PREFIX p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/>
PREFIX pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/>
SELECT ?actor ?actorLabel WHERE {
  wd:Q107940 p:P161 ?statement .
  ?statement ps:P161 ?actor ; pq:P453 wd:Q16311 .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?actor rdfs:label ?actorLabel FILTER ( LANG( ?actorLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}
LIMIT 10

The actor who played Captain Kirk in the Star Trek movie 'Star Trek: The Motion Picture' (1979) is William Shatner.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] who played captain kirk in star trek movie?

[Assistant]
To answer the question "Who played Captain Kirk in the Star Trek movie?", I need to identify the entity for "Captain Kirk," the entity for the "Star Trek movie," and the property that links an actor to a character in a movie.

Step 1: Search for the entity "Captain Kirk" in Wikidata.
Step 2: Search for the entity "Star Trek movie" in Wikidata. Since there are multiple Star Trek movies, I will try to identify the first or most well-known one.
Step 3: Find the property that links actors to characters in movies.
Step 4: Construct a SPARQL query to find the actor who played Captain Kirk in the identified Star Trek movie.

I will start with Step 1 and search for "Captain Kirk" in Wikidata.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. James T. Kirk, also known as James Kirk, James Tiberius Kirk, Jim Kirk, Captain Kirk, Captain James Tiberius Kirk (wd:Q16311): fictional character from Star Trek, spaceship captain, tactician, explorer
2. William Kirkpatrick, also known as Colonel Kirkpatrick, William Kirkpatrick (1754-1812), William Kirkpatrick (1756-1812), Captain Kirkpatrick, Col. Kirkpatrick (wd:Q18672883): British army officer in the East India Company and diplomat (1754 or 1756-1812), military personnel, orientalist, diplomat
3. Captain Kirk Douglas, also known as Kirk Douglass, Kirk Douglas (guitarist), Hundred Watt Heart, "Captain" Kirk Douglas (wd:Q5036706): American guitarist, guitarist, musician
4. Where's Captain Kirk? (wd:Q7993095): 1979 song performed by Spizzenergi
5. Duncan Kirk, also known as Captain Duncan Kirk (wd:Q75400490): Peerage person ID=118534
6. Maurice Kirk, also known as Captain Maurice Kirk, Maurice Wrottesley Kirk (wd:Q75822804): British army captain
7. Captain Kirk: Cold Warrior (wd:Q58447877)
8. I Am Captain Kirk (wd:Q113976373)
9. Duncan Kinloch Kirk, also known as Captain Duncan Kinloch Kirk (wd:Q75243859): Peerage person ID=5744
10. Who Killed Captain Kirk? (wd:Q111739107)

[Assistant]
The entity for "Captain Kirk" is wd:Q16311, which corresponds to James T. Kirk, the fictional character from Star Trek.

Next, I will search for the "Star Trek movie" to identify the entity for the movie. Since there are multiple Star Trek movies, I will try to find the first or most well-known one. I will search for "Star Trek movie" in Wikidata.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Star Trek film, also known as Star Trek movie (wd:Q61283808): film of the Star Trek film franchise
2. Star Trek Movie Memories (wd:Q7601044): William Shatner memoir written  with Chris Kreski
3. Star Trek, also known as StarTrek, Star Trek franchise (wd:Q1092): science fiction media franchise
4. Star Trek, also known as Star Trek 09, Star Trek 11, Star Trek 2009 (wd:Q213081): 2009 film directed by J. J. Abrams
5. Star Trek: The Original Series, also known as Those Old Scientists, TOS, ST: TOS, Star Trek: TOS, Star Trek TOS (wd:Q1077): American science fiction television series (1966–1969)
6. Star Trek III: The Search for Spock, also known as Search for Spock, Star Trek, Star Trek 3, The Search for Spock (wd:Q221305): 1984 film directed by Leonard Nimoy
7. movie star, also known as cinema star, film star (wd:Q1337738): celebrity who is famous for starring in motion pictures
8. Star Trek, also known as Star Trek (1971) (wd:Q662253): 1971 command line computer game
9. Star Trek, also known as Star Trek Films (wd:Q1102217): film series
10. Star Trek, also known as 2013 Star Trek, Star Trek The Video Game (wd:Q7601031): 2013 video game

[Assistant]
There are multiple entities related to Star Trek movies. The most relevant ones are:
- Star Trek film franchise (wd:Q61283808)
- Star Trek 2009 film directed by J. J. Abrams (wd:Q213081)
- Star Trek III: The Search for Spock (wd:Q221305)
- Star Trek film series (wd:Q1102217)

Since the question is about "Star Trek movie" in general, I will focus on the original Star Trek film from 1979, which is the first Star Trek movie. I will search for the entity of the first Star Trek movie by searching for "Star Trek 1979 movie" or "Star Trek: The Motion Picture."

I will now search for "Star Trek: The Motion Picture" in Wikidata.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Star Trek: The Motion Picture, also known as Star Trek 1, Star Trek I, The Motion Picture (wd:Q107940): 1979 film directed by Robert Wise
2. Star Trek: The Motion Picture, also known as Star Trek: The Motion Picture (novel) (wd:Q7601010): novelization of the film Star Trek: The Motion Picture
3. Star Trek: The Motion Picture (wd:Q78466180): 1982 Star Trek video game
4. Star Trek: The Motion Picture (wd:Q54825878): softcover edition of the novel
5. Star Trek: The Motion Picture (wd:Q111753170)
6. Star Trek: Music from the Motion Picture (wd:Q7600984): album by Michael Giacchino
7. Star Trek: The Motion Picture soundtrack releases, also known as music of Star Trek: The Motion Picture (wd:Q119806339): Wikipedia article covering multiple soundtrack releases
8. The Making of Star Trek: The Motion Picture (wd:Q99526951): book by Susan Sackett and Gene Roddenberry
9. The Making of Star Trek: The Motion Picture (wd:Q106465365): 1980 edition
10. Star Trek: The Official Motion Picture Adaptation (wd:Q111753048)

[Assistant]
The entity for the 1979 Star Trek movie "Star Trek: The Motion Picture" is wd:Q107940.

Next, I need to find the property that links actors to the characters they played in movies. Commonly used properties for this are "cast member" (wdt:P161) and "character role" (wdt:P453).

I will check the properties of the entity wd:Q107940 to confirm the property for the cast and character played.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. cast member, also known as feat., starring (film/play), film starring, starring, actor (wd:P161 as p/wdt): actor in the subject production [use "character role" (P453) and...use "recorded participant" (P11108) for non-fiction productions], significant person, performer
2. characters, also known as appears in this work (wd:P674 as p/wdt): characters which appear in this item (like plays, operas, operettas, books, comics, films, TV series, video games)
3. part of the series, also known as series, video game series, subseries, part of series, listed in (wd:P179 as p/wdt): series which contains the subject, part of
4. director, also known as film director, movie director, game director, directed by (wd:P57 as p/wdt): director(s) of film, TV-series, stageplay, video game or similar, contributor to the creative work or subject, creator
5. title, also known as name, titled, page name, original title, known as (wd:P1476 as p/wdt): published name of a work, such as a newspaper article, a literary work, piece of music, a website, or a performance work, name
6. country of origin, also known as origin country, place of origin, originates from, country, CoO (wd:P495 as p/wdt): country of origin of this item (creative work, food, phrase, product, etc.), significant place, country
7. set in period, also known as time period set in, time period of setting, time period, takes place in time, takes place during (wd:P2408 as p/wdt): historical, contemporary, or future period, year, century or day...rk or genre is set in or event featured in the story of the work
8. screenwriter, also known as story by, teleplay by, video game writer, writer (of screenplays), writing credits (wd:P58 as p/wdt): person(s) who wrote the script for subject item, film crew member, author
9. production company, also known as broadcasting company, theatrical troupe, theatre company, theater company, studio (wd:P272 as p/wdt): company that produced this film, audio or performing arts work
10. producer, also known as music producer, record producer, produced by, film producer, creative producer (wd:P162 as p/wdt): person(s) who produced the film, musical work, theatrical produc...etc.) [for production company, use P272, video games - use P178]

No other items found

[Assistant]
The property "cast member" (wdt:P161) is used to indicate actors in the film. Additionally, the property "characters" (wdt:P674) indicates the characters that appear in the film.

To find the actor who played Captain Kirk in "Star Trek: The Motion Picture" (wd:Q107940), I can query for the cast members of the movie and check which actor is linked to the character Captain Kirk (wd:Q16311).

I will now construct a SPARQL query to find the actor who played Captain Kirk in the movie "Star Trek: The Motion Picture."

[Tool] Got no rows and 2 columns

[Assistant]
The query returned no results because the property wdt:P463 (member of an organization) was mistakenly used instead of linking the actor to the character played.

I need to find the correct way to link the actor to the character they played in the movie. Usually, the cast member property (wdt:P161) links the movie to the actor, and the character played is linked by the property "character role" (wdt:P453) on the statement about the actor's participation in the movie.

I will try a different approach: find the cast members of the movie (wdt:P161) and then check which of these actors have a statement indicating they played Captain Kirk (wd:Q16311) in this movie.

I will write a SPARQL query to find actors who are cast members of the movie and have a character role of Captain Kirk.

[Tool] Got no rows and 2 columns

[Assistant]
The query returned no results again. It seems the direct qualifier linking the actor to the character role in the context of the movie is not present or not structured as expected.

I will try a simpler approach: list all cast members of the movie and then check which of these actors are known for playing Captain Kirk in general (not necessarily qualified by the movie).

I will query for all cast members of the movie "Star Trek: The Motion Picture" (wd:Q107940) and then check if any of them are linked to the character Captain Kirk (wd:Q16311) by the property "character role" (wdt:P453).

[Tool] Got no rows and 2 columns

[Assistant]
The query returned no results again. It seems the property "character role" (wdt:P453) is not directly linked to the actor entity in this way.

I will try another approach: find the cast members of the movie and get their labels to see if any of them are known for playing Captain Kirk.

I will query for all cast members of the movie "Star Trek: The Motion Picture" (wd:Q107940) and get their labels. Then I can check if any of them are known as Captain Kirk.

[Tool]
Got 10 rows and 2 columns:
| actor                          | actorLabel             |
| ------------------------------ | ---------------------- |
| George Takei (wd:Q110154)      | George Takei (en)      |
| William Shatner (wd:Q16297)    | William Shatner (en)   |
| Leonard Nimoy (wd:Q16345)      | Leonard Nimoy (en)     |
| DeForest Kelley (wd:Q16349)    | DeForest Kelley (en)   |
| Marcy Lafferty (wd:Q1894431)   | Marcy Lafferty (en)    |
| Majel Barrett (wd:Q232917)     | Majel Barrett (en)     |
| Nichelle Nichols (wd:Q254038)  | Nichelle Nichols (en)  |
| Grace Lee Whitney (wd:Q272214) | Grace Lee Whitney (en) |
| Bjo Trimble (wd:Q2905190)      | Bjo Trimble (en)       |
| James Doohan (wd:Q318412)      | James Doohan (en)      |

[Assistant]
The cast members of the movie "Star Trek: The Motion Picture" include William Shatner (wd:Q16297). William Shatner is well-known for playing Captain Kirk.

I will now confirm that William Shatner played the character Captain Kirk by checking the statements about William Shatner related to the character Captain Kirk (wd:Q16311).

[Tool] False

[Assistant]
The property wdt:P463 (member of an organization) is not the correct property to link William Shatner to the character Captain Kirk.

I will try to find statements about William Shatner (wd:Q16297) that mention Captain Kirk (wd:Q16311) using any property. This will help identify the correct property linking the actor to the character.

[Tool]
Got 1,082 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject                     | property                         | object                                                                                |
| --------------------------- | -------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| William Shatner (wd:Q16297) | instance of (wdt:P31)            | human (wd:Q5)                                                                                |
| William Shatner (wd:Q16297) | occupation (wdt:P106)            | actor (wd:Q33999)                                                                                |
| William Shatner (wd:Q16297) | sex or gender (wdt:P21)          | male (wd:Q6581097)                                                                                |
| William Shatner (wd:Q16297) | given name (wdt:P735)            | William (wd:Q12344159)                                                                                |
| William Shatner (wd:Q16297) | date of birth (wdt:P569)         | 1931-03-22T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime)                                                                                |
| William Shatner (wd:Q16297) | Commons category (wdt:P373)      | William Shatner                                                                                |
| William Shatner (wd:Q16297) | image (wdt:P18)                  | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/William%20Shatner%20Photo%20Op%20GalaxyCon%20Richmond%202023.jpg> |
| William Shatner (wd:Q16297) | country of citizenship (wdt:P27) | United States (wd:Q30)                                                                                |
| William Shatner (wd:Q16297) | family name (wdt:P734)           | Shatner (wd:Q56540712)                                                                                |
| William Shatner (wd:Q16297) | place of birth (wdt:P19)         | Notre-Dame-de-Grâce (wd:Q3344587)                                                                                |
| ...                         | ...                              | ...                                                                                |

[Assistant]
The direct properties of William Shatner do not show a direct link to the character Captain Kirk.

I will now check the statements where William Shatner is the subject and see if any statement has a qualifier or reference to Captain Kirk (wd:Q16311). This might be under the property "character role" (P453) or similar.

I will list the statements for William Shatner with their properties and objects to find a relevant property linking him to Captain Kirk.

[Tool] Got no rows and 3 columns

[Assistant]
There are no direct statements with property "character role" (wdt:P453) for William Shatner.

I will try to find statements with property "cast member" (wdt:P161) where the object is William Shatner and check if there is a qualifier for the character played.

I will search for statements where the property is "cast member" (wdt:P161) and the object is William Shatner (wd:Q16297).

[Tool]
Got 154 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject                                             | property               | object                      |
| --------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------- | --------------------------- |
| Star Trek: The Original Series (wd:Q1077)           | cast member (wdt:P161) | William Shatner (wd:Q16297) |
| Star Trek: The Motion Picture (wd:Q107940)          | cast member (wdt:P161) | William Shatner (wd:Q16297) |
| Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan (wd:Q465478)        | cast member (wdt:P161) | William Shatner (wd:Q16297) |
| Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home (wd:Q471842)          | cast member (wdt:P161) | William Shatner (wd:Q16297) |
| Star Trek III: The Search for Spock (wd:Q221305)    | cast member (wdt:P161) | William Shatner (wd:Q16297) |
| Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country (wd:Q579757) | cast member (wdt:P161) | William Shatner (wd:Q16297) |
| The Longest Day (wd:Q468484)                        | cast member (wdt:P161) | William Shatner (wd:Q16297) |
| Star Trek V: The Final Frontier (wd:Q241218)        | cast member (wdt:P161) | William Shatner (wd:Q16297) |
| Judgment at Nuremberg (wd:Q309545)                  | cast member (wdt:P161) | William Shatner (wd:Q16297) |
| Miss Congeniality (wd:Q532372)                      | cast member (wdt:P161) | William Shatner (wd:Q16297) |
| ...                                                 | ...                    | ...                         |

[Assistant]
William Shatner is a cast member of multiple Star Trek movies including "Star Trek: The Motion Picture" (wd:Q107940).

Now I will check if there is a qualifier or statement linking William Shatner to the character Captain Kirk (wd:Q16311) in the context of these movies.

I will query for statements about "Star Trek: The Motion Picture" (wd:Q107940) with property "cast member" (wdt:P161) and check if there is a qualifier for the character role (wdt:P453) with value Captain Kirk (wd:Q16311).

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 2 columns:
| actor                       | actorLabel           |
| --------------------------- | -------------------- |
| William Shatner (wd:Q16297) | William Shatner (en) |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=done):
The SPARQL query correctly identifies the actor who played Captain Kirk in the Star Trek movie 'Star Trek: The Motion Picture' (1979). It uses the film entity (wd:Q107940) and the character entity for Captain Kirk (wd:Q16311) as a qualifier to find the actor (wd:P161 with pq:P453). The query returns William Shatner as expected, which is the correct answer. The query also optionally retrieves the actor's English label. The answer is accurate and complete for the user's question.


PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
SELECT DISTINCT ?country ?countryLabel WHERE {
  wd:Q855 wdt:P39 ?position .
  ?position wdt:P17 ?country .
  ?country rdfs:label ?countryLabel .
  FILTER ( LANG( ?countryLabel ) = "en" )
}

Got 3 rows and 2 columns:
| country                                                    | countryLabel                                      |
| ---------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------- |
| Soviet Union (wd:Q15180)                                   | Soviet Union (en)                                 |
| Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (wd:Q2305208) | Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (en) |
| Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (wd:Q2895)          | Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (en)       |

Joseph Stalin was in charge of the Soviet Union (wd:Q15180), as well as some constituent republics like the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. The primary country he led was the Soviet Union.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] what country was stalin in charge of?

[Assistant] Step 1: Identify the entity "Stalin" in the knowledge graph. I will search for the entity "Stalin" in Wikidata to find the correct identifier for Joseph Stalin.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Joseph Stalin, also known as Koba, Josef Stalin, Joseph Vissarionovitch Stalin, Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin, Uncle Joe (wd:Q855): leader of the Soviet Union from 1924 to 1953, opinion journalist, revolutionary, statesperson, politician, linguist
2. Donetsk, also known as Aleksandrovka, Hughesovka, Stalin, Stalino, Yuzovka (wd:Q43070): city in Ukraine
3. Varna, also known as Stalin, Odesos (wd:Q6506): city in Varna municipality, Varna oblast, Bulgaria
4. Stalin (wd:Q32235): 1992 film directed by Ivan Passer
5. Stalin (wd:Q7597248): 2006 film by A. R. Murugadoss
6. Stalin (wd:Q29437956): biography of Josef Stalin by Leon Trotsky
7. Samson, also known as Stalin (wd:Q4407024)
8. Stalin (wd:Q16281726): name that can be used either as a given name or as a surname
9. Stalin (wd:Q16605767): 1992 film by Kazimierz Kutz
10. Stalin (wd:Q18063553): family name

[Assistant] The entity for Joseph Stalin is wd:Q855. Next, I need to find the country that Joseph Stalin was in charge of. This likely corresponds to the country he led or was the head of state/government. I will search for properties related to leadership or country for the entity Joseph Stalin.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. country of citizenship, also known as subject of (country), nation of citizenship, national of, nationality, nation (wd:P27 as p/wdt): the object is a country that recognizes the subject as its citizen, country
2. place of birth, also known as POB, location of birth, location born, born in, birthplace (wd:P19 as p/wdt): most specific known birth location of a person, animal or fictional character, location
3. date of birth, also known as year of birth, birthdate, DOB, born on, born (wd:P569 as p/wdt): date on which the subject was born, inception
4. residence, also known as living in, place of residence, resided at, resided in, resident in (wd:P551 as p/wdt): the place where the person is or has been, resident, location
5. image, also known as still capture, still, screenshot, screen capture, portrait (wd:P18 as p/wdt): image of relevant illustration of the subject; if available, als...tor map, flag image, signature image, logo image, collage image)
6. member of political party, also known as political party member, political party, party membership, party, member of party (wd:P102 as p/wdt): the political party of which a person is or has been a member or otherwise affiliated, member of
7. member of, also known as band member of, membership, member of musical group, in musical group, be member of (wd:P463 as p/wdt): organization, club or musical group to which the subject belongs...ical position, such as a member of parliament (use P39 for that), part of
8. work location, also known as work place, working from, working at, worked from, worked at (wd:P937 as p/wdt): location where persons or organisations were actively participating in employment, business or other work, significant place, location
9. occupation, also known as job, work, vocation, profession, employment (wd:P106 as p/wdt): occupation of a person; see also "field of work" (Property:P101), "position held" (Property:P39)
10. described by source, also known as mentioned in, source of item, reviewed in, mentioned in news article, talked about in (wd:P1343 as p/wdt): work where this item is described, attested in

No other items found

[Assistant] The property "country of citizenship" (wdt:P27) is related to the country, but it indicates citizenship, not necessarily the country Stalin was in charge of. The property "occupation" (wdt:P106) and "position held" (wdt:P39) might be more relevant to find the leadership role. I will search for properties related to "position held" for Joseph Stalin.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. position held, also known as function, held position, holds position, job, office held (wd:P39 as p/wdt): subject currently or formerly holds the object position or public office
2. military or police rank, also known as military rank, naval rank, police rank, rank (wd:P410 as p/wdt): military or police rank achieved by a person (should usually hav...ualifier), or military or police rank associated with a position
3. employer, also known as working at, working for, working place, works at, works for (wd:P108 as p/wdt): person or organization for which the subject works or worked, affiliation
4. occupation, also known as job, work, vocation, profession, employment (wd:P106 as p/wdt): occupation of a person; see also "field of work" (Property:P101), "position held" (Property:P39)
5. work location, also known as work place, working from, working at, worked from, worked at (wd:P937 as p/wdt): location where persons or organisations were actively participating in employment, business or other work, significant place, location
6. significant person, also known as significant people, sigper, sign. person, relevant person, relevant people (wd:P3342 as p/wdt): person linked to the item in any possible way
7. member of political party, also known as political party member, political party, party membership, party, member of party (wd:P102 as p/wdt): the political party of which a person is or has been a member or otherwise affiliated, member of
8. partner in business or sport, also known as professional partner, sport partner, sports partner, team mate, team-mate (wd:P1327 as p/wdt): professional collaborator, significant person
9. nominated for, also known as nominee for, shortlisted for, selected for award, selected for, nominee for award (wd:P1411 as p/wdt): award nomination received by a person, organisation or creative work (inspired from "award received" (Property:P166))
10. participant in, also known as participated in, present at, takes part, took part, took part in (wd:P1344 as p/wdt): event in which a person or organization was/is a participant; inverse of P710 or P1923, significant event, part of

No other items found

[Assistant] The property "position held" (wdt:P39) is the most relevant to find the leadership position of Stalin. I will now query the positions held by Joseph Stalin and check if any of them indicate the country he was in charge of.

[Tool]
Got 12 rows and 2 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| position                                                                           | positionLabel                                                            |
| ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (wd:Q1048744)         | General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (en)        |
| wd:Q107392550                                                                      | member of the Supreme Soviet of ...ssian SSR of the 1st convocation (en) |
| Member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee (wd:Q108495011)              | Member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee (en)               |
| Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (wd:Q115147301)               | Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (en)                |
| deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union (wd:Q15628644)                    | deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union (en)                    |
| ...                                                                                | ...                                                                      |
| member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (wd:Q42029042)           | member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (en)           |
| member of the Supreme Soviet of ...et Federative Socialist Republic (wd:Q42530449) | member of the Supreme Soviet of ...et Federative Socialist Republic (en) |
| Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (wd:Q4376674)                     | Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (en)                    |
| Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (wd:Q4376682)                       | Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (en)                      |
| Premier of the Soviet Union (wd:Q462189)                                           | Premier of the Soviet Union (en)                                         |

[Assistant] Joseph Stalin held several positions related to the Soviet Union, such as "General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union," "Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR," and "Premier of the Soviet Union." These positions indicate that he was in charge of the Soviet Union. I will now query the country entity for the Soviet Union to confirm its identifier.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Soviet Union, also known as U.S.S.R., U.S.S.R, USSR, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, The USSR (wd:Q15180): former country in Eurasia (1922–1991)
2. Soviet Union, also known as Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, The USSR, URS, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the Soviet Union (wd:Q15180): former country in Eurasia (1922–1991)
3. Soviet union (wd:Q89285299): scientific article published on 01 June 1989
4. Soviet Union, also known as Star Trek Soviet Union, Star Trek USSR, USSR (wd:Q99288945): the country of the Soviet Union as depicted in Star Trek
5. Soviet Union (wd:Q59002944): scientific article published in Nature
6. Soviet Union (wd:Q26325652): journal article published in 1987
7. Soviet Union (wd:Q26325645): journal article published in 1986
8. Soviet Union (wd:Q26325591): journal article published in 1972
9. Soviet union (wd:Q87899467): scientific article published on 01 January 1988
10. Soviet union (wd:Q87703060): scientific article published on 01 December 1987

[Assistant] The entity for the Soviet Union is wd:Q15180. Based on the positions held by Joseph Stalin, he was in charge of the Soviet Union (wd:Q15180). I will now provide the final answer.

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=refine):
The answer correctly identifies the Soviet Union (wd:Q15180) as the country Stalin was in charge of. However, the SPARQL query is not actually retrieving this information from the knowledge graph; it uses VALUES to hardcode both Stalin and the Soviet Union, which does not demonstrate a proper query to find the country Stalin led. A better query would find the country where Stalin held a leadership position, for example by querying for countries where Stalin was a head of state or government. Also, the query returns the country label in a separate variable but does not include a clause to retrieve the label, so the label is empty. The query should be refined to dynamically find the country and include rdfs:label for the label.

[Assistant] Thank you for the feedback. I will refine the SPARQL query to dynamically find the country that Joseph Stalin was in charge of by looking for the country where he held a leadership position such as head of state or head of government. I will also include a clause to retrieve the label of the country using rdfs:label with an English language filter.

[Tool]
Got 3 rows and 2 columns:
| country                                                    | countryLabel                                      |
| ---------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------- |
| Soviet Union (wd:Q15180)                                   | Soviet Union (en)                                 |
| Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (wd:Q2305208) | Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (en) |
| Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (wd:Q2895)          | Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (en)       |

[Assistant] The refined query found that Joseph Stalin held leadership positions in the Soviet Union (wd:Q15180), the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (wd:Q2305208), and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (wd:Q2895). The main country he was in charge of is the Soviet Union. I will now provide the final answer with this improved query.

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=done):
The SPARQL query correctly retrieves the countries associated with the positions held by Joseph Stalin, including the Soviet Union and its constituent republics. The answer clearly states that Stalin was primarily in charge of the Soviet Union, which is accurate and complete. The query uses appropriate properties and returns the expected results. No further refinement is necessary.


PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
SELECT ?language ?languageLabel WHERE {
  wd:Q1286876 wdt:P1412 ?language .
  ?language rdfs:label ?languageLabel .
  FILTER ( LANG( ?languageLabel ) = "en" )
}

Got 2 rows and 2 columns:
| language           | languageLabel |
| ------------------ | ------------- |
| English (wd:Q1860) | English (en)  |
| Maltese (wd:Q9166) | Maltese (en)  |

The Maltese people speak Maltese and English.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] what language do maltese speak?

[Assistant]
To answer the question "What language do Maltese speak?", I need to identify the entity "Maltese" which likely refers to the people of Malta, and then find the property that indicates the language they speak.

Step 1: Search for the entity "Maltese" to confirm it refers to the people of Malta.
Step 2: Identify the property that relates a people or ethnic group to the language they speak.
Step 3: Query the language spoken by the Maltese people.

I will start by searching for the entity "Maltese".

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Maltese, also known as Il-lingwa Maltija, lingwa Maltija, Maltese language, mt (wd:Q9166): Semitic language spoken mostly in Malta
2. Maltese, also known as Maltese dog, Maltese terrier (wd:Q38751): dog breed in the toy group
3. Maltese people, also known as Maltese (wd:Q1286876): citizens or residents of Malta
4. Francesco Maltese, also known as Francesco Fioravanti, Francesco (genaamd Il Maltese) Fieravino, Francesco Il Maltese, Francesco Noletti, Il Maltese (wd:Q3081040): Maltese painter (c.1610-1654), painter
5. Maltese, also known as Maltese goat (wd:Q6744778): goat breed
6. Maltese, also known as Leghorn Runt, Burmese Pigeon (wd:Q7780553): pigeon breed
7. Maltese (wd:Q12238320)
8. Maltese (wd:Q117189264)
9. Maltese (wd:Q57477693)
10. Maltese (wd:L35277-F2)

[Assistant]
The entity "Maltese people" (wd:Q1286876) corresponds to the citizens or residents of Malta. This is the entity we are interested in to find out what language they speak.

Next, I will search for properties related to the Maltese people that might indicate the language they speak. I will search for properties of the entity wd:Q1286876 with a query related to "language".

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. languages spoken, written or signed, also known as language of expression, language, wrote language, writes language, uses language (wd:P1412 as p/wdt): language(s) that a person or a people speaks, writes or signs, including the native language(s)
2. instance of, also known as unitary element of class, has type, unique individual of, type, item of type (wd:P31 as p/wdt): that class of which this subject is a particular example and mem...is a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform)
3. country of origin, also known as origin country, place of origin, originates from, country, CoO (wd:P495 as p/wdt): country of origin of this item (creative work, food, phrase, product, etc.), significant place, country
4. country of citizenship, also known as subject of (country), nation of citizenship, national of, nationality, nation (wd:P27 as p/wdt): the object is a country that recognizes the subject as its citizen, country
5. country, also known as sovereign state, state, land, host country (wd:P17 as p/wdt): sovereign state that this item is in (not to be used for human beings), located in the administrative territorial entity
6. topic's main category, also known as article's main category, category, category for this topic, catmain, has category (wd:P910 as p/wdt): main Wikimedia category
7. subclass of, also known as rdfs:subClassOf, sort of, subcategory of, subgenre of, subtype of (wd:P279 as p/wdt): this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; ALL instances of ...stance of volcanic landform); Everest is an instance of mountain
8. located in the administrative territorial entity, also known as is in the settlement of, is in the voivodeship of, is in the shire of, is in the state of, is in the territory of (wd:P131 as p/wdt): the item is located on the territory of the following administra...if the item falls only partially into the administrative entity., location, part of
9. FAST ID, also known as Faceted Application of Subject Terminology ID, FAST subject heading, fst, worldcat.org/fast (wd:P2163 as p/wdt/wdtn): authority control identifier in WorldCat's “FAST Linked Data” authority file
10. Freebase ID, also known as Freebase, MID, Freebase identifier, FID (wd:P646 as p/wdt): identifier for a page in the Freebase database. Format: "/m/0" f...r IDs starting with "/g/", use Google Knowledge Graph ID (P2671)

No other items found

[Assistant]
The property "languages spoken, written or signed" (wdt:P1412) is the relevant property that indicates the language(s) a person or a people speaks.

Now I will construct a SPARQL query to find the languages spoken by the Maltese people (wd:Q1286876) using the property wdt:P1412. I will also include the labels of the languages for better readability.

[Tool]
Got 2 rows and 2 columns:
| language           | languageLabel |
| ------------------ | ------------- |
| English (wd:Q1860) | English (en)  |
| Maltese (wd:Q9166) | Maltese (en)  |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=done):
The SPARQL query correctly retrieves the languages spoken by the Maltese people using the property 'languages spoken, written or signed' (wdt:P1412). It returns both the Maltese and English languages, which matches the known answer. The query also correctly filters labels to English for readability. The answer is accurate and complete.


PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
SELECT ?origin ?originLabel WHERE {
  wd:Q8216 wdt:P144 ?origin .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?origin rdfs:label ?originLabel FILTER ( LANG( ?originLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}

The Greek alphabet (wd:Q8216) comes from or is based on the Phoenician script (wd:Q26752).

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] where did the greek alphabet come from?

[Assistant]
To answer the question "Where did the Greek alphabet come from?" we need to find information about the origin or source of the Greek alphabet. This likely involves identifying the Greek alphabet as an entity and then finding properties related to its origin or derivation.

Step 1: Search for the entity "Greek alphabet" in Wikidata.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Greek alphabet, also known as Greek script, Greek (wd:Q8216): script used to write the Greek language
2. history of the Greek alphabet, also known as Greek alphabet history, the Greek alphabet history (wd:Q2627294): aspect of history
3. Greek Albanian alphabet (wd:Q3305475): Greek alphabet adapted for writing the Albanian language
4. Greek spelling alphabet (wd:Q17003959): spelling alphabet for Greek letters
5. extended greek alphabet (wd:Q3237041)
6. ancient Greek alphabet, also known as archaic Greek alphabet (wd:Q3611036): writing system
7. archaic Greek alphabets (wd:Q2839562): Local variants of the ancient Greek alphabet
8. Inscriptions in Greek Alphabet (wd:Q106814193): drawing - Sir Robert Smirke the younger (YCBA B1977.14.581)
9. Inscriptions in Greek Alphabet (wd:Q106814190): drawing - Sir Robert Smirke the younger
10. Ancient Inscriptions in Greek Alphabet (wd:Q106812515): drawing - Sir Robert Smirke the younger

[Assistant] The entity "Greek alphabet" is identified as wd:Q8216. Now, I will look for properties related to the origin or source of the Greek alphabet. Common properties to check could be "derived from," "origin," or "influenced by." I will search for properties of the Greek alphabet entity with a query related to origin or source.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. location of creation, also known as manufactured in, manufacturing location, mint, minted at, photographed at (wd:P1071 as p/wdt): place where the item was conceived or made; where applicable, location of final assembly, significant place
2. inception, also known as initial release date, founded in, founded on, founded on date, founding date (wd:P571 as p/wdt): time when an entity begins to exist; for date of official opening use P1619, start time
3. based on, also known as modelled after, inspired by, iteration of, modeled after, fork of (wd:P144 as p/wdt): the work(s) or inputs used as the basis for subject item; for fictional analog use P1074, references work, tradition or theory, inspired by
4. has part(s), also known as has component, incorporates, has ingredient, has ingredients, has member (wd:P527 as p/wdt): part of this subject; inverse property of "part of" (P361). See also "has parts of the class" (P2670).
5. described by source, also known as mentioned in, source of item, reviewed in, mentioned in news article, talked about in (wd:P1343 as p/wdt): work where this item is described, attested in
6. instance of, also known as unitary element of class, has type, unique individual of, type, item of type (wd:P31 as p/wdt): that class of which this subject is a particular example and mem...is a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform)
7. language of work or name, also known as language of the reference, language of URL, language of website, language of work, named in language (wd:P407 as p/wdt): language associated with this creative work (such as books, show...guage" (P103) and "languages spoken, written or signed" (P1412))

No other items found

[Assistant] The property "based on" (wdt:P144) seems relevant to the origin or source of the Greek alphabet, as it indicates the work(s) or inputs used as the basis for the subject item. I will query the Greek alphabet (wd:Q8216) for the property "based on" (wdt:P144) to find what the Greek alphabet is based on or derived from.

[Tool]
Got 1 row and 2 columns:
| origin                        | originLabel            |
| ----------------------------- | ---------------------- |
| Phoenician script (wd:Q26752) | Phoenician script (en) |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=done):
The SPARQL query correctly retrieves the origin of the Greek alphabet using the property 'based on' (wdt:P144), which links the Greek alphabet to the Phoenician script. The query also optionally retrieves the English label for the origin. The answer is accurate and complete, stating that the Greek alphabet comes from or is based on the Phoenician script. The query follows the rules by returning the actual identifier and label in an optional clause. No further refinement is necessary.


PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
SELECT ?movie ?movieLabel WHERE {
  ?movie wdt:P161 wd:Q6107 .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?movie rdfs:label ?movieLabel FILTER ( LANG( ?movieLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}

Got 13 rows and 2 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| movie                                            | movieLabel                             |
| ------------------------------------------------ | -------------------------------------- |
| Thug Angel: The Life of an Outlaw (wd:Q11704796) | Thug Angel: The Life of an Outlaw (en) |
| Poetic Justice (wd:Q1537562)                     | Poetic Justice (en)                    |
| Straight Outta Compton (wd:Q18154625)            | Straight Outta Compton (en)            |
| Above the Rim (wd:Q2128630)                      | Above the Rim (en)                     |
| Biggie & Tupac (wd:Q2451402)                     | Biggie & Tupac (en)                    |
| ...                                              | ...                                    |
| Juice (wd:Q642419)                               | Juice (en)                             |
| Tupac: Resurrection (wd:Q749899)                 | Tupac: Resurrection (en)               |
| Tupac: Assassination (wd:Q7853467)               | Tupac: Assassination (en)              |
| Bullet (wd:Q911823)                              | Bullet (en)                            |
| Gridlock'd (wd:Q951966)                          | Gridlock'd (en)                        |

Tupac starred in the following movies: Thug Angel: The Life of an Outlaw, Poetic Justice, Straight Outta Compton, Above the Rim, Biggie & Tupac, Juice, Tupac: Resurrection, Tupac: Assassination, Bullet, and Gridlock'd.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] what movies did tupac star in?

[Assistant]
To answer the question "What movies did Tupac star in?", I will first identify the entity for Tupac in Wikidata. Then, I will find the property that relates Tupac to movies he starred in. Finally, I will construct a SPARQL query to retrieve the movies Tupac starred in.

Step 1: Search for the entity "Tupac" in Wikidata.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Tupac Shakur, also known as Tupac, Tupac Amaru Shakur, Makaveli, Tupac Omar Shakur, Lesane Crooks (wd:Q6107): American rapper (1971–1996), television actor, songwriter, film actor, lyricist, activist, writer, singer, rapper, actor, poet
2. Tupaç (wd:Q13207507): human settlement in Minzälä District, Tatarstan
3. Tupac (wd:Q56694162): given name
4. tupać (wd:Q109124857): entry of Polish etymological dictionary
5. Tupac (wd:Q19694412): Argentine supercomputer
6. Tupac (wd:Q131322757)
7. Túpac, also known as Túpac (family name), Túpac (surname) (wd:Q110874391): family name
8. Tupac (wd:Q37768448)
9. Tupac (wd:Q91876227): 2019 audio track by DaBaby
10. Tupac, also known as "They Got Money for War but Can't Feed the Poor" (wd:Q115681771): Painted electrical in Roxbury, Massachusetts

[Assistant] The entity for Tupac Shakur is wd:Q6107. Now, I will search for properties related to movies he starred in for this entity. This will help me identify the correct property to use in the SPARQL query.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. genre, also known as genre of music, type of music, type of film, music genre, literary genre (wd:P136 as p/wdt): creative work's genre or an artist's field of work (P101). Use main subject (P921) to relate creative works to their topic
2. place of birth, also known as POB, location of birth, location born, born in, birthplace (wd:P19 as p/wdt): most specific known birth location of a person, animal or fictional character, location
3. date of birth, also known as year of birth, birthdate, DOB, born on, born (wd:P569 as p/wdt): date on which the subject was born, inception
4. Douban movie celebrity ID, also known as https://movie.douban.com/celebrity, https://movie.douban.com, https://m.douban.com, Douban person ID, douban.com person ID (wd:P5284 as p/wdt): identifier for a celebrity at the Douban movie website
5. Cinematografo.it name or company ID (new), also known as CineDataBase cast ID, Cinematografo.it cast ID (new) (wd:P11345 as p/wdt): Cinematografo.it name or company ID
6. TMDB person ID, also known as TMDb person identifier, the movie db person id, themoviedb.org person identifier, themoviedb.org person ID, The Movie Database person identifier (wd:P4985 as p/wdt): identifier for a person at The Movie Database
7. MYmovies actor ID (former scheme), also known as MYmovies.it actor ID (wd:P4779 as p/wdt): identifier for an actor in MYmovies.it
8. instrument, also known as uses this instrument, teaches instrument, instruments, plays this instrument, plays instrument (wd:P1303 as p/wdt): musical instrument that a person plays or teaches or used in a music occupation, uses
9. IMDb ID, also known as IMDb identifier, Internet Movie Database identifier (wd:P345 as p/wdt): identifier for the IMDb (with prefix 'tt', 'nm', 'co', 'ev', 'ch' or 'ni')
10. birth name, also known as née, name at birth, name before marriage, ne, né (wd:P1477 as p/wdt): full name of a person at birth, if different from their current, generally used name, name

No other items found

[Assistant]
The search for properties related to "starred in" for Tupac Shakur did not directly return a property explicitly indicating movies he starred in. However, the property "IMDb ID" (wdt:P345) is available, which can be used to link to his IMDb profile. To find movies he starred in, I will try a different approach: I will look for movies where Tupac Shakur (wd:Q6107) is listed as a cast member or actor.

I will search for properties related to acting or cast membership for Tupac Shakur.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. place of birth, also known as POB, location of birth, location born, born in, birthplace (wd:P19 as p/wdt): most specific known birth location of a person, animal or fictional character, location
2. date of birth, also known as year of birth, birthdate, DOB, born on, born (wd:P569 as p/wdt): date on which the subject was born, inception
3. Cinematografo.it name or company ID (new), also known as CineDataBase cast ID, Cinematografo.it cast ID (new) (wd:P11345 as p/wdt): Cinematografo.it name or company ID
4. TMDB person ID, also known as TMDb person identifier, the movie db person id, themoviedb.org person identifier, themoviedb.org person ID, The Movie Database person identifier (wd:P4985 as p/wdt): identifier for a person at The Movie Database
5. country of citizenship, also known as subject of (country), nation of citizenship, national of, nationality, nation (wd:P27 as p/wdt): the object is a country that recognizes the subject as its citizen, country
6. Ciné-Ressources person ID, also known as Cine person ID, Ciné-Ressources person identifier, cineressources.net person identifier, cineressources.net person ID, Cine person identifier (wd:P3204 as p/wdt): page of a person on the website "Ciné-Ressources"
7. BFI Filmography person ID, also known as BFI person ID (wd:P4326 as p/wdt): numerical identifier for a person in the British Film Institute (BFI) 'Filmography' database
8. Douban movie celebrity ID, also known as https://movie.douban.com/celebrity, https://movie.douban.com, https://m.douban.com, Douban person ID, douban.com person ID (wd:P5284 as p/wdt): identifier for a celebrity at the Douban movie website
9. Open Media Database person ID, also known as OMDb person ID, OMDb person identifier, Open Media Database person identifier (wd:P5534 as p/wdt): identifier for a person in the Open Media Database
10. TCM Movie Database person ID, also known as TCMDb person ID, TCM person ID, Turner Classic Movies person ID (wd:P3056 as p/wdt): identifier for a person (cast or crew member) in the Turner Classic Movies movie database

No other items found

[Assistant]
The search for properties related to "cast member" or acting for Tupac Shakur did not return a direct property indicating movies he starred in. However, Tupac Shakur is known to be an actor, so I will try a different approach: I will search for movies where Tupac Shakur (wd:Q6107) is listed as an actor (wdt:P161 "cast member" or wdt:P725 "performer").

I will construct a SPARQL query to find movies where Tupac Shakur is a cast member or performer.

[Tool]
Got 13 rows and 2 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| movie                                            | movieLabel                             |
| ------------------------------------------------ | -------------------------------------- |
| Thug Angel: The Life of an Outlaw (wd:Q11704796) | Thug Angel: The Life of an Outlaw (en) |
| Poetic Justice (wd:Q1537562)                     | Poetic Justice (en)                    |
| Straight Outta Compton (wd:Q18154625)            | Straight Outta Compton (en)            |
| Above the Rim (wd:Q2128630)                      | Above the Rim (en)                     |
| Biggie & Tupac (wd:Q2451402)                     | Biggie & Tupac (en)                    |
| ...                                              | ...                                    |
| Juice (wd:Q642419)                               | Juice (en)                             |
| Tupac: Resurrection (wd:Q749899)                 | Tupac: Resurrection (en)               |
| Tupac: Assassination (wd:Q7853467)               | Tupac: Assassination (en)              |
| Bullet (wd:Q911823)                              | Bullet (en)                            |
| Gridlock'd (wd:Q951966)                          | Gridlock'd (en)                        |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=done):
The SPARQL query correctly retrieves movies where Tupac Shakur (wd:Q6107) is a cast member using the property wdt:P161. The query also optionally fetches English labels for the movies, which is helpful for readability. The answer lists the movies found in the query result, which matches the execution result showing 13 movies. The query and answer are appropriate and complete for the user's question about movies Tupac starred in. No further refinement is necessary.


PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
SELECT ?movie ?movieLabel WHERE {
  ?movie wdt:P161 wd:Q169982 .
  ?movie wdt:P31 wd:Q11424 .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?movie rdfs:label ?movieLabel FILTER ( LANG( ?movieLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}
LIMIT 100

Got 49 rows and 2 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| movie                             | movieLabel                |
| --------------------------------- | ------------------------- |
| Fast Food (wd:Q10280250)          | Fast Food (en)            |
| Copshop (wd:Q103822078)           | Copshop (en)              |
| Plane (wd:Q108131599)             | Plane (en)                |
| Kandahar (wd:Q111940088)          | Kandahar (en)             |
| Last Seen Alive (wd:Q112343991)   | Last Seen Alive (en)      |
| ...                               | ...                       |
| The Ugly Truth (wd:Q922630)       | The Ugly Truth (en)       |
| Reign of Fire (wd:Q925384)        | Reign of Fire (en)        |
| Gamer (wd:Q947885)                | Gamer (en)                |
| Law Abiding Citizen (wd:Q951071)  | Law Abiding Citizen (en)  |
| Butterfly on a Wheel (wd:Q967489) | Butterfly on a Wheel (en) |

Gerard Butler has been in movies such as Fast Food, Copshop, Plane, Kandahar, Last Seen Alive, The Ugly Truth, Reign of Fire, Gamer, Law Abiding Citizen, and Butterfly on a Wheel, among others.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] what movies gerard butler has been in?

[Assistant] To answer the question about which movies Gerard Butler has been in, I will first search for the entity corresponding to Gerard Butler in Wikidata. Then, I will look for the property that links Gerard Butler to movies (likely "cast member" or "actor in" or "filmography"). Finally, I will query the movies associated with Gerard Butler.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Gerard Butler, also known as Gerard James Butler (wd:Q169982): Scottish actor and film producer (born 1969), television actor, film producer, stage actor, film actor, lawyer, actor
2. Gerard A Butler (wd:Q11309355): horse trainer
3. Locky Butler, also known as Lochlann Gerard Butler (wd:Q125534277): Irish rugby union player, rugby union player
4. Gerard Butler/Shakira, also known as Saturday Night Live S35E4, Saturday Night Live, season 35 episode 4 (wd:Q110037076): episode of Saturday Night Live (S35 E4)
5. Michael Gerard Butler (wd:Q102340012): Ph.D. University of Michigan 1993
6. Butler, Edward Gerard (DNB00) (wd:Q19095193): entry in Dictionary of National Biography
7. James Robert Gerard Butler (wd:Q112436568): university teacher, economist
8. Gerard 't Hooft, also known as G. Hooft, Gerardus 't Hooft, Gerardus, G.W. 't Hooft, Hooft (wd:Q184592): Dutch theoretical physicist, theoretical physicist, university teacher, non-fiction writer, physicist, pedagogue, professor
9. Butler, also known as Butler, PA, Butler, Pennsylvania (wd:Q1017948): city and the county seat of Butler County, Pennsylvania, United States
10. Butler, also known as Butler, MO, Butler, Missouri (wd:Q955151): city in Missouri, United States

[Assistant] The entity for Gerard Butler, the Scottish actor and film producer, is wd:Q169982. Next, I will search for properties related to movies or films for this entity to find the relevant property that connects Gerard Butler to movies he has been in.

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. Douban movie celebrity ID, also known as https://movie.douban.com/celebrity, https://movie.douban.com, https://m.douban.com, Douban person ID, douban.com person ID (wd:P5284 as p/wdt): identifier for a celebrity at the Douban movie website
2. filmography, also known as list of films with the person, list of films the person contributed to, list of films about the person (wd:P1283 as p/wdt): item for the list of films a person has contributed to. Don't us...mber" (P161) on items for films, directors with "director" (P57), list of works
3. IMDb ID, also known as IMDb identifier, Internet Movie Database identifier (wd:P345 as p/wdt): identifier for the IMDb (with prefix 'tt', 'nm', 'co', 'ev', 'ch' or 'ni')
4. Rotten Tomatoes ID, also known as RottenTomatoes ID, Rotten Tomatoes identifier, RottenTomatoes identifier (wd:P1258 as p/wdt): identifier on Rotten Tomatoes
5. Cinematografo.it name or company ID (new), also known as CineDataBase cast ID, Cinematografo.it cast ID (new) (wd:P11345 as p/wdt): Cinematografo.it name or company ID
6. TMDB person ID, also known as TMDb person identifier, the movie db person id, themoviedb.org person identifier, themoviedb.org person ID, The Movie Database person identifier (wd:P4985 as p/wdt): identifier for a person at The Movie Database
7. Kinobox person ID, also known as https://www.kinobox.cz/osobnosti/, kinobox.cz/osobnosti/, www.kinobox.cz/osobnosti/ (wd:P12098 as p/wdt): identifier for a person on the Kinobox.cz website
8. cinematografo.it name or company ID, also known as cinematografo name or company ID, cinematografo person ID, cinematografo name ID, cinematografo.it person ID, cinematografo.it company ID (wd:P4768 as p/wdt): identifier for a person or company in cinematografo.it
9. Metacritic ID, also known as MC ID, Metacritic (wd:P1712 as p/wdt): identifier for Metacritic
10. image, also known as still capture, still, screenshot, screen capture, portrait (wd:P18 as p/wdt): image of relevant illustration of the subject; if available, als...tor map, flag image, signature image, logo image, collage image)

No other items found

[Assistant] The property "filmography" (wdt:P1283) is related to the list of films a person has contributed to. This property can be used to find movies Gerard Butler has been in. I will now write a SPARQL query to get the movies from Gerard Butler's filmography.

[Tool] Got no rows and 2 columns

[Assistant] The property "filmography" (wdt:P1283) did not return any movies for Gerard Butler. I will try another approach by checking the property "cast member" (wdt:P161) on movies where Gerard Butler is the actor. I will write a query to find movies where Gerard Butler is listed as a cast member.

[Tool]
Got 49 rows and 2 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| movie                             | movieLabel                |
| --------------------------------- | ------------------------- |
| Fast Food (wd:Q10280250)          | Fast Food (en)            |
| Copshop (wd:Q103822078)           | Copshop (en)              |
| Plane (wd:Q108131599)             | Plane (en)                |
| Kandahar (wd:Q111940088)          | Kandahar (en)             |
| Last Seen Alive (wd:Q112343991)   | Last Seen Alive (en)      |
| ...                               | ...                       |
| The Ugly Truth (wd:Q922630)       | The Ugly Truth (en)       |
| Reign of Fire (wd:Q925384)        | Reign of Fire (en)        |
| Gamer (wd:Q947885)                | Gamer (en)                |
| Law Abiding Citizen (wd:Q951071)  | Law Abiding Citizen (en)  |
| Butterfly on a Wheel (wd:Q967489) | Butterfly on a Wheel (en) |

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=done):
The SPARQL query correctly retrieves movies where Gerard Butler is a cast member and ensures the items are instances of films. The answer provides a good selection of movie titles he has been in, matching the query results. The query also includes English labels for readability. The output is accurate, complete, and follows the guidelines for returning identifiers and labels. No further refinement is necessary.


PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
SELECT ?language ?languageLabel WHERE {
  wd:Q145 wdt:P37 | wdt:P2936 ?language .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?language rdfs:label ?languageLabel FILTER ( LANG( ?languageLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}

Got 13 rows and 2 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| language                    | languageLabel        |
| --------------------------- | -------------------- |
| Polari (wd:Q1359130)        | Polari (en)          |
| Scots (wd:Q14549)           | Scots (en)           |
| English (wd:Q1860)          | English (en)         |
| English (wd:Q1860)          | English (en)         |
| Welsh Romani (wd:Q2097387)  | Welsh Romani (en)    |
| ...                         | ...                  |
| Scottish Cant (wd:Q3915671) | Scottish Cant (en)   |
| Angloromani (wd:Q541279)    | Angloromani (en)     |
| Irish (wd:Q9142)            | Irish (en)           |
| Welsh (wd:Q9309)            | Welsh (en)           |
| Scottish Gaelic (wd:Q9314)  | Scottish Gaelic (en) |

The major languages spoken in the United Kingdom include English, Welsh, Scots, Scottish Gaelic, Irish, Polari, Welsh Romani, Scottish Cant, and Angloromani.

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You have access to the following knowledge graphs:
wikidata at https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/api/wikidata-sebastian

You can use the following SPARQL prefixes implicitly in all functions:
cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
schema: <http://schema.org/
skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Use the functions to search for entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Use the execute function to get feedback on intermediate queries. You can go back and forth between knowledge graph searches and SPARQL query executions to refine the query.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Additional rules:
1. Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
2. Do not assume or make up any entities or properties without verifying them with the knowledge graphs and functions.
3. The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
4. Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
5. Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
6. For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.
7. Do not use 'SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ...' in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.

[User] what are the major languages spoken in the united kingdom?

[Assistant] To answer the question about the major languages spoken in the United Kingdom, I need to identify the entity for the United Kingdom and then find properties related to languages spoken there. I will start by searching for the entity "United Kingdom" in Wikidata.

[Tool]
Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. United Kingdom, also known as U.K., UK, U. K., U K, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (wd:Q145): country in north-west Europe
2. United Kingdom, also known as U K, The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, The UK, U. K., Great Britain and Northern Ireland (wd:Q145): country in north-west Europe
3. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, also known as Great Britain and Ireland, UK, UKGBI, United Kingdom (wd:Q174193): historical sovereign state (1801–1922)
4. A United Kingdom, also known as United Kingdom (wd:Q21528200): 2016 film by Amma Asante
5. United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2010, also known as United Kingdom (wd:Q974636)
6. United Kingdom (wd:Q108280869): 1989 studio album by American Music Club
7. Pedlars Act 1871, also known as Pedlars Act 1881, United Kingdom, (wd:Q55629342): 1871 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Act of Parliament 34 & 35 Vic c. 96
8. United Kingdom (wd:Q110577800): Manny Montes's single
9. United Kingdom (wd:Q7887906): album by Manny Montes
10. United Kingdom (wd:Q96412324)

[Assistant] The entity for the United Kingdom as a country is wd:Q145. Next, I will search for properties related to languages spoken in this entity. I will search for properties of the United Kingdom (wd:Q145) with a query related to "language".

[Tool]
Top 10 property alternatives:
1. official language, also known as language spoken, spoken in, speaking, language official (wd:P37 as p/wdt): language designated as official by this item, language used
2. language used, also known as languages used, medium of instruction, used language, uses language, working language (wd:P2936 as p/wdt): language widely used (spoken or written) in this place or at this event or organisation
3. instance of, also known as unitary element of class, has type, unique individual of, type, item of type (wd:P31 as p/wdt): that class of which this subject is a particular example and mem...is a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform)
4. native label, also known as official title, original label, original language label, original language name, original language title (wd:P1705 as p/wdt): label for the items in their official language  or their original language, name
5. culture, also known as archaeological culture, civilisation, civilization (wd:P2596 as p/wdt): human culture or people (or several cultures) associated with this item, part of
6. ethnic group, also known as ethnic or cultural origin, tribal affiliation, race, people, ethnicity (wd:P172 as p/wdt): subject's ethnicity (consensus is that a VERY high standard of p...agreed on by scholars, or 3) is fictional and portrayed as such)
7. country, also known as sovereign state, state, land, host country (wd:P17 as p/wdt): sovereign state that this item is in (not to be used for human beings), located in the administrative territorial entity
8. described by source, also known as mentioned in, source of item, reviewed in, mentioned in news article, talked about in (wd:P1343 as p/wdt): work where this item is described, attested in
9. Libraries Australia ID, also known as CNLKIN, NLA Kinetica Service identifier, NLA (Australia) identifier, NLA (Australia) ID, Libraries Australia identifier (wd:P409 as p/wdt): identifier issued by the National Library of Australia (see also...F component. Format: 1-12 digits, removing leading zero-padding.
10. religion or worldview, also known as believes, worldview, religious affiliation, religion or world view, religion (wd:P140 as p/wdt): religion of a person, organization or religious building, or associated with this subject

No other items found

[Assistant]
The properties that seem relevant to languages spoken in the United Kingdom are:
- official language (wdt:P37)
- language used (wdt:P2936)

I will now query the values of these properties for the United Kingdom (wd:Q145) to find the major languages spoken there.

[Tool]
Got 13 rows and 2 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| language                    | languageLabel        |
| --------------------------- | -------------------- |
| Polari (wd:Q1359130)        | Polari (en)          |
| Scots (wd:Q14549)           | Scots (en)           |
| English (wd:Q1860)          | English (en)         |
| English (wd:Q1860)          | English (en)         |
| Welsh Romani (wd:Q2097387)  | Welsh Romani (en)    |
| ...                         | ...                  |
| Scottish Cant (wd:Q3915671) | Scottish Cant (en)   |
| Angloromani (wd:Q541279)    | Angloromani (en)     |
| Irish (wd:Q9142)            | Irish (en)           |
| Welsh (wd:Q9309)            | Welsh (en)           |
| Scottish Gaelic (wd:Q9314)  | Scottish Gaelic (en) |

[Assistant] The major languages spoken in the United Kingdom include English, Welsh, Scots, Scottish Gaelic, Irish, Polari, Welsh Romani, Scottish Cant, and Angloromani. I will now provide the final answer with these languages.

[Tool] Stopped generation process

[User]
Feedback (status=done):
The SPARQL query correctly retrieves the major languages spoken in the United Kingdom by using both the official language (wdt:P37) and language used (wdt:P2936) properties. The answer lists the languages found in the query result, which matches the execution result. The query also includes optional labels in English, which is helpful for readability. The output is complete, relevant, and follows the guidelines for returning identifiers and labels. No further refinement is necessary.