:Q127161942): Strong Bad Email 138
7. space program (wd:L860930-S1)
8. Apollo space program, also known as Apollo, Apollo program, Project Apollo (wd:Q46611): 1961–1972 American human spaceflight program
9. Kerbal Space Program, also known as KSP (wd:Q1471545): 2015 sandbox-style space flight simulator game
10. Space Shuttle program, also known as Space Transportation System, STS (wd:Q1775296): United States government's crewed launch vehicle program, administered by NASA from 1972 to 2011

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Russian space program (wd:Q9063118): national space program of the Russian Federation
2. Russian Space Program (NAID 101938176) (wd:Q67417550): item in the National Archives and Records Administration's holdings
3. Russian Space Program (NAID 101938175) (wd:Q67417549): item in the National Archives and Records Administration's holdings
4. Russian Space Program (NAID 101938017) (wd:Q67417115): item in the National Archives and Records Administration's holdings
5. The Iranian Space Program and Russian Assistance (wd:Q58507216)
6. Current status of the Russian space programme (wd:Q127884490): scholarly article
7. space program (wd:Q60054001): organized effort by a government with a goal related to space
8. space program (wd:Q127161942): Strong Bad Email 138
9. space program (wd:L860930-S1)
10. Apollo space program, also known as Apollo, Apollo program, Project Apollo (wd:Q46611): 1961–1972 American human spaceflight program

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. astronaut mission, also known as cosmonaut mission (wd:P450 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): space mission that the subject is or has been a member of (do not include future missions), participant in, item operated
2. vessel, also known as spacecraft, vessel, vehicle used, vehicle, uses vehicle (wd:P1876 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): vessel involved in this mission, navigation or event
3. time in space, also known as logged space hours, space exposure (wd:P2873 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): time in space by an astronaut or cosmonaut, duration
4. satellite view, also known as satellite photograph, view from space, space view, space photograph, space image (wd:P11832 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): image of the subject taken from outer space, aerial view
5. UTC date of spacecraft landing, also known as landing time, time of spacecraft landing, spacecraft landing time, spacecraft landing date, landing date (wd:P620 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): date of spacecraft landing in UTC
6. child astronomical body, also known as child body, secondary, satellite, orbited by, has planet (wd:P398 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): minor body that belongs to the item
7. space launch vehicle, also known as carrier rocket, launched vehicle, launch vehicle, rocket used (wd:P375 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): type of rocket or other vehicle for launching subject payload into outer space
8. companion of, also known as has astronomical companion, has companion, companion, astronomic companion of, astronomic companion (wd:P399 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): two or more astronomic bodies of the same type relating to each other
9. co-driver, also known as codriver, navigator, copilot, co-pilot (wd:P2095 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): rally team member who performs as a co-driver or co-pilot, partner in business or sport
10. space tug, also known as kick stage, payload deliverer, upper stage (wd:P1201 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): spacecraft vehicle designed to move the payload from a reference...o the target orbit, or direct it to an interplanetary trajectory

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. member of political party, also known as political party member, political party, party membership, party, member of party (wd:P102 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): the political party of which a person is or has been a member or otherwise affiliated, member of
2. member of, also known as band member of, membership, member of musical group, in musical group, be member of (wd:P463 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): organization, club or musical group to which the subject belongs...ical position, such as a member of parliament (use P39 for that), part of
3. members have occupation, also known as profession of members, organization of, organization for, organisation of, organisation for (wd:P3989 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): some or all members of this group share the occupation
4. member count, also known as total members, number of members, count of members, amount of members, membership (wd:P2124 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): number of entities that are part of an organization at a particular time
5. contains the administrative territorial entity, also known as has shires, has rural cities, has regions, has municipalities, has members (wd:P150 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): (list of) direct subdivisions of an administrative territorial entity, has part(s)
6. has part(s), also known as has component, incorporates, has ingredient, has ingredients, has member (wd:P527 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): part of this subject; inverse property of "part of" (P361). See also "has parts of the class" (P2670).
7. affiliation, also known as association, sister society, affiliated with, affiliated to, associated with (wd:P1416 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): organization that a person or organization is affiliated with (not necessarily member of or employed by)
8. member category, also known as category for members (wd:P6365 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): category item for members of the organization
9. represented by, also known as agent, managed by, manager, managing agent, rep (wd:P1875 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): person or agency that represents or manages the subject
10. start time, also known as start date, since, valid, join time, joined (wd:P580 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): time an entity begins to exist or a statement starts being valid, point in time

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. astronaut mission, also known as cosmonaut mission (wd:P450 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): space mission that the subject is or has been a member of (do not include future missions), participant in, item operated
2. vessel, also known as spacecraft, vessel, vehicle used, vehicle, uses vehicle (wd:P1876 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): vessel involved in this mission, navigation or event
3. time in space, also known as logged space hours, space exposure (wd:P2873 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): time in space by an astronaut or cosmonaut, duration
4. satellite view, also known as satellite photograph, view from space, space view, space photograph, space image (wd:P11832 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): image of the subject taken from outer space, aerial view
5. UTC date of spacecraft landing, also known as landing time, time of spacecraft landing, spacecraft landing time, spacecraft landing date, landing date (wd:P620 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): date of spacecraft landing in UTC
6. child astronomical body, also known as child body, secondary, satellite, orbited by, has planet (wd:P398 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): minor body that belongs to the item
7. space launch vehicle, also known as carrier rocket, launched vehicle, launch vehicle, rocket used (wd:P375 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): type of rocket or other vehicle for launching subject payload into outer space
8. companion of, also known as has astronomical companion, has companion, companion, astronomic companion of, astronomic companion (wd:P399 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): two or more astronomic bodies of the same type relating to each other
9. co-driver, also known as codriver, navigator, copilot, co-pilot (wd:P2095 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): rally team member who performs as a co-driver or co-pilot, partner in business or sport
10. space tug, also known as kick stage, payload deliverer, upper stage (wd:P1201 as prn/pqv/psv/prv/pqn/ps/wdtn/p/pq/pr/psn/wdt): spacecraft vehicle designed to move the payload from a reference...o the target orbit, or direct it to an interplanetary trajectory

[Assistant]
Here are the relevant entities and properties for expanding the query:

- "cosmonaut" occupation: wd:Q12634815
- "astronaut" occupation: wd:Q11631 (not wd:Q488839 as previously thought)
- "Soviet space program": wd:Q849730
- "Russian space program": wd:Q9063118
- "member of": wd:P463
- "astronaut mission" (space mission participated in): wd:P450

Now, I will construct a query that includes:
1. People whose occupation is "cosmonaut" (wd:Q12634815).
2. People whose occupation is "astronaut" (wd:Q11631) AND who are members of the Soviet or Russian space programs.
3. People who have participated in a space mission (P450) that is part of the Soviet or Russian space programs.
4. People who are members (P463) of the Soviet or Russian space programs.

I will use UNION to combine these criteria and ensure deduplication with SELECT DISTINCT.

[Tool]
Got 105 rows and 2 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| cosmonaut                                       | cosmonautLabel                       |
| ----------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------ |
| Vladimir Komarov (wd:Q104865)                   | Vladimir Komarov (en)                |
| Void (wd:Q106373153)                            | Void (en)                            |
| Svetlana Oktyabrevna Omelchenko (wd:Q108169808) | Svetlana Oktyabrevna Omelchenko (en) |
| Aleksandr Gorbunov (wd:Q109493064)              | Aleksandr Gorbunov (en)              |
| Lev Vorobyov (wd:Q1129526)                      | Lev Vorobyov (en)                    |
| ...                                             | ...                                  |
| Maidarzhavyn Ganzorig (wd:Q823491)              | Maidarzhavyn Ganzorig (en)           |
| Mushka (wd:Q85407028)                           | Mushka (en)                          |
| Dmitri Zaikin (wd:Q905516)                      | Dmitri Zaikin (en)                   |
| Zenon Jankowski (wd:Q916497)                    | Zenon Jankowski (en)                 |
| Gennady Manakov (wd:Q956160)                    | Gennady Manakov (en)                 |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=refine):
The query is comprehensive and covers multiple ways a person could be considered a cosmonaut, including occupation, program membership, and mission participation. However, there are some issues to address:

1. The query may include non-human entities (e.g., 'Void', 'Mushka'), which are not cosmonauts but rather test animals or placeholders. You should add a filter to ensure that only humans (wd:Q5) are included in the results.
2. The query currently returns labels only in English. This is fine unless the user requests multilingual labels, but it's good practice to clarify this.

Suggested refinement:
- Add '?cosmonaut wdt:P31 wd:Q5 .' to each UNION branch to ensure only humans are returned.

Otherwise, the structure and logic of the query are correct and comprehensive.

[Assistant]
Thank you for the feedback. To address the issues:

1. I will add the triple ?cosmonaut wdt:P31 wd:Q5 . to each UNION branch to ensure only humans are included (wd:Q5 = human).
2. I will clarify that the query returns English labels only.

Here is the refined query:

[Tool] Stopped generation process