PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
SELECT ?event WHERE {
  ?event wdt:P31 wd:Q46190676 ; wdt:P2094 wd:Q16893072 ; wdt:P361 ?tournament .
  {
    ?tournament wdt:P361 + wd:Q300008 .
  } UNION {
    ?tournament wdt:P31 wd:Q3775082 .
  }
  FILTER NOT EXISTS {
    ?event wdt:P1346 ?winner
  }
}

Using entities:
- men's singles (wd:Q16893072), also known as men's singles in tennis: is instance of competition class / is instance of sports discipline / is instance of men's singles / discipline in tennis
- ATP Tour (wd:Q300008), also known as ATP World Tour: is instance of recurring sporting event / is instance of tennis tour with multiple editions / is subclass of tennis tour / series of men's tennis tournaments / tennis tournament / tennis tournament
- Grand Prix tennis circuit (wd:Q3775082): is instance of recurring sporting event / is instance of tennis tour with multiple editions / is subclass of tennis tour / professional tennis tour
- tennis event (wd:Q46190676), also known as tennis tournament event: is subclass of tennis tournament / is subclass of sporting event / individual event within a tennis tournament edition, such as Men's Singles

Using properties:
- winner (wd:P1346 as wdt), also known as 1st place medalist, awardee, champ, champion, has winner, etc.: is subproperty of participating team / is subproperty of participant / winner of a competition or similar event, not to be used for ... qualified with "for work" (P1686)) or for wars or battles / winner of an event - do not use for awards (use P166 instead), nor for wars or battles
- competition class (wd:P2094 as wdt), also known as class for competition, compclass, disability sport classifications, qualification class, qualifies for, etc.: official classification by a regulating body under which the ... teams, participants, or equipment) qualifies for inclusion / official classification by a regulating body under which the ... teams, participants, or equipment) qualifies for inclusion
- instance of (wd:P31 as wdt), also known as example of, has type, is a, is an, is of type, etc.: that class of which this subject is a particular example and ... a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform) / type to which this subject corresponds/belongs. Different ... and the volcano is a type (instance) of volcanic landform
- part of (wd:P361 as wdt), also known as assembly of, branch of, chain, collateral branch of, component of, etc.: object of which the subject is a part (if this subject is ... "has part" (P527, see also "has parts of the class" (P2670)) / object of which the subject is a part (if this subject is ... "has part" (P527, see also "has parts of the class" (P2670)) / object of which the subject is a part (if this subject is ... "has part" (P527, see also "has parts of the class" (P2670)) / object of which the subject is a part (if this subject is ... "has part" (P527, see also "has parts of the class" (P2670))

Got 18 rows and 1 column, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| event                                                  |
| ------------------------------------------------------ |
| 2024 Swiss Indoors – Singles (wd:Q130551837)           |
| 2024 Almaty Open – Singles (wd:Q130494047)             |
| 2025 Abierto Mexicano Telcel – Singles (wd:Q132673595) |
| 2025 Rio Open – Singles (wd:Q132360560)                |
| 2025 ABN AMRO Open – Singles (wd:Q131924552)           |
| ...                                                    |
| 2025 Chile Open – Singles (wd:Q132673573)              |
| 1996 Salem Open Beijing – singles (wd:Q3674888)        |
| wd:Q8354409                                            |
| 2003 Open SEAT Godó – singles (wd:Q3994371)            |
| wd:Q99237069                                           |

Answer: The men's singles tennis events that do not have a winner indicated and are part of a tournament belonging to either the ATP Tour or the Grand Prix tennis circuit include: 2024 Swiss Indoors – Singles (wd:Q130551837), 2024 Almaty Open – Singles (wd:Q130494047), 2025 Abierto Mexicano Telcel – Singles (wd:Q132673595), 2025 Rio Open – Singles (wd:Q132360560), 2025 ABN AMRO Open – Singles (wd:Q131924552), 2025 Chile Open – Singles (wd:Q132673573), 1996 Salem Open Beijing – singles (wd:Q3674888), wd:Q8354409, 2003 Open SEAT Godó – singles (wd:Q3994371), and wd:Q99237069, among others.

The men's singles tennis events that do not have a winner indicated and are part of a tournament belonging to either the ATP Tour or the Grand Prix tennis circuit include: 2024 Swiss Indoors – Singles (wd:Q130551837), 2024 Almaty Open – Singles (wd:Q130494047), 2025 Abierto Mexicano Telcel – Singles (wd:Q132673595), 2025 Rio Open – Singles (wd:Q132360560), 2025 ABN AMRO Open – Singles (wd:Q131924552), 2025 Chile Open – Singles (wd:Q132673573), 1996 Salem Open Beijing – singles (wd:Q3674888), wd:Q8354409, 2003 Open SEAT Godó – singles (wd:Q3994371), and wd:Q99237069, among others.

SPARQL query over wikidata:
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
SELECT ?event WHERE {
  ?event wdt:P31 wd:Q46190676 ; wdt:P2094 wd:Q16893072 ; wdt:P361 ?tournament .
  {
    ?tournament wdt:P361 + wd:Q300008 .
  } UNION {
    ?tournament wdt:P31 wd:Q3775082 .
  }
  FILTER NOT EXISTS {
    ?event wdt:P1346 ?winner
  }
}

Using entities:
- men's singles (wd:Q16893072), also known as men's singles in tennis: is instance of competition class / is instance of sports discipline / is instance of men's singles / discipline in tennis
- ATP Tour (wd:Q300008), also known as ATP World Tour: is instance of recurring sporting event / is instance of tennis tour with multiple editions / is subclass of tennis tour / series of men's tennis tournaments / tennis tournament / tennis tournament
- Grand Prix tennis circuit (wd:Q3775082): is instance of recurring sporting event / is instance of tennis tour with multiple editions / is subclass of tennis tour / professional tennis tour
- tennis event (wd:Q46190676), also known as tennis tournament event: is subclass of tennis tournament / is subclass of sporting event / individual event within a tennis tournament edition, such as Men's Singles

Using properties:
- winner (wd:P1346 as wdt), also known as 1st place medalist, awardee, champ, champion, has winner, etc.: is subproperty of participating team / is subproperty of participant / winner of a competition or similar event, not to be used for ... qualified with "for work" (P1686)) or for wars or battles / winner of an event - do not use for awards (use P166 instead), nor for wars or battles
- competition class (wd:P2094 as wdt), also known as class for competition, compclass, disability sport classifications, qualification class, qualifies for, etc.: official classification by a regulating body under which the ... teams, participants, or equipment) qualifies for inclusion / official classification by a regulating body under which the ... teams, participants, or equipment) qualifies for inclusion
- instance of (wd:P31 as wdt), also known as example of, has type, is a, is an, is of type, etc.: that class of which this subject is a particular example and ... a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform) / type to which this subject corresponds/belongs. Different ... and the volcano is a type (instance) of volcanic landform
- part of (wd:P361 as wdt), also known as assembly of, branch of, chain, collateral branch of, component of, etc.: object of which the subject is a part (if this subject is ... "has part" (P527, see also "has parts of the class" (P2670)) / object of which the subject is a part (if this subject is ... "has part" (P527, see also "has parts of the class" (P2670)) / object of which the subject is a part (if this subject is ... "has part" (P527, see also "has parts of the class" (P2670)) / object of which the subject is a part (if this subject is ... "has part" (P527, see also "has parts of the class" (P2670))

Execution result:
Got 18 rows and 1 column, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| event                                                  |
| ------------------------------------------------------ |
| 2024 Swiss Indoors – Singles (wd:Q130551837)           |
| 2024 Almaty Open – Singles (wd:Q130494047)             |
| 2025 Abierto Mexicano Telcel – Singles (wd:Q132673595) |
| 2025 Rio Open – Singles (wd:Q132360560)                |
| 2025 ABN AMRO Open – Singles (wd:Q131924552)           |
| ...                                                    |
| 2025 Chile Open – Singles (wd:Q132673573)              |
| 1996 Salem Open Beijing – singles (wd:Q3674888)        |
| wd:Q8354409                                            |
| 2003 Open SEAT Godó – singles (wd:Q3994371)            |
| wd:Q99237069                                           |

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Search for the entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Execute intermediate queries to get feedback and to verify your assumptions. You may need to refine or rethink your current plan based on the query results and go back to step 2 if needed, possibly multiple times.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Available knowledge graphs:
- wikidata at http://localhost:7001 with prefix index for entities and similarity index for properties, and notes:
  - P106 = occupation. Use wdt:P106 to get occupations and fetch English labels with rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(?label)="en"). When returning human occupations confirm the subject is human (wdt:P31 wd:Q5) to avoid non-human items.
  - Population (P1082) and tabular (P4179): use wdt:P1082 for quick/direct values; for time-series/point-in-time use p:P1082 + ps:P1082 + pq:P585 and ORDER BY pq:P585 DESC. Inspect statement qualifiers (e.g., 'applies to part') and prov:wasDerivedFrom references (pr:P854 etc.) to detect city-proper vs metro/prefecture scopes before using values.
  - Common person properties: P31 (instance of human Q5), P106 (occupation), P569 (date of birth), P19 (place of birth), P27 (country of citizenship), P21 (sex/gender), P166 (award received). Use wdt: for direct values when possible.
  - P17 (country) can be incomplete/misleading for places (historical/overseas tags). To get modern cities in a country combine: instance-of city (P31=Q515) + wdt:P17 OR use wdt:P131* to find an admin parent whose wdt:P17 = the country. Also cross-check coordinates (P625) or admin hierarchy to spot outliers.
  - When filtering by date of birth (P569) use xsd:dateTime comparisons (e.g. >= "1900-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime). Be aware many items have year-only or imprecise dates and coverage is biased toward notable/public figures (sportspeople, politicians, artists).
  - To retrieve qualifiers (e.g., award year) use the statement/qualifier pattern: p:Pxxx / ps:Pxxx / pq:P585. Use wdt:Pxxx for normalized/direct values when you don't need qualifiers. Example: p:P166 + pq:P585 gives award year.
  - To get a person's occupations: use wdt:P106 for direct/normalized values and rdfs:label for human-readable names (FILTER(LANG(...))). Example: wd:Q... wdt:P106 ?occ . ?occ rdfs:label ?occLabel . FILTER(LANG(?occLabel)="en").
  - P166 = award received. Use wdt:P166 for normalized/direct values when you only need award items. To get award years or qualifiers use p:P166 / ps:P166 / pq:P585. Many statements lack pq:P585 — use OPTIONAL { ?stmt pq:P585 ?date } and ORDER BY DESC(?date). When listing award winners, filter ?person wdt:P31 wd:Q5 to ensure humans.
  - Population time-series pattern: wd:Q... p:P1082 ?stmt . ?stmt ps:P1082 ?pop . OPTIONAL { ?stmt pq:P585 ?date } . ORDER BY DESC(?date). pq:P585 is the point-in-time qualifier. IMPORTANT: time-series may mix scopes (city proper vs metro) — e.g., Tokyo has a 2016 entry ~38,140,000 likely metro vs smaller city figures. Inspect qualifiers/references for scope before use.
  - Use wdt:P131* to traverse the admin hierarchy and compare wdt:P17 on the place vs an admin parent to detect historical/colonial country assignments. When mismatches appear, inspect the admin parent's instance-of (P31), labels, qualifiers and references to interpret the historical scope.
  - wdt:P106 often yields multiple occupations for a person. Use GROUP_CONCAT(DISTINCT ?occLabel; separator=", ") or return multiple rows. Always fetch labels with rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(?label)="en") to get readable occupation names.
  - When a search_entity returns multiple hits (person vs sculpture vs memorial), confirm you selected the human/statements by checking wdt:P31 (instance of) and relevant wdt: properties (e.g., wdt:P106). This avoids using a non-human QID by mistake.
  - search_autocomplete can be constrained with a SPARQL pattern containing ?search (e.g., SELECT * WHERE { ?search wdt:P31 wd:Q5 }). Use constraints to focus results (e.g., humans) and avoid ambiguous fallbacks; if it returns no results, fallback to search_entity and verify wdt:P31.
  - Use search_property_of_entity to find relevant properties for an entity (e.g., 'award' -> P166) and search_object_of_property to discover candidate objects (e.g., 'physicist' for P106). This reduces guessing P/Q ids and surfaces qualifiers.
  - Inspect statement references and qualifiers: use prov:wasDerivedFrom on p: statements to find sources, and check qualifiers (e.g., 'applies to part' or other scope qualifiers) to disambiguate city vs metro vs admin area. Reference labels can be empty; inspect reference node properties for URLs or publication dates.

Index types used for entities and properties:
- Prefix index: Retrieves items by overlap between query keywords and item words. The query keywords can match item words exactly or as prefixes.
- Similarity index: Retrieves items by cosine similarity between their embeddings and the query embedding.

General notes across knowledge graphs:
- Use rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(?label)="en") for labels; avoid SERVICE wikibase:label. Use wdt:Pxxx for normalized/direct values when qualifiers aren't needed. Use p:Pxxx / ps:Pxxx / pq:Pxxx to access statement qualifiers (e.g., award year via pq:P585). When dates matter, prefer xsd:dateTime and watch for year-only precision.
- Practical query patterns: use rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(...)) for labels. Use wdt:Pxxx for direct/normalized values when qualifiers aren't needed. Use p:Pxxx / ps:Pxxx / pq:Pxxx to access qualifiers (dates via pq:P585). For dates use xsd:dateTime and expect year-only precision. For places: combine P17 with P131 or coordinate (P625) filters to avoid historical/overseas mismatches.
- Use OPTIONAL for pq: qualifiers (e.g., pq:P585), sort by qualifier (ORDER BY pq:P585 DESC) to prefer recent values. Use GROUP_CONCAT to combine multiple labels/values in one row. Watch for typed literals (xsd:dateTime, xsd:decimal) when filtering or sorting.
- Before querying, use search_entity to resolve human-friendly names to wd:Q identifiers and verify instance-of (e.g., check wdt:P31 = wd:Q5 for humans) to avoid ambiguous matches. Prefer the top match but programmatically confirm P31 before using its data.
- Use search_property to confirm property identifiers (e.g., "country" -> P17) before embedding them in queries. This prevents mistakes from assuming an ID and helps pick the best property if multiple choices exist.
- search_autocomplete can fall back to an unconstrained search or error when there are too many candidates. If this happens (e.g., "more than the maximum supported number of subject candidates"), retry with narrower constraints such as instance-of (wdt:P31), additional type filters, or short prefixes to reduce the candidate set; otherwise fallback to search_entity and verify wdt:P31.
- Use list(...) to inspect all triples on an entity for exploration, but expect large results for notable items. Prefer wdt: properties or targeted p:/ps:/pq: patterns in SPARQL when you need normalized values or qualifiers, respectively.
- Before embedding property or item IDs in SPARQL, use search_property, search_property_of_entity, and search_object_of_property to discover the appropriate P/PID or object QIDs. This reduces errors from guessing IDs and surfaces better property alternatives and qualifiers.
- search_constrained and search_autocomplete can return no results for constrained queries or when the index is large. If they fail, fallback to search_entity + verify P31 (or use search_property_of_entity). Constrain with instance-of (wdt:P31) or other properties in the SPARQL to improve matches.
- When selecting awards by year, prefer xsd:dateTime range filters (e.g., >= "2001-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime && < "2002-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) instead of YEAR() for portability and precision.
- When selecting award winners via wdt:P166, filter ?person wdt:P31 wd:Q5 to ensure humans — fictional characters or non-humans may have award claims. If you need award years use p:P166 / ps:P166 / pq:P585 and OPTIONAL { ?stmt pq:P585 ?year } to retrieve qualifier years.
- Use wdt:P625 (coordinates) together with wdt:P131* and wdt:P17 checks to validate a place's modern country or to filter by geography. When country labels mismatch historically, inspect admin parents and coordinates to resolve whether the item refers to historical/colonial scope or current boundaries.
- Prefer wdt:Pxxx for normalized/direct values when qualifiers aren't needed. Use p:Pxxx / ps:Pxxx / pq:Pxxx to access qualifiers (e.g., pq:P585 for award year). Always fetch labels with rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(?label) = "en").
- If search_autocomplete returns too many candidates or errors, retry with constraints (e.g., SELECT * WHERE { ?search wdt:P31 wd:Q5 }) or narrower query text. If still failing, fallback to search_entity and verify wdt:P31 for type checks.
- For award-year queries use p:P166 / ps:P166 / pq:P585 to access award statements and year qualifiers. Filter by xsd:dateTime ranges (e.g., >= "2020-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime && < "2021-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) instead of YEAR() for robustness.
- Use search_property_of_entity to surface relevant properties for an entity (e.g., 'birth' -> P569/P19). list(...) can inspect triples but may return large results for notable items—prefer targeted wdt: patterns (wdt:Pxxx) or p:/ps:/pq: patterns when you need qualifiers.

SPARQL prefixes for use in function calls:
- bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
- cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
- data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
- dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
- dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
- foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
- geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
- geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
- gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
- hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
- imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
- math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
- ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
- owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
- p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
- pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
- pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
- pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
- pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
- prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
- prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
- prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
- ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
- psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
- psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
- qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
- qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
- ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
- qlss: <https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/spatialSearch/
- rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
- rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
- ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
- s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
- schema: <http://schema.org/
- skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
- v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
- void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#
- wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
- wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
- wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
- wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
- wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
- xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#

Additional rules to follow:
- Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
- Do not just use or make up entity or property identifiers without verifying their existence in the knowledge graphs first.
- Do not ask the user for clarifications without first attempting to complete the task. If the task input is incomplete or ambiguous, try to make reasonable assumptions and document them.
- Do not use "SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ..." in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.
- Always execute your final SPARQL query before giving an answer to make sure it returns the expected results.
- The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
- Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
- Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
- For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.

[User] What are the men's singles tennis events that do not have a winner indicated and are part of a tournament that belongs to either the ATP Tour or the Grand Prix tennis circuit?

[Assistant]
To answer this question, we need to find men's singles tennis events that:

1. Do not have a winner indicated (i.e., the winner property is missing or null).
2. Are part of a tournament that belongs to either the ATP Tour or the Grand Prix tennis circuit.

### Step 1: Identify relevant entities and properties

We need to determine:
- The property that indicates the winner of a tennis event (likely `wdt:P1346` for "winner").
- The property that links a tennis event to its tournament (likely `wdt:P710` for "participant" or `wdt:P527` for "has part", but we need to verify).
- The entities for "ATP Tour" and "Grand Prix tennis circuit".

Let’s start by searching for the relevant properties and entities.

### Step 2: Search for properties related to "winner" and "tournament"

First, let's search for properties related to "winner" in the context of tennis events.

Question: winner

Top 10 property alternatives:
1. winner (wd:P1346 as psn/wdtn/p/prv/prn/pq/ps/psv/pr/wdt/pqn/pqv), also known as 1st place medalist, awardee, champ, champion, has winner, etc.: winner of a competition or similar event, not to be used for ... qualified with "for work" (P1686)) or for wars or battles / winner of an event - do not use for awards (use P166 instead), nor for wars or battles / is subproperty of participating team / is subproperty of participant
2. number of wins (wd:P1355 as psn/wdtn/p/prv/prn/pq/ps/psv/pr/wdt/pqn/pqv, matched via won), also known as games won, matches won, match victories, sporting wins, victories, etc.: number of sporting matches, games or events won
3. competition won (wd:P2522 as psn/wdtn/p/prv/prn/pq/ps/psv/pr/wdt/pqn/pqv, matched via won), also known as victory, winner of, won, won event, P2522: competition or sports event won by the subject / is subproperty of participant in
4. award received (wd:P166 as psn/wdtn/p/prv/prn/pq/ps/psv/pr/wdt/pqn/pqv, matched via winner of), also known as award, awarded, awards, awards received, award won, etc.: award or recognition received by a person, organisation or creative work / award or recognition received by a person, organization or creative work / award or recognition received by a person, organization or creative work / awards received by a person, organisation or creative work
5. league or competition (wd:P118 as psn/wdtn/p/prv/prn/pq/ps/psv/pr/wdt/pqn/pqv, matched via tournament), also known as competition, cup, division, sports league, tournament, etc.: league or competition in which team or player has played, or in which an event occurs / is subproperty of participant in / league in which the team plays / league in which the team plays
6. participant (wd:P710 as psn/wdtn/p/prv/prn/pq/ps/psv/pr/wdt/pqn/pqv, matched via player), also known as accused, agent, attendee, belligerents, between, etc.: person, group of people or organization (object) that ... has role" (P3831). Use P1923 for participants that are teams. / person, group of people or organization that actively takes/took part in the event / is subproperty of significant person
7. successful candidate (wd:P991 as psn/wdtn/p/prv/prn/pq/ps/psv/pr/wdt/pqn/pqv, matched via winner of election), also known as elected, elected candidate, elected person, election winner, election won by, etc.: person(s) or political organization(s) elected after the election / is subproperty of candidate / is subproperty of winner
8. member of sports team (wd:P54 as psn/wdtn/p/prv/prn/pq/ps/psv/pr/wdt/pqn/pqv, matched via team), also known as club played for, member of team, of team, part of team, played for, etc.: sports teams or clubs that the subject currently represents or formerly represented / sports teams or clubs that the subject currently represents or formerly represented / sports teams or clubs that the subject represents or represented / is subproperty of member of
9. ranking (wd:P1352 as psn/wdtn/p/prv/prn/pq/ps/psv/pr/wdt/pqn/pqv), also known as peak position, place, placing, position, rank, etc.: subject's ordinal position as qualitatively evaluated relative to other members of a group / the subject's position in the specified rank
10. reward (wd:P4444 as psn/wdtn/p/prv/prn/pq/ps/psv/pr/wdt/pqn/pqv), also known as P4444: reward, bonus, or prize received as part of a membership or loyalty program

[Assistant]
The most relevant property for "winner" of a tennis event is `wdt:P1346` ("winner").

Now, let's search for properties that link a tennis event to its tournament. We suspect it might be `wdt:P710` ("participant") or `wdt:P527` ("has part"), but let's search for properties related to "tournament".

Question: tournament

Top 10 property alternatives:
1. league or competition (wd:P118 as psn/wdtn/p/prv/prn/pq/ps/psv/pr/wdt/pqn/pqv, matched via tournament), also known as competition, cup, division, sports league, tournament, etc.: league or competition in which team or player has played, or in which an event occurs / is subproperty of participant in / league in which the team plays / league in which the team plays
2. tournament type (wd:P11964 as psn/wdtn/p/prv/prn/pq/ps/psv/pr/wdt/pqn/pqv), also known as P11964: significance or status of a sports competition for a league, tour, association, etc.
3. tournament format (wd:P8127 as psn/wdtn/p/prv/prn/pq/ps/psv/pr/wdt/pqn/pqv, matched via tournament system), also known as tournament system, P8127: format of a sports tournament
4. sport (wd:P641 as psn/wdtn/p/prv/prn/pq/ps/psv/pr/wdt/pqn/pqv), also known as play, plays, sport played, sports, P641: sport that the subject participates or participated in or is associated with / sport or discipline in which the entity participates or belongs to
5. sports discipline competed in (wd:P2416 as psn/wdtn/p/prv/prn/pq/ps/psv/pr/wdt/pqn/pqv, matched via sports event), also known as discipline of sport, event in sports, sport discipline, sport discipline competed in, sport disciplines competed in, etc.: discipline an athlete competed in within a sport / is subproperty of field of work
6. member of sports team (wd:P54 as psn/wdtn/p/prv/prn/pq/ps/psv/pr/wdt/pqn/pqv, matched via team), also known as club played for, member of team, of team, part of team, played for, etc.: sports teams or clubs that the subject currently represents or formerly represented / sports teams or clubs that the subject currently represents or formerly represented / sports teams or clubs that the subject represents or represented / is subproperty of member of
7. winner (wd:P1346 as psn/wdtn/p/prv/prn/pq/ps/psv/pr/wdt/pqn/pqv), also known as 1st place medalist, awardee, champ, champion, has winner, etc.: winner of a competition or similar event, not to be used for ... qualified with "for work" (P1686)) or for wars or battles / winner of an event - do not use for awards (use P166 instead), nor for wars or battles / is subproperty of participating team / is subproperty of participant
8. participating team (wd:P1923 as psn/wdtn/p/prv/prn/pq/ps/psv/pr/wdt/pqn/pqv, matched via teams), also known as teams, P1923: like 'Participant' (P710) but for teams. For an event like a ... of sports team' (P54) as a qualifier for the individuals) / is subproperty of participant
9. competition won (wd:P2522 as psn/wdtn/p/prv/prn/pq/ps/psv/pr/wdt/pqn/pqv), also known as victory, winner of, won, won event, P2522: competition or sports event won by the subject / is subproperty of participant in
10. award received (wd:P166 as psn/wdtn/p/prv/prn/pq/ps/psv/pr/wdt/pqn/pqv, matched via winner of), also known as award, awarded, awards, awards received, award won, etc.: award or recognition received by a person, organisation or creative work / award or recognition received by a person, organization or creative work / award or recognition received by a person, organization or creative work / awards received by a person, organisation or creative work

[Assistant]
The most relevant property linking a tennis event to its tournament is `wdt:P118` ("league or competition"), which indicates the competition or tournament to which the event belongs.

Now, let's find the Wikidata items for "ATP Tour" and "Grand Prix tennis circuit".

### Step 3: Search for "ATP Tour" and "Grand Prix tennis circuit"

Let’s search for "ATP Tour":

Question: ATP Tour

Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. ATP Tour (wd:Q300008), also known as ATP World Tour: is instance of tennis tour with multiple editions / is instance of recurring sporting event / series of men's tennis tournaments / is subclass of tennis tour / tennis tournament / tennis tournament
2. ATP World Tour 250 series (wd:Q300017, matched via ATP Tour 250), also known as ATP 250, ATP 250 Series, ATP Tour 250, ATP World Series, ATP World Tour 250, etc.: is instance of tennis tour with multiple editions / is subclass of tennis tour / tennis tournament category / tennis tournament / tennis tournament
3. ATP Challenger Tour (wd:Q299345), also known as ATP Challenger, ATP Challengers, ATP Challenger Series, ATP Challenger tournament, ATP Challenger Tour/Series, etc.: is instance of tennis tour with multiple editions / international men's tennis tournaments / is subclass of tennis tour
4. ATP Tour Awards (wd:Q434468): is instance of tennis award / ATP tennis awards for men
5. 2011 ATP World Tour (wd:Q300013, matched via 2011 atp tour), also known as 2011 atp tour: is instance of tennis tour edition / men's tennis circuit / tennis tournament / tennis tournament
6. 2010 ATP World Tour (wd:Q300012, matched via 2010 atp tour), also known as 2010 atp tour: is instance of tennis tour edition / tennis tournament / tennis tournament / tennis circuit
7. 2022 ATP Tour (wd:Q109743038): is instance of tennis tour edition / men's tennis circuit
8. 2023 ATP Tour (wd:Q111441127): is instance of tennis tour edition / men's tennis circuit
9. 2009 ATP World Tour (wd:Q300011, matched via 2009 atp tour), also known as 2009 atp tour, 2009 ATP Tour, ATP Tour 2009, Juego 2000 Calendar, Tennis 2009 Calendare ATP ITF: is instance of tennis tour edition / tennis tournament / tennis tournament / tennis circuit
10. 2024 ATP Tour (wd:Q117284577): is instance of tennis tour edition / men's tennis circuit

[Assistant]
The main entity for the ATP Tour is `wd:Q300008` ("ATP Tour").

Now, let's search for "Grand Prix tennis circuit":

Question: Grand Prix tennis circuit

Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Grand Prix tennis circuit (wd:Q3775082): is instance of tennis tour with multiple editions / is instance of recurring sporting event / is subclass of tennis tour / professional tennis tour
2. Albert Park Circuit (wd:Q171288, matched via Australian Grand Prix Circuit), also known as Australian Grand Prix Circuit, Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit: street circuit in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia / is instance of street circuit
3. Kyalami (wd:Q171667, matched via Kyalami Grand Prix Circuit), also known as Kyalami Grand Prix Circuit: is instance of motorsport racing track / Race track in South Africa
4. Porsche Tennis Grand Prix (wd:Q311783): women's tennis tournament at Stuttgart, Germany / is instance of recurring tennis tournament / is subclass of WTA tennis tournament
5. Dallas Grand Prix Circuit (wd:Q16040264): is instance of motorsport racing track / Formula One circuit in Dallas, Texas
6. Grand Prix Circuit (wd:Q2444507): is instance of video game / 1988 video game / 1988 video game / 1988 video game
7. Madrid Tennis Grand Prix (wd:Q299532): defunct men's tennis tournament at Madrid, Spain / is instance of recurring tennis tournament / is subclass of tennis tournament / tennis tournament / tennis tournament
8. 1970 Grand Prix circuit (wd:Q3465182): is instance of tennis tour edition / tennis circuit
9. 1975 Grand Prix circuit (wd:Q3465233): is instance of tennis tour edition / tennis circuit
10. 1976 Grand Prix circuit (wd:Q3465243): is instance of tennis tour edition / tennis circuit

[Assistant]
The main entity for the Grand Prix tennis circuit is `wd:Q3775082` ("Grand Prix tennis circuit").

### Step 4: Understand the structure of tennis events

We need to find men's singles tennis events that are part of a tournament (ATP Tour or Grand Prix circuit) and do not have a winner.

From the above, we know:
- Tennis events (e.g., men's singles) are typically instances of `wd:Q171214` ("tennis match") or similar.
- The tournament they belong to is linked via `wdt:P118` ("league or competition").
- The winner is linked via `wdt:P1346` ("winner").

We need to find items that:
1. Are instances of a men's singles tennis event (likely `wd:Q171214` or similar).
2. Are part of a tournament that is either `wd:Q300008` (ATP Tour) or `wd:Q3775082` (Grand Prix tennis circuit).
3. Do **not** have a winner (`wdt:P1346` is absent).

We can use a SPARQL query with `FILTER NOT EXISTS` to find items without a winner.

### Step 5: Construct the SPARQL query

We will:
- Select tennis events (`?event`) that are instances of men's singles tennis (we need to confirm the exact instance type).
- Ensure they are part of a tournament (`wdt:P118`) that is either the ATP Tour or Grand Prix circuit.
- Exclude those with a winner (`FILTER NOT EXISTS`).

First, let's check what the instance type of a men's singles tennis event is. We can search for "men's singles tennis event":

Question: men's singles tennis event

Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. men's singles (wd:Q16893072, matched via men's singles in tennis), also known as men's singles in tennis: is instance of competition class / is instance of sports discipline / is instance of men's singles / discipline in tennis
2. wheelchair tennis men's singles (wd:Q50211922), also known as wheelchair men's singles: competition class in wheelchair tennis / is instance of competition class / is instance of sports discipline / is instance of men's singles
3. all-time tennis records – men's singles (wd:Q17016846), also known as all-time tennis records - men's singles, overall tennis records - men's singles, overall tennis records – men's singles: all-time records and statistics of the men's singles in Tennis / is subclass of sports records and statistics
4. 2011 Dubai Tennis Championships – men's singles (wd:Q1822061): is instance of tennis event / 2011 tennis event results
5. 2013 Sony Open Tennis – men's singles (wd:Q7724928): is instance of tennis event / 2013 tennis event results
6. 2022 Dubai Tennis Championships – men's singles (wd:Q110953898): is instance of tennis event / 2022 tennis event results
7. 2023 Dubai Tennis Championships – Men's singles (wd:Q116897745): is instance of tennis event / 2023 tennis event results
8. 2015 Dubai Tennis Championships – men's singles (wd:Q19059455): is instance of tennis event / 2015 tennis event results
9. 2014 Dubai Tennis Championships – men's singles (wd:Q15796942): is instance of tennis event / 2014 tennis event results
10. 2009 Dubai Tennis Championships – men's singles (wd:Q15262709): is instance of tennis event / 2009 tennis event results

[Assistant]
The main entity for "men's singles" as a competition class is `wd:Q16893072`. However, individual events (e.g., "2023 Dubai Tennis Championships – men's singles") are instances of `wd:Q171214` ("tennis event").

So, we can assume that men's singles tennis events are instances of `wd:Q171214` ("tennis event") and have the competition class `wd:Q16893072` ("men's singles").

We can use `wdt:P1365` ("has part") or `wdt:P527` ("has part") to link the event to its competition class, but let's check the properties of a known men's singles event.

Let’s inspect one known men's singles event, e.g., `wd:Q1822061` (2011 Dubai Tennis Championships – men's singles):

list

wd:Q1822061

Got 63 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject                                                       | property                           | object                                                    |
| ------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------- |
| 2011 Dubai Tennis Championships – men's singles (wd:Q1822061) | instance of (wdt:P31)              | tennis event (wd:Q46190676)                               |
| 2011 Dubai Tennis Championships – men's singles (wd:Q1822061) | part of (wdt:P361)                 | 2011 Dubai Tennis Championships (men) (wd:Q2677840)       |
| 2011 Dubai Tennis Championships – men's singles (wd:Q1822061) | Freebase ID (wdt:P646)             | /m/0gg7zrl                                                |
| 2011 Dubai Tennis Championships – men's singles (wd:Q1822061) | sport (wdt:P641)                   | tennis (wd:Q847)                                          |
| 2011 Dubai Tennis Championships – men's singles (wd:Q1822061) | point in time (wdt:P585)           | 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime)                       |
| 2011 Dubai Tennis Championships – men's singles (wd:Q1822061) | number of participants (wdt:P1132) | 32 (xsd:decimal)                                          |
| 2011 Dubai Tennis Championships – men's singles (wd:Q1822061) | winner (wdt:P1346)                 | Novak Djokovic (wd:Q5812)                                 |
| 2011 Dubai Tennis Championships – men's singles (wd:Q1822061) | competition class (wdt:P2094)      | men's singles (wd:Q16893072)                              |
| 2011 Dubai Tennis Championships – men's singles (wd:Q1822061) | schema:description                 | 2011 tennis event results (lang:en)                       |
| 2011 Dubai Tennis Championships – men's singles (wd:Q1822061) | schema:name                        | 2011 Dubai Tennis Championships – men's singles (lang:en) |
| ...                                                           | ...                                | ...                                                       |

[Assistant]
From the inspection of `wd:Q1822061` (2011 Dubai Tennis Championships – men's singles), we see:

- It is an instance of `wd:Q46190676` ("tennis event") — this seems to be the correct instance type.
- It has `wdt:P2094` ("competition class") pointing to `wd:Q16893072` ("men's singles").
- It has `wdt:P361` ("part of") linking to the tournament (e.g., 2011 Dubai Tennis Championships).
- The tournament itself is linked to the ATP Tour via `wdt:P118` ("league or competition").

So, to find men's singles tennis events that are part of ATP Tour or Grand Prix circuit and have no winner:

1. We look for items with `wdt:P31 wd:Q46190676` (tennis event).
2. Filter for those with `wdt:P2094 wd:Q16893072` (men's singles).
3. Ensure they are part of a tournament (`wdt:P361`) that has `wdt:P118` (league or competition) equal to either `wd:Q300008` (ATP Tour) or `wd:Q3775082` (Grand Prix tennis circuit).
4. Exclude those with a winner (`FILTER NOT EXISTS { ?event wdt:P1346 ?winner }`).

### Step 6: Write the SPARQL query

We now construct the SPARQL query:

```sparql
SELECT ?event WHERE {
  ?event wdt:P31 wd:Q46190676 ;           # instance of tennis event
         wdt:P2094 wd:Q16893072 ;         # competition class: men's singles
         wdt:P361 ?tournament .           # part of tournament
  ?tournament wdt:P118 wd:Q300008 .      # tournament is part of ATP Tour
  FILTER NOT EXISTS { ?event wdt:P1346 ?winner }
}
UNION
{
  ?event wdt:P31 wd:Q46190676 ;
         wdt:P2094 wd:Q16893072 ;
         wdt:P361 ?tournament .
  ?tournament wdt:P118 wd:Q3775082 .     # tournament is part of Grand Prix tennis circuit
  FILTER NOT EXISTS { ?event wdt:P1346 ?winner }
}
```

Wait — we need to check if `wd:Q46190676` is the correct instance type. Let's verify by searching for "tennis event":

Question: tennis event

Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. tennis event (wd:Q46190676), also known as tennis tournament event: individual event within a tennis tournament edition, such as Men's Singles / is subclass of tennis tournament / is subclass of sporting event
2. ATP Tour Masters 1000 (wd:Q300029, matched via Masters tennis event), also known as ATP 1000, ATP 1000 Series, ATP Championship Series, Single Week, Atp masters, ATP Masters, etc.: is instance of tennis tour with multiple editions / is subclass of tennis tour / tennis tournaments / tennis tournament / tennis tournament
3. ATP Challenger Tour (wd:Q299345, matched via Challenger tennis event), also known as ATP Challenger, ATP Challengers, ATP Challenger Series, ATP Challenger tournament, ATP Challenger Tour/Series, etc.: is instance of tennis tour with multiple editions / international men's tennis tournaments / is subclass of tennis tour
4. tennis qualification event (wd:Q21170330), also known as qualification (tennis), qualifying: is subclass of qualification event / is subclass of tennis event
5. tennis team event (wd:Q50843310): tennis competition where teams compete against each other / is subclass of tennis event
6. Medical coverage of tennis events (wd:Q36461051): is instance of scholarly article / is instance of academic article / scientific article
7. tennis (wd:Q847), also known as lawn tennis, lawntennis: racket sport played on a court bisected by a net / is instance of type of sport / is subclass of Olympic sport / is subclass of racket sport / is subclass of ball game / is instance of hobby
8. table tennis (wd:Q3930), also known as gossima, ping pong, ping-pong, wiff waff, wiff-waff: is instance of type of sport / is subclass of Olympic sport / is subclass of racket sport / is subclass of ball game / is subclass of hobby / racket sport / racket sport / racket sport / racket sport
9. Tunguska event (wd:Q125953), also known as Tunguska case, Tunguska explosion, Tunguska impact, Tunguska incident: powerful explosion that occurred near the Podkamennaya Tunguska River / is instance of explosion / is instance of Explosion
10. event horizon (wd:Q181741): the point of no return; boundary of a region of spacetime from which one cannot escape once entered / is instance of hypersurface / is subclass of horizon

[Assistant]
Yes, `wd:Q46190676` is indeed "tennis event" — the correct instance type for individual matches like men's singles.

Now, we need to check if the tournament is directly linked to the ATP Tour or Grand Prix circuit via `wdt:P118`. Let’s check the tournament of the example event `wd:Q1822061` — `wd:Q2677840` (2011 Dubai Tennis Championships (men)):

wd:Q2677840

Got 62 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject                                             | property                               | object                                                        |
| --------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------- |
| 2011 Dubai Tennis Championships (men) (wd:Q2677840) | instance of (wdt:P31)                  | ATP Dubai Tennis Championships (wd:Q16465941)                 |
| 2011 Dubai Tennis Championships (men) (wd:Q2677840) | Google Knowledge Graph ID (wdtn:P2671) | <http://g.co/kg/g/1q6jfqknw>                                  |
| 2011 Dubai Tennis Championships (men) (wd:Q2677840) | part of (wdt:P361)                     | ATP World Tour 500 series (wd:Q300018)                        |
| 2011 Dubai Tennis Championships (men) (wd:Q2677840) | has part(s) (wdt:P527)                 | 2011 Dubai Tennis Championships – men's singles (wd:Q1822061) |
| 2011 Dubai Tennis Championships (men) (wd:Q2677840) | sport (wdt:P641)                       | tennis (wd:Q847)                                              |
| 2011 Dubai Tennis Championships (men) (wd:Q2677840) | follows (wdt:P155)                     | 2010 Dubai Tennis Championships (men) (wd:Q807960)            |
| 2011 Dubai Tennis Championships (men) (wd:Q2677840) | followed by (wdt:P156)                 | 2012 Dubai Tennis Championships (men) (wd:Q14696033)          |
| 2011 Dubai Tennis Championships (men) (wd:Q2677840) | point in time (wdt:P585)               | 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime)                           |
| 2011 Dubai Tennis Championships (men) (wd:Q2677840) | start time (wdt:P580)                  | 2011-02-21T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime)                           |
| 2011 Dubai Tennis Championships (men) (wd:Q2677840) | end time (wdt:P582)                    | 2011-02-26T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime)                           |
| ...                                                 | ...                                    | ...                                                           |

[Assistant]
We see that `wd:Q2677840` (2011 Dubai Tennis Championships (men)) is an instance of `wd:Q16465941` ("ATP Dubai Tennis Championships"), and it is part of `wd:Q300018` ("ATP World Tour 500 series").

Now, let’s check if `wd:Q300018` is part of the ATP Tour (`wd:Q300008`):

wd:Q300018

Got 196 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject                                | property                         | object                                            |
| -------------------------------------- | -------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------- |
| ATP World Tour 500 series (wd:Q300018) | instance of (wdt:P31)            | tennis tour with multiple editions (wd:Q50301185) |
| ATP World Tour 500 series (wd:Q300018) | Commons category (wdt:P373)      | ATP Tour 500                                      |
| ATP World Tour 500 series (wd:Q300018) | part of (wdt:P361)               | ATP Tour (wd:Q300008)                             |
| ATP World Tour 500 series (wd:Q300018) | subclass of (wdt:P279)           | tennis tour (wd:Q7700500)                         |
| ATP World Tour 500 series (wd:Q300018) | Freebase ID (wdt:P646)           | /m/04zw986                                        |
| ATP World Tour 500 series (wd:Q300018) | inception (wdt:P571)             | 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime)               |
| ATP World Tour 500 series (wd:Q300018) | has part(s) (wdt:P527)           | 2022 Erste Bank Open (wd:Q114609814)              |
| ATP World Tour 500 series (wd:Q300018) | sport (wdt:P641)                 | tennis (wd:Q847)                                  |
| ATP World Tour 500 series (wd:Q300018) | topic's main category (wdt:P910) | wd:Q8983749                                       |
| ATP World Tour 500 series (wd:Q300018) | replaces (wdt:P1365)             | ATP International Series Gold (wd:Q2478155)       |
| ...                                    | ...                              | ...                                               |

[Assistant]
Perfect! We see that `wd:Q300018` ("ATP World Tour 500 series") is part of `wd:Q300008` ("ATP Tour") via `wdt:P361`.

So, to find tournaments that belong to the ATP Tour, we need to traverse the hierarchy:
`?tournament wdt:P361+ wd:Q300008` (transitive closure).

Similarly, for the Grand Prix circuit, we need to check if there’s a similar hierarchy. Let’s check `wd:Q3775082` ("Grand Prix tennis circuit"):

wd:Q3775082

Got 59 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject                                 | property                                           | object                                          |
| --------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------- |
| Grand Prix tennis circuit (wd:Q3775082) | instance of (wdt:P31)                              | recurring sporting event (wd:Q18608583)         |
| Grand Prix tennis circuit (wd:Q3775082) | subclass of (wdt:P279)                             | tennis tour (wd:Q7700500)                       |
| Grand Prix tennis circuit (wd:Q3775082) | Freebase ID (wdt:P646)                             | /m/06hgsy                                       |
| Grand Prix tennis circuit (wd:Q3775082) | inception (wdt:P571)                               | 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime)             |
| Grand Prix tennis circuit (wd:Q3775082) | sport (wdt:P641)                                   | tennis (wd:Q847)                                |
| Grand Prix tennis circuit (wd:Q3775082) | topic's main category (wdt:P910)                   | wd:Q8498673                                     |
| Grand Prix tennis circuit (wd:Q3775082) | dissolved, abolished or demolished date (wdt:P576) | 1989-01-01T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime)             |
| Grand Prix tennis circuit (wd:Q3775082) | organizer (wdt:P664)                               | International Tennis Federation (wd:Q223041)    |
| Grand Prix tennis circuit (wd:Q3775082) | replaced by (wdt:P1366)                            | ATP Tour (wd:Q300008)                           |
| Grand Prix tennis circuit (wd:Q3775082) | replaces (p:P1365)                                 | s:Q3775082-a2dc5e73-4bd6-918a-c5eb-fd94bd4063f8 |
| ...                                     | ...                                                | ...                                             |

[Assistant]
We see that the Grand Prix tennis circuit (`wd:Q3775082`) was replaced by the ATP Tour (`wd:Q300008`) in 1990. So, we should include it as a separate entity.

Now, we need to find tennis events (`wd:Q46190676`) with competition class men's singles (`wd:Q16893072`) that are part of a tournament that is either:
- Directly or indirectly part of `wd:Q300008` (ATP Tour), OR
- Directly `wd:Q3775082` (Grand Prix tennis circuit).

We can use `wdt:P361+` for transitive closure for ATP Tour, and direct match for Grand Prix.

### Final SPARQL Query

```sparql
SELECT ?event WHERE {
  ?event wdt:P31 wd:Q46190676 ;           # instance of tennis event
         wdt:P2094 wd:Q16893072 ;         # competition class: men's singles
         wdt:P361 ?tournament .
  {
    ?tournament wdt:P361+ wd:Q300008 .   # tournament is part of ATP Tour (transitive)
  }
  UNION
  {
    ?tournament wdt:P31 wd:Q3775082 .    # tournament is the Grand Prix tennis circuit
  }
  FILTER NOT EXISTS { ?event wdt:P1346 ?winner }
}
```

Let’s execute this query to verify it works.

execute

SELECT ?event WHERE { ?event wdt:P31 wd:Q46190676 ; wdt:P2094 wd:Q16893072 ; wdt:P361 ?tournament . { ?tournament wdt:P361+ wd:Q300008 . } UNION { ?tournament wdt:P31 wd:Q3775082 . } FILTER NOT EXISTS { ?event wdt:P1346 ?winner } }

Got 18 rows and 1 column, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| event                                                  |
| ------------------------------------------------------ |
| 2024 Swiss Indoors – Singles (wd:Q130551837)           |
| 2024 Almaty Open – Singles (wd:Q130494047)             |
| 2025 Abierto Mexicano Telcel – Singles (wd:Q132673595) |
| 2025 Rio Open – Singles (wd:Q132360560)                |
| 2025 ABN AMRO Open – Singles (wd:Q131924552)           |
| ...                                                    |
| 2025 Chile Open – Singles (wd:Q132673573)              |
| 1996 Salem Open Beijing – singles (wd:Q3674888)        |
| wd:Q8354409                                            |
| 2003 Open SEAT Godó – singles (wd:Q3994371)            |
| wd:Q99237069                                           |

[Assistant]
The query successfully returned 18 men's singles tennis events that are part of the ATP Tour or Grand Prix tennis circuit and do not have a winner indicated.

Some of the results are future events (e.g., 2025 tournaments), which makes sense — they haven't been played yet, so no winner is recorded.

One result is `wd:Q8354409` and `wd:Q99237069` — these are likely incomplete or placeholder entries. We can still include them as they match the criteria.

### Final Answer

The men's singles tennis events that do not have a winner indicated and are part of a tournament belonging to either the ATP Tour or the Grand Prix tennis circuit include:

- 2024 Swiss Indoors – Singles (wd:Q130551837)
- 2024 Almaty Open – Singles (wd:Q130494047)
- 2025 Abierto Mexicano Telcel – Singles (wd:Q132673595)
- 2025 Rio Open – Singles (wd:Q132360560)
- 2025 ABN AMRO Open – Singles (wd:Q131924552)
- ...
- 1996 Salem Open Beijing – singles (wd:Q3674888)
- wd:Q8354409
- 2003 Open SEAT Godó – singles (wd:Q3994371)
- wd:Q99237069

These are all tennis events with men's singles competition class, part of the ATP Tour (via transitive hierarchy) or the Grand Prix tennis circuit, and without a winner assigned.

We now provide the final SPARQL query and answer.

answer

SELECT ?event WHERE { ?event wdt:P31 wd:Q46190676 ; wdt:P2094 wd:Q16893072 ; wdt:P361 ?tournament . { ?tournament wdt:P361+ wd:Q300008 . } UNION { ?tournament wdt:P31 wd:Q3775082 . } FILTER NOT EXISTS { ?event wdt:P1346 ?winner } }

Answer: The men's singles tennis events that do not have a winner indicated and are part of a tournament belonging to either the ATP Tour or the Grand Prix tennis circuit include: 2024 Swiss Indoors – Singles (wd:Q130551837), 2024 Almaty Open – Singles (wd:Q130494047), 2025 Abierto Mexicano Telcel – Singles (wd:Q132673595), 2025 Rio Open – Singles (wd:Q132360560), 2025 ABN AMRO Open – Singles (wd:Q131924552), 2025 Chile Open – Singles (wd:Q132673573), 1996 Salem Open Beijing – singles (wd:Q3674888), wd:Q8354409, 2003 Open SEAT Godó – singles (wd:Q3994371), and wd:Q99237069, among others.


PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
SELECT ?institution ?institutionLabel ( COUNT( ?thesis ) AS ?thesisCount ) WHERE {
  ?thesis wdt:P31 / wdt:P279 * wd:Q1266946 .
  ?thesis wdt:P4101 ?institution .
  ?institution rdfs:label ?institutionLabel .
  FILTER ( LANG( ?institutionLabel ) = "en" )
}
GROUP BY ?institution ?institutionLabel
ORDER BY DESC ( ?thesisCount )
LIMIT 10

Using entities:
- thesis (wd:Q1266946), also known as academic dissertation, academic thesis, dissertation, theses: is instance of literary genre / is subclass of academic work / is subclass of academic writing / is subclass of research / a scholarly work submitted as a requirement to obtain an academic degree; Use Q187685 for PhD thesis

Using properties:
- subclass of (wd:P279 as wdt), also known as all members of this class also belong to, category of, form of, has superclass, is a class of, etc.: this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; ALL instances ... of volcanic landform); Everest is an instance of mountain / this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; all instances ... instance of volcanic landform); K2 is an instance of mountain / this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; all instances ... instance of volcanic landform); K2 is an instance of mountain / this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; all instances ... instance of volcanic landform); K2 is an instance of mountain
- instance of (wd:P31 as wdt), also known as example of, has type, is a, is an, is of type, etc.: that class of which this subject is a particular example and ... a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform) / type to which this subject corresponds/belongs. Different ... and the volcano is a type (instance) of volcanic landform
- thesis submitted to (wd:P4101 as wdt), also known as dissertation submitted to, submitted to, P4101: institution to whom a thesis or dissertation is submitted / institution to whom a thesis or dissertation is submitted

Got 10 rows and 3 columns:
| institution                                     | institutionLabel                            | thesisCount     |
| ----------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | --------------- |
| University of Oxford (wd:Q34433)                | University of Oxford (lang:en)              | 16828 (xsd:int) |
| University of Auckland (wd:Q492467)             | University of Auckland (lang:en)            | 14832 (xsd:int) |
| Massey University (wd:Q1134606)                 | Massey University (lang:en)                 | 11881 (xsd:int) |
| University of Canterbury (wd:Q432475)           | University of Canterbury (lang:en)          | 11286 (xsd:int) |
| Delft University of Technology (wd:Q752663)     | Delft University of Technology (lang:en)    | 10779 (xsd:int) |
| University of Leeds (wd:Q503424)                | University of Leeds (lang:en)               | 9522 (xsd:int)  |
| University of Washington (wd:Q219563)           | University of Washington (lang:en)          | 9264 (xsd:int)  |
| University of Otago (wd:Q1201513)               | University of Otago (lang:en)               | 8599 (xsd:int)  |
| Victoria University of Wellington (wd:Q1150437) | Victoria University of Wellington (lang:en) | 6474 (xsd:int)  |
| Vanderbilt University (wd:Q29052)               | Vanderbilt University (lang:en)             | 5917 (xsd:int)  |

Answer:
The institutions with the highest number of theses or dissertations submitted to them, ordered by count in descending order, are:

1. University of Oxford (16,828 theses)
2. University of Auckland (14,832 theses)
3. Massey University (11,881 theses)
4. University of Canterbury (11,286 theses)
5. Delft University of Technology (10,779 theses)
6. University of Leeds (9,522 theses)
7. University of Washington (9,264 theses)
8. University of Otago (8,599 theses)
9. Victoria University of Wellington (6,474 theses)
10. Vanderbilt University (5,917 theses)

The institutions with the highest number of theses or dissertations submitted to them, ordered by count in descending order, are:

1. University of Oxford (16,828 theses)
2. University of Auckland (14,832 theses)
3. Massey University (11,881 theses)
4. University of Canterbury (11,286 theses)
5. Delft University of Technology (10,779 theses)
6. University of Leeds (9,522 theses)
7. University of Washington (9,264 theses)
8. University of Otago (8,599 theses)
9. Victoria University of Wellington (6,474 theses)
10. Vanderbilt University (5,917 theses)

SPARQL query over wikidata:
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
SELECT ?institution ?institutionLabel ( COUNT( ?thesis ) AS ?thesisCount ) WHERE {
  ?thesis wdt:P31 / wdt:P279 * wd:Q1266946 .
  ?thesis wdt:P4101 ?institution .
  ?institution rdfs:label ?institutionLabel .
  FILTER ( LANG( ?institutionLabel ) = "en" )
}
GROUP BY ?institution ?institutionLabel
ORDER BY DESC ( ?thesisCount )
LIMIT 10

Using entities:
- thesis (wd:Q1266946), also known as academic dissertation, academic thesis, dissertation, theses: is instance of literary genre / is subclass of academic work / is subclass of academic writing / is subclass of research / a scholarly work submitted as a requirement to obtain an academic degree; Use Q187685 for PhD thesis

Using properties:
- subclass of (wd:P279 as wdt), also known as all members of this class also belong to, category of, form of, has superclass, is a class of, etc.: this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; ALL instances ... of volcanic landform); Everest is an instance of mountain / this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; all instances ... instance of volcanic landform); K2 is an instance of mountain / this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; all instances ... instance of volcanic landform); K2 is an instance of mountain / this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; all instances ... instance of volcanic landform); K2 is an instance of mountain
- instance of (wd:P31 as wdt), also known as example of, has type, is a, is an, is of type, etc.: that class of which this subject is a particular example and ... a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform) / type to which this subject corresponds/belongs. Different ... and the volcano is a type (instance) of volcanic landform
- thesis submitted to (wd:P4101 as wdt), also known as dissertation submitted to, submitted to, P4101: institution to whom a thesis or dissertation is submitted / institution to whom a thesis or dissertation is submitted

Execution result:
Got 10 rows and 3 columns:
| institution                                     | institutionLabel                            | thesisCount     |
| ----------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | --------------- |
| University of Oxford (wd:Q34433)                | University of Oxford (lang:en)              | 16828 (xsd:int) |
| University of Auckland (wd:Q492467)             | University of Auckland (lang:en)            | 14832 (xsd:int) |
| Massey University (wd:Q1134606)                 | Massey University (lang:en)                 | 11881 (xsd:int) |
| University of Canterbury (wd:Q432475)           | University of Canterbury (lang:en)          | 11286 (xsd:int) |
| Delft University of Technology (wd:Q752663)     | Delft University of Technology (lang:en)    | 10779 (xsd:int) |
| University of Leeds (wd:Q503424)                | University of Leeds (lang:en)               | 9522 (xsd:int)  |
| University of Washington (wd:Q219563)           | University of Washington (lang:en)          | 9264 (xsd:int)  |
| University of Otago (wd:Q1201513)               | University of Otago (lang:en)               | 8599 (xsd:int)  |
| Victoria University of Wellington (wd:Q1150437) | Victoria University of Wellington (lang:en) | 6474 (xsd:int)  |
| Vanderbilt University (wd:Q29052)               | Vanderbilt University (lang:en)             | 5917 (xsd:int)  |

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Search for the entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Execute intermediate queries to get feedback and to verify your assumptions. You may need to refine or rethink your current plan based on the query results and go back to step 2 if needed, possibly multiple times.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Available knowledge graphs:
- wikidata at http://localhost:7001 with prefix index for entities and similarity index for properties, and notes:
  - P106 = occupation. Use wdt:P106 to get occupations and fetch English labels with rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(?label)="en"). When returning human occupations confirm the subject is human (wdt:P31 wd:Q5) to avoid non-human items.
  - Population (P1082) and tabular (P4179): use wdt:P1082 for quick/direct values; for time-series/point-in-time use p:P1082 + ps:P1082 + pq:P585 and ORDER BY pq:P585 DESC. Inspect statement qualifiers (e.g., 'applies to part') and prov:wasDerivedFrom references (pr:P854 etc.) to detect city-proper vs metro/prefecture scopes before using values.
  - Common person properties: P31 (instance of human Q5), P106 (occupation), P569 (date of birth), P19 (place of birth), P27 (country of citizenship), P21 (sex/gender), P166 (award received). Use wdt: for direct values when possible.
  - P17 (country) can be incomplete/misleading for places (historical/overseas tags). To get modern cities in a country combine: instance-of city (P31=Q515) + wdt:P17 OR use wdt:P131* to find an admin parent whose wdt:P17 = the country. Also cross-check coordinates (P625) or admin hierarchy to spot outliers.
  - When filtering by date of birth (P569) use xsd:dateTime comparisons (e.g. >= "1900-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime). Be aware many items have year-only or imprecise dates and coverage is biased toward notable/public figures (sportspeople, politicians, artists).
  - To retrieve qualifiers (e.g., award year) use the statement/qualifier pattern: p:Pxxx / ps:Pxxx / pq:P585. Use wdt:Pxxx for normalized/direct values when you don't need qualifiers. Example: p:P166 + pq:P585 gives award year.
  - To get a person's occupations: use wdt:P106 for direct/normalized values and rdfs:label for human-readable names (FILTER(LANG(...))). Example: wd:Q... wdt:P106 ?occ . ?occ rdfs:label ?occLabel . FILTER(LANG(?occLabel)="en").
  - P166 = award received. Use wdt:P166 for normalized/direct values when you only need award items. To get award years or qualifiers use p:P166 / ps:P166 / pq:P585. Many statements lack pq:P585 — use OPTIONAL { ?stmt pq:P585 ?date } and ORDER BY DESC(?date). When listing award winners, filter ?person wdt:P31 wd:Q5 to ensure humans.
  - Population time-series pattern: wd:Q... p:P1082 ?stmt . ?stmt ps:P1082 ?pop . OPTIONAL { ?stmt pq:P585 ?date } . ORDER BY DESC(?date). pq:P585 is the point-in-time qualifier. IMPORTANT: time-series may mix scopes (city proper vs metro) — e.g., Tokyo has a 2016 entry ~38,140,000 likely metro vs smaller city figures. Inspect qualifiers/references for scope before use.
  - Use wdt:P131* to traverse the admin hierarchy and compare wdt:P17 on the place vs an admin parent to detect historical/colonial country assignments. When mismatches appear, inspect the admin parent's instance-of (P31), labels, qualifiers and references to interpret the historical scope.
  - wdt:P106 often yields multiple occupations for a person. Use GROUP_CONCAT(DISTINCT ?occLabel; separator=", ") or return multiple rows. Always fetch labels with rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(?label)="en") to get readable occupation names.
  - When a search_entity returns multiple hits (person vs sculpture vs memorial), confirm you selected the human/statements by checking wdt:P31 (instance of) and relevant wdt: properties (e.g., wdt:P106). This avoids using a non-human QID by mistake.
  - search_autocomplete can be constrained with a SPARQL pattern containing ?search (e.g., SELECT * WHERE { ?search wdt:P31 wd:Q5 }). Use constraints to focus results (e.g., humans) and avoid ambiguous fallbacks; if it returns no results, fallback to search_entity and verify wdt:P31.
  - Use search_property_of_entity to find relevant properties for an entity (e.g., 'award' -> P166) and search_object_of_property to discover candidate objects (e.g., 'physicist' for P106). This reduces guessing P/Q ids and surfaces qualifiers.
  - Inspect statement references and qualifiers: use prov:wasDerivedFrom on p: statements to find sources, and check qualifiers (e.g., 'applies to part' or other scope qualifiers) to disambiguate city vs metro vs admin area. Reference labels can be empty; inspect reference node properties for URLs or publication dates.

Index types used for entities and properties:
- Prefix index: Retrieves items by overlap between query keywords and item words. The query keywords can match item words exactly or as prefixes.
- Similarity index: Retrieves items by cosine similarity between their embeddings and the query embedding.

General notes across knowledge graphs:
- Use rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(?label)="en") for labels; avoid SERVICE wikibase:label. Use wdt:Pxxx for normalized/direct values when qualifiers aren't needed. Use p:Pxxx / ps:Pxxx / pq:Pxxx to access statement qualifiers (e.g., award year via pq:P585). When dates matter, prefer xsd:dateTime and watch for year-only precision.
- Practical query patterns: use rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(...)) for labels. Use wdt:Pxxx for direct/normalized values when qualifiers aren't needed. Use p:Pxxx / ps:Pxxx / pq:Pxxx to access qualifiers (dates via pq:P585). For dates use xsd:dateTime and expect year-only precision. For places: combine P17 with P131 or coordinate (P625) filters to avoid historical/overseas mismatches.
- Use OPTIONAL for pq: qualifiers (e.g., pq:P585), sort by qualifier (ORDER BY pq:P585 DESC) to prefer recent values. Use GROUP_CONCAT to combine multiple labels/values in one row. Watch for typed literals (xsd:dateTime, xsd:decimal) when filtering or sorting.
- Before querying, use search_entity to resolve human-friendly names to wd:Q identifiers and verify instance-of (e.g., check wdt:P31 = wd:Q5 for humans) to avoid ambiguous matches. Prefer the top match but programmatically confirm P31 before using its data.
- Use search_property to confirm property identifiers (e.g., "country" -> P17) before embedding them in queries. This prevents mistakes from assuming an ID and helps pick the best property if multiple choices exist.
- search_autocomplete can fall back to an unconstrained search or error when there are too many candidates. If this happens (e.g., "more than the maximum supported number of subject candidates"), retry with narrower constraints such as instance-of (wdt:P31), additional type filters, or short prefixes to reduce the candidate set; otherwise fallback to search_entity and verify wdt:P31.
- Use list(...) to inspect all triples on an entity for exploration, but expect large results for notable items. Prefer wdt: properties or targeted p:/ps:/pq: patterns in SPARQL when you need normalized values or qualifiers, respectively.
- Before embedding property or item IDs in SPARQL, use search_property, search_property_of_entity, and search_object_of_property to discover the appropriate P/PID or object QIDs. This reduces errors from guessing IDs and surfaces better property alternatives and qualifiers.
- search_constrained and search_autocomplete can return no results for constrained queries or when the index is large. If they fail, fallback to search_entity + verify P31 (or use search_property_of_entity). Constrain with instance-of (wdt:P31) or other properties in the SPARQL to improve matches.
- When selecting awards by year, prefer xsd:dateTime range filters (e.g., >= "2001-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime && < "2002-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) instead of YEAR() for portability and precision.
- When selecting award winners via wdt:P166, filter ?person wdt:P31 wd:Q5 to ensure humans — fictional characters or non-humans may have award claims. If you need award years use p:P166 / ps:P166 / pq:P585 and OPTIONAL { ?stmt pq:P585 ?year } to retrieve qualifier years.
- Use wdt:P625 (coordinates) together with wdt:P131* and wdt:P17 checks to validate a place's modern country or to filter by geography. When country labels mismatch historically, inspect admin parents and coordinates to resolve whether the item refers to historical/colonial scope or current boundaries.
- Prefer wdt:Pxxx for normalized/direct values when qualifiers aren't needed. Use p:Pxxx / ps:Pxxx / pq:Pxxx to access qualifiers (e.g., pq:P585 for award year). Always fetch labels with rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(?label) = "en").
- If search_autocomplete returns too many candidates or errors, retry with constraints (e.g., SELECT * WHERE { ?search wdt:P31 wd:Q5 }) or narrower query text. If still failing, fallback to search_entity and verify wdt:P31 for type checks.
- For award-year queries use p:P166 / ps:P166 / pq:P585 to access award statements and year qualifiers. Filter by xsd:dateTime ranges (e.g., >= "2020-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime && < "2021-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) instead of YEAR() for robustness.
- Use search_property_of_entity to surface relevant properties for an entity (e.g., 'birth' -> P569/P19). list(...) can inspect triples but may return large results for notable items—prefer targeted wdt: patterns (wdt:Pxxx) or p:/ps:/pq: patterns when you need qualifiers.

SPARQL prefixes for use in function calls:
- bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
- cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
- data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
- dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
- dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
- foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
- geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
- geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
- gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
- hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
- imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
- math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
- ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
- owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
- p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
- pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
- pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
- pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
- pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
- prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
- prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
- prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
- ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
- psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
- psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
- qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
- qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
- ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
- qlss: <https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/spatialSearch/
- rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
- rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
- ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
- s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
- schema: <http://schema.org/
- skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
- v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
- void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#
- wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
- wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
- wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
- wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
- wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
- xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#

Additional rules to follow:
- Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
- Do not just use or make up entity or property identifiers without verifying their existence in the knowledge graphs first.
- Do not ask the user for clarifications without first attempting to complete the task. If the task input is incomplete or ambiguous, try to make reasonable assumptions and document them.
- Do not use "SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ..." in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.
- Always execute your final SPARQL query before giving an answer to make sure it returns the expected results.
- The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
- Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
- Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
- For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.

[User] Which institutions have the highest number of theses or dissertations submitted to them, ordered by the count of distinct theses or dissertations in descending order?

[Assistant]
To answer the question about institutions with the highest number of theses or dissertations submitted to them, I need to:

1. Identify the relevant property in Wikidata that links institutions (universities, colleges, etc.) to theses or dissertations.
2. Find entities representing institutions (e.g., universities) that have theses/dissertations associated with them.
3. Count the number of distinct theses/dissertations per institution.
4. Order the results by count in descending order.

### Step 1: Identify the relevant property
I need to find a property that connects a thesis/dissertation to its awarding institution. In Wikidata, the property "awarded by" (P1686) is commonly used to link a thesis or dissertation to the institution that awarded it.

Let me verify this by searching for properties related to "thesis" or "dissertation".

Question: thesis

Top 10 property alternatives:
1. academic thesis (wd:P1026 as psn/wdtn/p/prv/prn/pq/ps/psv/pr/wdt/pqn/pqv, matched via thesis), also known as A.B. thesis, bachelor's thesis, bachelor thesis, B.A. thesis, B.S. thesis, etc.: thesis or dissertation written for a degree / thesis or dissertation written for a degree
2. National Thesis Number (France) (wd:P5005 as psn/wdtn/p/prv/prn/pq/ps/psv/pr/wdt/pqn/pqv, matched via thesis number), also known as NNT, sudoc.fr thesis number, SUDOC thesis number, Theses.fr number, thesis number, etc.: identifier usually assigned by the dissertation's library for a published thesis in France / identifier usually assigned by the dissertation's library for a published thesis in France
3. thesis submitted to (wd:P4101 as psn/wdtn/p/prv/prn/pq/ps/psv/pr/wdt/pqn/pqv), also known as dissertation submitted to, submitted to, P4101: institution to whom a thesis or dissertation is submitted / institution to whom a thesis or dissertation is submitted
4. thesis submitted for degree (wd:P13338 as psn/wdtn/p/prv/prn/pq/ps/psv/pr/wdt/pqn/pqv, matched via thesis submitted for academic degree), also known as degree dissertation submitted for, degree thesis submitted for, dissertation submitted for academic degree, dissertation submitted for degree, thesis submitted for academic degree, etc.: the academic degree for which a thesis or dissertation is submitted
5. statement is subject of (wd:P805 as psn/wdtn/p/prv/prn/pq/ps/psv/pr/wdt/pqn/pqv, matched via article), also known as artfor, article, decided by, decided in, decided with, etc.: (qualifier only) item which describes the relation identified in this statement / (qualifier only) item which describes the relation identified in this statement / (qualifying) item that describes the relation identified in this statement
6. is the study of (wd:P2578 as psn/wdtn/p/prv/prn/pq/ps/psv/pr/wdt/pqn/pqv, matched via research), also known as academic field for, is study of, learning what?, research, researches, etc.: the object that an academic field studies; distinct from field of work (P101), which is used for human, organization, etc. / subject item is the academic field studying the object item of this property
7. field of work (wd:P101 as psn/wdtn/p/prv/prn/pq/ps/psv/pr/wdt/pqn/pqv, matched via research), also known as academic area, academic discipline, academic subject, activity, activity domain, etc.: specialisation of a person or organisation; see P106 for the occupation / specialization of a person or organization; see P106 for the occupation / specialization of a person or organization; see P106 for the occupation / specialization of a person or organization; see P106 for the occupation / is subproperty of interested in
8. folio(s) (wd:P7416 as psn/wdtn/p/prv/prn/pq/ps/psv/pr/wdt/pqn/pqv, matched via folio), also known as f., folio, folios, P7416: folio number of reference for statement
9. DOI (wd:P356 as psn/wdtn/p/prv/prn/pq/ps/psv/pr/wdt/pqn/pqv), also known as Digital Object Identifier, doi, P356: serial code used to uniquely identify digital objects like academic papers (use upper case letters only) / serial code used to uniquely identify digital objects like academic papers (use upper case letters only) / identifier for objects / Digital Object Identifier / Digital Object Identifier
10. inscription (wd:P1684 as psn/wdtn/p/prv/prn/pq/ps/psv/pr/wdt/pqn/pqv), also known as epigraph (inscription), inscriptions, legend, legenda, signature, etc.: inscriptions, markings and signatures on an object / inscriptions, markings and signatures on an object / inscriptions, markings and signatures on an object

[Assistant]
From the search results, I see that:

- **P1686** ("awarded by") is the property that links a thesis/dissertation to the institution that awarded it.
- **P4101** ("thesis submitted to") is another relevant property, which indicates the institution to which the thesis was submitted.

Both could be useful, but **P1686** is more directly associated with the awarding institution, which is likely the intended meaning of "submitted to them" in the question (i.e., the institution that granted the degree).

I will now search for entities that are instances of "thesis" or "dissertation" to confirm the usage of P1686.

Question: thesis

Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. thesis (wd:Q1266946), also known as academic dissertation, academic thesis, dissertation, theses: a scholarly work submitted as a requirement to obtain an academic degree; Use Q187685 for PhD thesis / is subclass of academic writing / is instance of literary genre / is subclass of academic work / is subclass of research
2. thesis (wd:Q4453731): is instance of philosophical terminology / is subclass of proposition / type of proposition
3. doctoral thesis (wd:Q187685), also known as doctoral dissertation, Ph. D. dissertation, Ph.D. dissertation, PhD dissertation, Ph. D. thesis, etc.: document submitted in support of candidature for a doctorate / document submitted in support of candidature for a doctorate / is instance of literary genre / is subclass of thesis
4. thesis statement (wd:Q642659), also known as thesis topic: statement that reflects the main idea of a thesis / is instance of concept / is subclass of clause
5. bachelor's thesis (wd:Q798134), also known as bachelors thesis, bachelor thesis: thesis reporting a research project undertaken as part of an undergraduate course of education leading to a bachelor's degree / is subclass of written work / is subclass of thesis
6. master's thesis (wd:Q1907875), also known as graduate thesis, masters thesis, master thesis: thesis submitted in support of candidature for a master's degree / is subclass of written work / is subclass of document / is subclass of thesis / is subclass of test
7. Magister's thesis (wd:Q1884156): thesis for the attainment of an academic degree 'Magister' / is subclass of thesis
8. thesis by publication (wd:Q660369, matched via article thesis), also known as article thesis, compilation thesis, essay thesis: type of doctoral dissertation / is subclass of dissertation
9. habilitation thesis (wd:Q1414362), also known as Habilitationsschrift: type of thesis necessary for teaching in German universities / is subclass of doctoral thesis / is subclass of thesis / is subclass of Thesis
10. exercise thesis (wd:Q3526257): is instance of written work / type of thesis

No other items found

No literal items found

[Assistant]
Now I know that the main entity for a thesis is **Q1266946** ("thesis"), and there are subclasses like doctoral thesis (Q187685), master's thesis (Q1907875), etc.

I will now check how the "awarded by" property (P1686) is used with theses by listing some triples.

list

wd:Q1266946

[Assistant]
The list returned no results, which suggests that **P1686** is not directly used on the class "thesis" (Q1266946), but rather on individual thesis instances. So I need to find actual thesis items and see which institutions they are linked to via P1686.

Let me instead search for some instances of theses and check their P1686 values.

SELECT ?thesis WHERE { ?thesis wdt:P31 wd:Q1266946 } LIMIT 5

Question: thesis

Call to function search_autocomplete returned an error:
Invalid SPARQL query: Variable ?search must occurr in the WHERE clause at least once

[Assistant]
I made a mistake in the SPARQL query for `search_autocomplete`. The variable must be named `?search`, not `?thesis`. Let me correct that.

SELECT ?search WHERE { ?search wdt:P31 wd:Q1266946 } LIMIT 5

Question: thesis

Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. CONSIDER THIS MY THESIS (wd:Q124341212): thesis published in 2010 / is instance of thesis
2. Diploma Thesis "Checking of Integrity Constraints in Deductive Databases" (wd:Q117187323): Stefan Decker's Diploma Thesis / is instance of thesis
3. I Called My Thesis This Because the F-Word Was Unacceptable in the Original Title That I Presented to the University Library (wd:Q124341090): thesis published in 2015 / is instance of thesis
4. Contributions to our knowledge of sex and the differentiation ... of papers submitted as a thesis to the University of Manitoba (wd:Q111704943): thesis published in 1932 / is instance of thesis

No other items found

[Assistant]
Now I can see actual thesis items. Let me check the P1686 (awarded by) property for one of them to confirm it links to an institution.

wd:Q117187323

[Assistant]
No results for P1686 on this thesis. Let me check if P4101 ("thesis submitted to") is used instead.

wd:Q117187323

[Assistant]
Great! I found that **P4101** ("thesis submitted to") is used to link the thesis to the institution (University of Kaiserslautern).

Now I will construct a SPARQL query to:

- Find all items that are instances of thesis (Q1266946) or its subclasses (like Q187685 for doctoral thesis).
- Use P4101 to link them to the institution that received the thesis.
- Count the number of theses per institution.
- Order by count descending.

I'll also include the institution's label for readability.

Let me write the SPARQL query:
```sparql
SELECT ?institution ?institutionLabel (COUNT(?thesis) AS ?thesisCount)
WHERE {
  ?thesis wdt:P31/wdt:P279* wd:Q1266946 .  # thesis or any subclass
  ?thesis wdt:P4101 ?institution .         # thesis submitted to institution
  SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "en" . }
}
GROUP BY ?institution ?institutionLabel
ORDER BY DESC(?thesisCount)
LIMIT 10
```

Wait — I must avoid using `SERVICE wikibase:label` as per instructions. Instead, I'll use `rdfs:label` with `FILTER(LANG(?label) = "en")`.

Let me correct the query:
```sparql
SELECT ?institution ?institutionLabel (COUNT(?thesis) AS ?thesisCount)
WHERE {
  ?thesis wdt:P31/wdt:P279* wd:Q1266946 .  # thesis or any subclass
  ?thesis wdt:P4101 ?institution .         # thesis submitted to institution
  ?institution rdfs:label ?institutionLabel .
  FILTER(LANG(?institutionLabel) = "en")
}
GROUP BY ?institution ?institutionLabel
ORDER BY DESC(?thesisCount)
LIMIT 10
```

Now I'll execute this query.

execute

SELECT ?institution ?institutionLabel (COUNT(?thesis) AS ?thesisCount)
WHERE {
  ?thesis wdt:P31/wdt:P279* wd:Q1266946 .  # thesis or any subclass
  ?thesis wdt:P4101 ?institution .         # thesis submitted to institution
  ?institution rdfs:label ?institutionLabel .
  FILTER(LANG(?institutionLabel) = "en")
}
GROUP BY ?institution ?institutionLabel
ORDER BY DESC(?thesisCount)
LIMIT 10

Got 10 rows and 3 columns:
| institution                                     | institutionLabel                            | thesisCount     |
| ----------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | --------------- |
| University of Oxford (wd:Q34433)                | University of Oxford (lang:en)              | 16828 (xsd:int) |
| University of Auckland (wd:Q492467)             | University of Auckland (lang:en)            | 14832 (xsd:int) |
| Massey University (wd:Q1134606)                 | Massey University (lang:en)                 | 11881 (xsd:int) |
| University of Canterbury (wd:Q432475)           | University of Canterbury (lang:en)          | 11286 (xsd:int) |
| Delft University of Technology (wd:Q752663)     | Delft University of Technology (lang:en)    | 10779 (xsd:int) |
| University of Leeds (wd:Q503424)                | University of Leeds (lang:en)               | 9522 (xsd:int)  |
| University of Washington (wd:Q219563)           | University of Washington (lang:en)          | 9264 (xsd:int)  |
| University of Otago (wd:Q1201513)               | University of Otago (lang:en)               | 8599 (xsd:int)  |
| Victoria University of Wellington (wd:Q1150437) | Victoria University of Wellington (lang:en) | 6474 (xsd:int)  |
| Vanderbilt University (wd:Q29052)               | Vanderbilt University (lang:en)             | 5917 (xsd:int)  |

[Assistant]
The query successfully returned the institutions with the highest number of theses or dissertations submitted to them, ordered by count in descending order.

The top institution is the **University of Oxford** with 16,828 theses, followed by the **University of Auckland** with 14,832, and so on.

This matches the question's requirement perfectly.

I will now provide the final answer.

answer

SELECT ?institution ?institutionLabel (COUNT(?thesis) AS ?thesisCount)
WHERE {
  ?thesis wdt:P31/wdt:P279* wd:Q1266946 .  # thesis or any subclass
  ?thesis wdt:P4101 ?institution .         # thesis submitted to institution
  ?institution rdfs:label ?institutionLabel .
  FILTER(LANG(?institutionLabel) = "en")
}
GROUP BY ?institution ?institutionLabel
ORDER BY DESC(?thesisCount)
LIMIT 10

Answer:
The institutions with the highest number of theses or dissertations submitted to them, ordered by count in descending order, are:

1. University of Oxford (16,828 theses)
2. University of Auckland (14,832 theses)
3. Massey University (11,881 theses)
4. University of Canterbury (11,286 theses)
5. Delft University of Technology (10,779 theses)
6. University of Leeds (9,522 theses)
7. University of Washington (9,264 theses)
8. University of Otago (8,599 theses)
9. Victoria University of Wellington (6,474 theses)
10. Vanderbilt University (5,917 theses)