PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
SELECT ?country ?countryLabel WHERE {
  wd:Q1496 wdt:P1344 wd:Q1225170 .
  wd:Q1225170 wdt:P17 ?country .
  ?country rdfs:label ?countryLabel
  FILTER ( LANG( ?countryLabel ) = "en" )
}

Using entities:
- Magellan-Elcano expedition (wd:Q1225170), also known as Armada de Molucca, first circumnavigation, Magellan expedition, Magellan Expedition, Magellan's expedition, etc.: is instance of fleet / is instance of cultural heritage / is instance of expedition / is instance of marine navigation / is instance of circumnavigation of Earth / 16th-century Spanish maritime expedition
- Ferdinand Magellan (wd:Q1496), also known as Fernand de Magaglianes, Fernan de Magalhaes, Fernan de Magalhães, Fernan de Magalhāes, Fernando de Magalhães, etc.: has occupation explorer / has occupation seafarer / has occupation sailor / has occupation Sailor / is instance of human / Portuguese explorer in the service of Spain / Portuguese explorer in the service of Spain / Portuguese explorer in the service of Spain

Using properties:
- participant in (wd:P1344 as wdt), also known as attended, competed in, competes in, participant of, participant of event, etc.: is subproperty of part of / is subproperty of significant event / event in which a person or organisation was/is a participant; inverse of P710 or P1923 / event in which a person or organization was/is a participant; inverse of P710 or P1923
- country (wd:P17 as wdt), also known as host country, land, sovereign state, state, P17: is subproperty of located in the administrative territorial entity / sovereign state that this item is in (not to be used for human beings) / sovereign state that this item is in (not to be used for human beings) / sovereign state that this item is in (not to be used for human beings) / sovereign state that this item is in (not to be used for human beings)

Answer: Magellan represented the Crown of Castile, which is the historical predecessor of modern Spain.

Magellan represented the Crown of Castile, which is the historical predecessor of modern Spain.

SPARQL query over wikidata:
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
SELECT ?country ?countryLabel WHERE {
  wd:Q1496 wdt:P1344 wd:Q1225170 .
  wd:Q1225170 wdt:P17 ?country .
  ?country rdfs:label ?countryLabel
  FILTER ( LANG( ?countryLabel ) = "en" )
}

Using entities:
- Magellan-Elcano expedition (wd:Q1225170), also known as Armada de Molucca, first circumnavigation, Magellan expedition, Magellan Expedition, Magellan's expedition, etc.: is instance of fleet / is instance of cultural heritage / is instance of expedition / is instance of marine navigation / is instance of circumnavigation of Earth / 16th-century Spanish maritime expedition
- Ferdinand Magellan (wd:Q1496), also known as Fernand de Magaglianes, Fernan de Magalhaes, Fernan de Magalhães, Fernan de Magalhāes, Fernando de Magalhães, etc.: has occupation explorer / has occupation seafarer / has occupation sailor / has occupation Sailor / is instance of human / Portuguese explorer in the service of Spain / Portuguese explorer in the service of Spain / Portuguese explorer in the service of Spain

Using properties:
- participant in (wd:P1344 as wdt), also known as attended, competed in, competes in, participant of, participant of event, etc.: is subproperty of part of / is subproperty of significant event / event in which a person or organisation was/is a participant; inverse of P710 or P1923 / event in which a person or organization was/is a participant; inverse of P710 or P1923
- country (wd:P17 as wdt), also known as host country, land, sovereign state, state, P17: is subproperty of located in the administrative territorial entity / sovereign state that this item is in (not to be used for human beings) / sovereign state that this item is in (not to be used for human beings) / sovereign state that this item is in (not to be used for human beings) / sovereign state that this item is in (not to be used for human beings)

Execution result:
Got 1 row and 2 columns:
| country                       | countryLabel               |
| ----------------------------- | -------------------------- |
| Crown of Castile (wd:Q217196) | Crown of Castile (lang:en) |

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Search for the entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Execute intermediate queries to get feedback and to verify your assumptions. You may need to refine or rethink your current plan based on the query results and go back to step 2 if needed, possibly multiple times.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Available knowledge graphs:
- wikidata at http://localhost:7001 with prefix index for entities and similarity index for properties, and notes:
  - P106 = occupation. Use wdt:P106 to get occupations and fetch English labels with rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(?label)="en"). When returning human occupations confirm the subject is human (wdt:P31 wd:Q5) to avoid non-human items.
  - Population (P1082) and tabular (P4179): use wdt:P1082 for quick/direct values; for time-series/point-in-time use p:P1082 + ps:P1082 + pq:P585 and ORDER BY pq:P585 DESC. Inspect statement qualifiers (e.g., 'applies to part') and prov:wasDerivedFrom references (pr:P854 etc.) to detect city-proper vs metro/prefecture scopes before using values.
  - Common person properties: P31 (instance of human Q5), P106 (occupation), P569 (date of birth), P19 (place of birth), P27 (country of citizenship), P21 (sex/gender), P166 (award received). Use wdt: for direct values when possible.
  - P17 (country) can be incomplete/misleading for places (historical/overseas tags). To get modern cities in a country combine: instance-of city (P31=Q515) + wdt:P17 OR use wdt:P131* to find an admin parent whose wdt:P17 = the country. Also cross-check coordinates (P625) or admin hierarchy to spot outliers.
  - When filtering by date of birth (P569) use xsd:dateTime comparisons (e.g. >= "1900-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime). Be aware many items have year-only or imprecise dates and coverage is biased toward notable/public figures (sportspeople, politicians, artists).
  - To retrieve qualifiers (e.g., award year) use the statement/qualifier pattern: p:Pxxx / ps:Pxxx / pq:P585. Use wdt:Pxxx for normalized/direct values when you don't need qualifiers. Example: p:P166 + pq:P585 gives award year.
  - To get a person's occupations: use wdt:P106 for direct/normalized values and rdfs:label for human-readable names (FILTER(LANG(...))). Example: wd:Q... wdt:P106 ?occ . ?occ rdfs:label ?occLabel . FILTER(LANG(?occLabel)="en").
  - P166 = award received. Use wdt:P166 for normalized/direct values when you only need award items. To get award years or qualifiers use p:P166 / ps:P166 / pq:P585. Many statements lack pq:P585 — use OPTIONAL { ?stmt pq:P585 ?date } and ORDER BY DESC(?date). When listing award winners, filter ?person wdt:P31 wd:Q5 to ensure humans.
  - Population time-series pattern: wd:Q... p:P1082 ?stmt . ?stmt ps:P1082 ?pop . OPTIONAL { ?stmt pq:P585 ?date } . ORDER BY DESC(?date). pq:P585 is the point-in-time qualifier. IMPORTANT: time-series may mix scopes (city proper vs metro) — e.g., Tokyo has a 2016 entry ~38,140,000 likely metro vs smaller city figures. Inspect qualifiers/references for scope before use.
  - Use wdt:P131* to traverse the admin hierarchy and compare wdt:P17 on the place vs an admin parent to detect historical/colonial country assignments. When mismatches appear, inspect the admin parent's instance-of (P31), labels, qualifiers and references to interpret the historical scope.
  - wdt:P106 often yields multiple occupations for a person. Use GROUP_CONCAT(DISTINCT ?occLabel; separator=", ") or return multiple rows. Always fetch labels with rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(?label)="en") to get readable occupation names.
  - When a search_entity returns multiple hits (person vs sculpture vs memorial), confirm you selected the human/statements by checking wdt:P31 (instance of) and relevant wdt: properties (e.g., wdt:P106). This avoids using a non-human QID by mistake.
  - search_autocomplete can be constrained with a SPARQL pattern containing ?search (e.g., SELECT * WHERE { ?search wdt:P31 wd:Q5 }). Use constraints to focus results (e.g., humans) and avoid ambiguous fallbacks; if it returns no results, fallback to search_entity and verify wdt:P31.
  - Use search_property_of_entity to find relevant properties for an entity (e.g., 'award' -> P166) and search_object_of_property to discover candidate objects (e.g., 'physicist' for P106). This reduces guessing P/Q ids and surfaces qualifiers.
  - Inspect statement references and qualifiers: use prov:wasDerivedFrom on p: statements to find sources, and check qualifiers (e.g., 'applies to part' or other scope qualifiers) to disambiguate city vs metro vs admin area. Reference labels can be empty; inspect reference node properties for URLs or publication dates.

Index types used for entities and properties:
- Prefix index: Retrieves items by overlap between query keywords and item words. The query keywords can match item words exactly or as prefixes.
- Similarity index: Retrieves items by cosine similarity between their embeddings and the query embedding.

General notes across knowledge graphs:
- Use rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(?label)="en") for labels; avoid SERVICE wikibase:label. Use wdt:Pxxx for normalized/direct values when qualifiers aren't needed. Use p:Pxxx / ps:Pxxx / pq:Pxxx to access statement qualifiers (e.g., award year via pq:P585). When dates matter, prefer xsd:dateTime and watch for year-only precision.
- Practical query patterns: use rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(...)) for labels. Use wdt:Pxxx for direct/normalized values when qualifiers aren't needed. Use p:Pxxx / ps:Pxxx / pq:Pxxx to access qualifiers (dates via pq:P585). For dates use xsd:dateTime and expect year-only precision. For places: combine P17 with P131 or coordinate (P625) filters to avoid historical/overseas mismatches.
- Use OPTIONAL for pq: qualifiers (e.g., pq:P585), sort by qualifier (ORDER BY pq:P585 DESC) to prefer recent values. Use GROUP_CONCAT to combine multiple labels/values in one row. Watch for typed literals (xsd:dateTime, xsd:decimal) when filtering or sorting.
- Before querying, use search_entity to resolve human-friendly names to wd:Q identifiers and verify instance-of (e.g., check wdt:P31 = wd:Q5 for humans) to avoid ambiguous matches. Prefer the top match but programmatically confirm P31 before using its data.
- Use search_property to confirm property identifiers (e.g., "country" -> P17) before embedding them in queries. This prevents mistakes from assuming an ID and helps pick the best property if multiple choices exist.
- search_autocomplete can fall back to an unconstrained search or error when there are too many candidates. If this happens (e.g., "more than the maximum supported number of subject candidates"), retry with narrower constraints such as instance-of (wdt:P31), additional type filters, or short prefixes to reduce the candidate set; otherwise fallback to search_entity and verify wdt:P31.
- Use list(...) to inspect all triples on an entity for exploration, but expect large results for notable items. Prefer wdt: properties or targeted p:/ps:/pq: patterns in SPARQL when you need normalized values or qualifiers, respectively.
- Before embedding property or item IDs in SPARQL, use search_property, search_property_of_entity, and search_object_of_property to discover the appropriate P/PID or object QIDs. This reduces errors from guessing IDs and surfaces better property alternatives and qualifiers.
- search_constrained and search_autocomplete can return no results for constrained queries or when the index is large. If they fail, fallback to search_entity + verify P31 (or use search_property_of_entity). Constrain with instance-of (wdt:P31) or other properties in the SPARQL to improve matches.
- When selecting awards by year, prefer xsd:dateTime range filters (e.g., >= "2001-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime && < "2002-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) instead of YEAR() for portability and precision.
- When selecting award winners via wdt:P166, filter ?person wdt:P31 wd:Q5 to ensure humans — fictional characters or non-humans may have award claims. If you need award years use p:P166 / ps:P166 / pq:P585 and OPTIONAL { ?stmt pq:P585 ?year } to retrieve qualifier years.
- Use wdt:P625 (coordinates) together with wdt:P131* and wdt:P17 checks to validate a place's modern country or to filter by geography. When country labels mismatch historically, inspect admin parents and coordinates to resolve whether the item refers to historical/colonial scope or current boundaries.
- Prefer wdt:Pxxx for normalized/direct values when qualifiers aren't needed. Use p:Pxxx / ps:Pxxx / pq:Pxxx to access qualifiers (e.g., pq:P585 for award year). Always fetch labels with rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(?label) = "en").
- If search_autocomplete returns too many candidates or errors, retry with constraints (e.g., SELECT * WHERE { ?search wdt:P31 wd:Q5 }) or narrower query text. If still failing, fallback to search_entity and verify wdt:P31 for type checks.
- For award-year queries use p:P166 / ps:P166 / pq:P585 to access award statements and year qualifiers. Filter by xsd:dateTime ranges (e.g., >= "2020-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime && < "2021-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) instead of YEAR() for robustness.
- Use search_property_of_entity to surface relevant properties for an entity (e.g., 'birth' -> P569/P19). list(...) can inspect triples but may return large results for notable items—prefer targeted wdt: patterns (wdt:Pxxx) or p:/ps:/pq: patterns when you need qualifiers.

SPARQL prefixes for use in function calls:
- bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
- cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
- data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
- dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
- dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
- foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
- geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
- geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
- gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
- hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
- imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
- math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
- ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
- owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
- p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
- pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
- pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
- pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
- pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
- prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
- prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
- prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
- ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
- psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
- psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
- qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
- qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
- ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
- qlss: <https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/spatialSearch/
- rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
- rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
- ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
- s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
- schema: <http://schema.org/
- skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
- v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
- void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#
- wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
- wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
- wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
- wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
- wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
- xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#

Additional rules to follow:
- Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
- Do not just use or make up entity or property identifiers without verifying their existence in the knowledge graphs first.
- Do not ask the user for clarifications without first attempting to complete the task. If the task input is incomplete or ambiguous, try to make reasonable assumptions and document them.
- Do not use "SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ..." in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.
- Always execute your final SPARQL query before giving an answer to make sure it returns the expected results.
- The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
- Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
- Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
- For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.

[User] what country did magellan represent?

[Assistant]
To determine the country that Ferdinand Magellan represented, I need to find information about his nationality or the country he served under during his famous expedition.

Step 1: Search for the entity "Ferdinand Magellan" in Wikidata to get its identifier.

Question: ferdinand magellan

Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Ferdinand Magellan (wd:Q1496), also known as Fernand de Magaglianes, Fernan de Magalhaes, Fernan de Magalhães, Fernan de Magalhāes, Fernando de Magalhães, etc.: Portuguese explorer in the service of Spain / Portuguese explorer in the service of Spain / Portuguese explorer in the service of Spain / has occupation explorer / has occupation seafarer / has occupation sailor / has occupation Sailor / is instance of human
2. Ferdinand Magellan (wd:Q1405590): is instance of private railroad car / US Presidential railroad car
3. Brendan Kelly (wd:Q4960952, matched via Ferdinand Magellan), also known as Clarence Darrow, Ferdinand Magellan, Should Surely, Widgie: American singer and guitarist / has occupation singer / is instance of human
4. Ferdinand Magellan. (wd:Q125531014): journal article from 'The Hispanic American Historical Review' published in 1933 / is instance of scholarly article / is instance of academic article
5. esplanade Ferdinand Magellan (wd:Q117303049): esplanade of Noisy-le-Grand, in France / is instance of esplanade
6. political positions of Ferdinand R. Marcos (wd:Q56582845, matched via Ferdinand Magellan Jr.), also known as Ferdinand Magellan Jr., Ferdinand Magellan, Jr., political positions of Bongbong Marcos: views of the Philippine president on organised society / is subclass of liberal internationalism / is instance of political position
7. Monument to Ferdinand Magellan (wd:Q66124258): sculpture in Punta Arenas, Chili / is instance of monument
8. Ferdinand Magellan historical marker (wd:Q106629890): is instance of National Historical Commission of the Philippines historical marker / NHCP historical marker for Ferdinand Magellan
9. Ferdinando Magellano (wd:Q52802100): technical institute in Rome, Rome, Lazio, Italy / is instance of technical institute
10. Magellanoconnus magellanicus (wd:Q58206982): is instance of taxon / species of beetle

[Assistant]
The top result is Ferdinand Magellan (wd:Q1496), described as a Portuguese explorer in the service of Spain. This suggests he was Portuguese by origin but represented Spain during his expedition.

Step 2: Confirm his nationality and the country he represented by checking relevant properties of wd:Q1496, particularly country of citizenship (P27) and the country he served (if any). I'll use the list function to inspect some key properties.

list

wd:Q1496

[Assistant]
The result shows that Magellan's country of citizenship was the Kingdom of Portugal (wd:Q45670). However, historically, he led his famous expedition under the Spanish flag. I need to check if there is a property indicating the country he represented or served.

Step 3: Look for properties related to "served" or "employer" or "country represented". I'll use search_property_of_entity to find relevant properties.

Question: served

Top 10 property alternatives:
1. participant in (wd:P1344 as p/wdt, matched via attended), also known as attended, competed in, competes in, participant of, participant of event, etc.: event in which a person or organisation was/is a participant; inverse of P710 or P1923 / event in which a person or organization was/is a participant; inverse of P710 or P1923 / is subproperty of significant event / is subproperty of part of
2. award received (wd:P166 as p/wdt, matched via awarded), also known as award, awarded, awards, awards received, award won, etc.: award or recognition received by a person, organisation or creative work / award or recognition received by a person, organization or creative work / award or recognition received by a person, organization or creative work / awards received by a person, organisation or creative work
3. name (wd:P2561 as p/wdt, matched via known as), also known as aka, also known as, be known as, be referred as, known as, etc.: name the subject is known by; preferably use a more specific subproperty if available
4. described by source (wd:P1343 as p/wdt, matched via mentioned in), also known as defined in, described by biography, described by encyclopedia, described by obituary, described by reference work, etc.: dictionary, encyclopaedia, etc. where this item is described / work where this item is described / is subproperty of attested in
5. occupation (wd:P106 as p/wdt, matched via employ), also known as avocation, career, craft, employ, employment, etc.: occupation of a person; see also "field of work" (Property:P101), "position held" (Property:P39) / occupation of a person; see also "field of work" (Property:P101), "position held" (Property:P39) / occupation of a person; see also "field of work" (Property:P101), "position held" (Property:P39)
6. instance of (wd:P31 as p/wdt, matched via is a), also known as example of, has type, is a, is an, is of type, etc.: type to which this subject corresponds/belongs. Different ... and the volcano is a type (instance) of volcanic landform / that class of which this subject is a particular example and ... a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform)
7. mother (wd:P25 as p/wdt, matched via mum), also known as child of, daughter of, has mother, is child of, is daughter of, etc.: female parent of the subject. For stepmother, use "stepparent" (P3448) / female parent of the subject. For stepmother, use "stepparent" (P3448) / female parent of the subject. For stepmother, use "stepparent" (P3448) / is subproperty of parent
8. given name (wd:P735 as p/wdt, matched via name), also known as Christian name, first name, forename, middle name, name, etc.: first name or another given name of this person; values used with the property should not link disambiguations nor family names / first name or another given name of this person; values used with the property shouldn't link disambiguations nor family names / first name or another given name of this person; values used with the property shouldn't link disambiguations nor family names / is subproperty of name
9. topic's main category (wd:P910 as p/wdt, matched via category), also known as article's main category, category, category for this topic, catmain, has category, etc.: main category of this topic / main Wikimedia category
10. place of death (wd:P20 as p/wdt, matched via died), also known as death location, death place, deathplace, died, died in, etc.: most specific known (e.g. city instead of country, or ... death location of a person, animal or fictional character / most specific known (e.g. city instead of country, or ... death location of a person, animal or fictional character / most specific known (e.g. city instead of country, or ... death location of a person, animal or fictional character / is subproperty of location

No other items found

[Assistant]
I see that "position held" (P39) is mentioned as a related property. This might indicate the country or entity he served under. Let me check for P39 (position held) for Magellan.

wd:Q1496

[Assistant]
No results for "position held". Let me try searching for properties related to "Spain" or "service" to see if there's a direct link.

Step 4: Search for properties that might indicate service to a country, such as "employer" or "country represented". I'll use search_property with queries like "service" or "employer".

Question: service

Top 10 property alternatives:
1. product or material produced (wd:P1056 as ps/psv/p/pqv/pqn/psn/pq/wdt/pr/prn/prv/wdtn, matched via service provided), also known as commodity, creates, has product, maker of, makes, etc.: material or product produced by an organization, industry, facility, or process / material or product produced by a business or industry / is subproperty of immediate cause of
2. service entry (wd:P729 as ps/psv/p/pqv/pqn/psn/pq/wdt/pr/prn/prv/wdtn, matched via in service), also known as commissioned, date of service entry, deployment date, entered service, entry to service, etc.: date or point in time on which a piece or class of equipment entered operational service / date on which a piece or class of equipment entered operational service / is subproperty of start time
3. manufacturer (wd:P176 as ps/psv/p/pqv/pqn/psn/pq/wdt/pr/prn/prv/wdtn, matched via provider), also known as assembled by, assembler, brewed by, brewer, builder, etc.: (main or final) manufacturer or producer of this product / manufacturer or producer of this product
4. operator (wd:P137 as ps/psv/p/pqv/pqn/psn/pq/wdt/pr/prn/prv/wdtn, matched via service provider), also known as administrator, controlled by, facility operator, in use by, item operator, etc.: person, profession, or organization that operates the equipment, facility, or service; use country for diplomatic missions / person, profession, organization or entity that operates the equipment, facility, or service / organization that operates the service, facility, ship, aircraft, missile / is subproperty of used by
5. item operated (wd:P121 as ps/psv/p/pqv/pqn/psn/pq/wdt/pr/prn/prv/wdtn, matched via service operated), also known as acop, aircraft carried, aircraft in fleet, aircraft operated, controls, etc.: equipment, installation or service operated by the subject / equipment, installation or service operated by the subject / equipment, installation or service operated by the subject / is subproperty of uses
6. intended public (wd:P2360 as ps/psv/p/pqv/pqn/psn/pq/wdt/pr/prn/prv/wdtn, matched via serving), also known as audience of, created for, designed for, for, for audience of, etc.: intended audience or user of this work, product, object, or event
7. online service (wd:P2361 as ps/psv/p/pqv/pqn/psn/pq/wdt/pr/prn/prv/wdtn), also known as internet service provider, ISP, P2361: online service or online service provider tied to an item
8. maximum operating altitude (wd:P2254 as ps/psv/p/pqv/pqn/psn/pq/wdt/pr/prn/prv/wdtn, matched via service ceiling), also known as ceiling, maximum altitude, service ceiling, P2254: ceiling or maximum density altitude at which an aircraft can operate / is subproperty of elevation above sea level
9. in operation on service (wd:P10788 as ps/psv/p/pqv/pqn/psn/pq/wdt/pr/prn/prv/wdtn, matched via service of vehicle), also known as in operation on route, in operation on transport route, operates on route, operates on service, operates on transport route, etc.: service that a vehicle is operating on
10. military branch (wd:P241 as ps/psv/p/pqv/pqn/psn/pq/wdt/pr/prn/prv/wdtn, matched via service branch), also known as branch, formation, service branch, unit branch, P241: branch to which this military unit, award, office, or person belongs, e.g. Royal Navy / is subproperty of part of

[Assistant]
I see "military branch" (P241) and "operator" (P137) as potentially relevant. However, Magellan was an explorer and navigator, not a military officer in the modern sense. Let me check if he had any connection to Spain through another property.

Step 5: Since Magellan is known to have sailed under the Spanish flag, I'll check if Spain is mentioned as a country associated with him via any property. I'll look for any statement where the object is Spain (wd:Q29) or the Kingdom of Spain.

wd:Q1496

[Assistant]
No direct country (P17) link. Let me check if Spain is mentioned in any of his statements, perhaps as the country he served under via a qualifier or another property.

Step 6: Search for any statements involving Spain as an object related to Magellan.

wd:Q1496

[Assistant]
No direct link to Spain (wd:Q29) either. Let me check if there is a property like "employer" or "sponsor" that might indicate Spain funded or employed him.

Step 7: Search for properties related to "sponsor" or "employer".

Question: sponsor

Top 10 property alternatives:
1. funder (wd:P8324 as ps/psv/p/pqv/pqn/psn/pq/wdt/pr/prn/prv/wdtn, matched via sponsor), also known as benefactor, donor, financed by, financier, funded by, etc.: entity that gives money to a person, organization, or project for a specific purpose / is subproperty of sponsor
2. sponsor (wd:P859 as ps/psv/p/pqv/pqn/psn/pq/wdt/pr/prn/prv/wdtn), also known as benefactor, endorsed by, patron, sponsored by, P859: organization or individual that sponsors this item / enterprise or individual that sponsors this item
3. investor (wd:P1951 as ps/psv/p/pqv/pqn/psn/pq/wdt/pr/prn/prv/wdtn, matched via funder), also known as funder, investors, private investor, P1951: individual or organization which invests money in the item for the purpose of obtaining financial return on their investment
4. unmarried partner (wd:P451 as ps/psv/p/pqv/pqn/psn/pq/wdt/pr/prn/prv/wdtn, matched via partners), also known as boyfriend, cohabitant, domestic partner, enbyfriend, girlfriend, etc.: someone with whom the person is in a relationship without being married. Use "spouse" (P26) for married couples / someone with whom the person is in a relationship without being married. Use "spouse" (P26) for married couples / is subproperty of significant person
5. donated by (wd:P1028 as ps/psv/p/pqv/pqn/psn/pq/wdt/pr/prn/prv/wdtn, matched via donor), also known as bestowed by, donation from, donor, gift from, gift of, etc.: person or organization who donated the object
6. spouse (wd:P26 as ps/psv/p/pqv/pqn/psn/pq/wdt/pr/prn/prv/wdtn, matched via partner), also known as common-law husband, common-law spouse, common-law wife, husband, husbands, etc.: the subject has the object as their spouse (husband, wife, ... Use "unmarried partner" (P451) for non-married companions / the subject has the object as their spouse (husband, wife, ... Use "unmarried partner" (P451) for non-married companions / the subject has the object as their spouse (husband, wife, ... Use "unmarried partner" (P451) for non-married companions / is subproperty of significant person / is subproperty of relative
7. Open Funder Registry funder ID (wd:P3153 as ps/psv/p/pqv/pqn/psn/pq/wdt/pr/prn/prv/wdtn, matched via funder ID), also known as Crossref funder ID, funder ID, FundRef ID, P3153: identifier for an organisation that funds research, in the Crossref registry / identifier for an organisation that funds research, in the Crossref registry
8. theorized by (wd:P8403 as ps/psv/p/pqv/pqn/psn/pq/wdt/pr/prn/prv/wdtn, matched via proponent), also known as author, authored by, defined by, explained by, named by, etc.: subject who suggested or proposed this concept or immaterial invention / subject who suggested or proposed this concept or immaterial invention
9. practiced by (wd:P3095 as ps/psv/p/pqv/pqn/psn/pq/wdt/pr/prn/prv/wdtn, matched via proponent), also known as associated with, done by, has practitioner, has proponent, implemented by, etc.: type of agents that study this religion or activity or work in this profession / type of agents that study this subject or work in this field
10. public funding (wd:P12919 as ps/psv/p/pqv/pqn/psn/pq/wdt/pr/prn/prv/wdtn), also known as P12919: amount of public funding an organisation receives

[Assistant]
I see "funder" (P8324) and "sponsor" (P859) as relevant properties. Let me check if Spain or the Spanish Crown is listed as a funder or sponsor of Magellan's expedition.

wd:Q1496

[Assistant]
No sponsor found. Let me try with "funder" (P8324).

wd:Q1496

[Assistant]
No funder found either. This suggests that Wikidata may not have a direct property linking Magellan to Spain as his sponsor or employer. However, historical records clearly state that he sailed under the Spanish flag. Let me check if there is a statement about his expedition being funded by Spain, perhaps via a qualifier or a related event.

Step 8: Search for the expedition itself. Magellan's circumnavigation is a well-known event. Let me search for the expedition entity.

Question: magellan expedition

Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Magellan-Elcano expedition (wd:Q1225170, matched via Magellan expedition), also known as Armada de Molucca, first circumnavigation, Magellan expedition, Magellan Expedition, Magellan's expedition, etc.: is instance of circumnavigation of Earth / 16th-century Spanish maritime expedition / is instance of marine navigation / is instance of cultural heritage / is instance of expedition / is instance of fleet
2. Magellanic Expedition (wd:Q126813651): American expedition to southern South America (1940) / is instance of research expedition
3. Swedish Magellanic Expedition (wd:Q8960609), also known as Swedish Magellanic expedition, 1907–09: scientific expedition to study the geography, geology and flora of Patagonia (1907-1909) / is instance of research expedition / is instance of expedition
4. Swedish Magellanian Expedition, 1907-1909 (wd:Q126020264): scientific article published in 1908 / is instance of scholarly article / is instance of academic article
5. Magellanoconnus magellanicus (wd:Q58206982): is instance of taxon / species of beetle
6. Ferdinand Magellan (wd:Q1496), also known as Fernand de Magaglianes, Fernan de Magalhaes, Fernan de Magalhães, Fernan de Magalhāes, Fernando de Magalhães, etc.: Portuguese explorer in the service of Spain / Portuguese explorer in the service of Spain / Portuguese explorer in the service of Spain / has occupation explorer / has occupation seafarer / has occupation sailor / has occupation Sailor / is instance of human
7. Strait of Magellan (wd:Q48365, matched via Magellan Strait), also known as Magellan Strait, Strait of Victoria, Victoria Strait: body of water in Chile connecting Atlantic and Pacific Oceans / is instance of strait
8. Magellan (wd:Q466932), also known as Magellan orbiter, Magellan spacecraft, Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar, Venus Radar Mapper, VOIR, etc.: NASA robotic space probe that studied the planet Venus / is instance of planetary probe / is instance of former entity / is instance of orbiter
9. Upland Goose (wd:Q129036, matched via Magellan Goose), also known as Chloephaga picta, Magellan Goose: is instance of taxon / species of bird
10. Northern Expedition (wd:Q1073476): 1926 Kuomintang (KMT) military campaign / is instance of Military campaign / is instance of military campaign

[Assistant]
The main expedition is "Magellan-Elcano expedition" (wd:Q1225170). Let me check its properties to see if Spain is listed as the sponsoring country.

wd:Q1225170

[Assistant]
The expedition is linked to the Crown of Castile (wd:Q217196), which was part of what is now Spain. The Crown of Castile was a medieval kingdom that formed the core of modern Spain. So, while Magellan was Portuguese by birth, he represented the Crown of Castile (Spain) during his expedition.

Step 9: Confirm that the Crown of Castile is historically part of Spain. I'll check the label of wd:Q217196 to confirm.

wd:Q217196

Got 74 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject                       | property   | object                                 |
| ----------------------------- | ---------- | -------------------------------------- |
| Crown of Castile (wd:Q217196) | rdfs:label | a Kasztíliai Korona országai (lang:hu) |
| Crown of Castile (wd:Q217196) | rdfs:label | Castilien (lang:da)                    |
| Crown of Castile (wd:Q217196) | rdfs:label | Castilla Ông-léng (lang:nan)           |
| Crown of Castile (wd:Q217196) | rdfs:label | Coroa de Castela (lang:gl)             |
| Crown of Castile (wd:Q217196) | rdfs:label | Coroa de Castela (lang:pt)             |
| Crown of Castile (wd:Q217196) | rdfs:label | Coroana Castiliei (lang:ro)            |
| Crown of Castile (wd:Q217196) | rdfs:label | Coróin na Caistíle (lang:ga)           |
| Crown of Castile (wd:Q217196) | rdfs:label | Corona Castellae (lang:la)             |
| Crown of Castile (wd:Q217196) | rdfs:label | Corona de Castelha (lang:oc)           |
| Crown of Castile (wd:Q217196) | rdfs:label | Corona de Castella (lang:ca)           |
| ...                           | ...        | ...                                    |

[Assistant]
The label in English is not shown in the first 10 results, but from the context and common knowledge, "Crown of Castile" is the historical predecessor of modern Spain. To confirm, I'll search for the English label specifically.

wd:Q217196

[Assistant]
Yes, the English label is "Crown of Castile". Historically, the Crown of Castile was the dominant kingdom in what became modern Spain, and it was the Spanish Crown that sponsored Magellan's expedition.

Therefore, although Magellan was Portuguese by birth (P27: Kingdom of Portugal), he represented the Crown of Castile (Spain) during his expedition.

Final Answer: Magellan represented the Crown of Castile (modern-day Spain).

I will now formulate the final SPARQL query to answer the question directly.

The question is: "What country did Magellan represent?"

We have established that he represented the Crown of Castile (wd:Q217196), which is the historical entity that corresponds to Spain during his time.

SPARQL query to retrieve the country Magellan represented via the expedition:

sparql

SELECT ?country WHERE { wd:Q1496 wdt:P1344 wd:Q1225170 . wd:Q1225170 wdt:P17 ?country . ?country rdfs:label ?countryLabel FILTER(LANG(?countryLabel) = "en") }

Call to function sparql returned an error:
Unknown function: sparql

[Assistant]
I apologize for the error. I need to use the `execute` function to run the SPARQL query.

execute

SELECT ?country ?countryLabel WHERE { wd:Q1496 wdt:P1344 wd:Q1225170 . wd:Q1225170 wdt:P17 ?country . ?country rdfs:label ?countryLabel FILTER(LANG(?countryLabel) = "en") }

[Assistant]
The query confirms that Magellan represented the Crown of Castile, which is the historical entity corresponding to Spain during his time.

Final Answer: Magellan represented the Crown of Castile (modern-day Spain).

I will now provide the final SPARQL query and answer.

answer

SELECT ?country ?countryLabel WHERE { wd:Q1496 wdt:P1344 wd:Q1225170 . wd:Q1225170 wdt:P17 ?country . ?country rdfs:label ?countryLabel FILTER(LANG(?countryLabel) = "en") }

Answer: Magellan represented the Crown of Castile, which is the historical predecessor of modern Spain.


PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
SELECT ?school ?schoolLabel WHERE {
  wd:Q4583 wdt:P69 ?school .
  ?school rdfs:label ?schoolLabel .
  FILTER ( LANG( ?schoolLabel ) = "en" )
}

Using entities:
- Anne Frank (wd:Q4583), also known as Anna Frank, Anna M Frank, Annelies Marie Frank, Anne Maries Frank, Anne M. Frank: has occupation diarist / has occupation writer / is instance of human / German-born Dutch Jewish diarist and Holocaust victim (1929–1945)

Using properties:
- educated at (wd:P69 as wdt), also known as alma mater, alumna of, alumni of, alumnus of, attended, etc.: is subproperty of affiliation / educational institution attended by subject / educational institution attended by the subject / educational institution attended by the subject

Answer: Anne Frank attended the 6th Montessori School Anne Frank in Amsterdam.

Anne Frank attended the 6th Montessori School Anne Frank in Amsterdam.

SPARQL query over wikidata:
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
SELECT ?school ?schoolLabel WHERE {
  wd:Q4583 wdt:P69 ?school .
  ?school rdfs:label ?schoolLabel .
  FILTER ( LANG( ?schoolLabel ) = "en" )
}

Using entities:
- Anne Frank (wd:Q4583), also known as Anna Frank, Anna M Frank, Annelies Marie Frank, Anne Maries Frank, Anne M. Frank: has occupation diarist / has occupation writer / is instance of human / German-born Dutch Jewish diarist and Holocaust victim (1929–1945)

Using properties:
- educated at (wd:P69 as wdt), also known as alma mater, alumna of, alumni of, alumnus of, attended, etc.: is subproperty of affiliation / educational institution attended by subject / educational institution attended by the subject / educational institution attended by the subject

Execution result:
Got 1 row and 2 columns:
| school                                          | schoolLabel                                |
| ----------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------ |
| 6th Montessori School Anne Frank (wd:Q19830060) | 6th Montessori School Anne Frank (lang:en) |

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Search for the entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Execute intermediate queries to get feedback and to verify your assumptions. You may need to refine or rethink your current plan based on the query results and go back to step 2 if needed, possibly multiple times.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Available knowledge graphs:
- wikidata at http://localhost:7001 with prefix index for entities and similarity index for properties, and notes:
  - P106 = occupation. Use wdt:P106 to get occupations and fetch English labels with rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(?label)="en"). When returning human occupations confirm the subject is human (wdt:P31 wd:Q5) to avoid non-human items.
  - Population (P1082) and tabular (P4179): use wdt:P1082 for quick/direct values; for time-series/point-in-time use p:P1082 + ps:P1082 + pq:P585 and ORDER BY pq:P585 DESC. Inspect statement qualifiers (e.g., 'applies to part') and prov:wasDerivedFrom references (pr:P854 etc.) to detect city-proper vs metro/prefecture scopes before using values.
  - Common person properties: P31 (instance of human Q5), P106 (occupation), P569 (date of birth), P19 (place of birth), P27 (country of citizenship), P21 (sex/gender), P166 (award received). Use wdt: for direct values when possible.
  - P17 (country) can be incomplete/misleading for places (historical/overseas tags). To get modern cities in a country combine: instance-of city (P31=Q515) + wdt:P17 OR use wdt:P131* to find an admin parent whose wdt:P17 = the country. Also cross-check coordinates (P625) or admin hierarchy to spot outliers.
  - When filtering by date of birth (P569) use xsd:dateTime comparisons (e.g. >= "1900-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime). Be aware many items have year-only or imprecise dates and coverage is biased toward notable/public figures (sportspeople, politicians, artists).
  - To retrieve qualifiers (e.g., award year) use the statement/qualifier pattern: p:Pxxx / ps:Pxxx / pq:P585. Use wdt:Pxxx for normalized/direct values when you don't need qualifiers. Example: p:P166 + pq:P585 gives award year.
  - To get a person's occupations: use wdt:P106 for direct/normalized values and rdfs:label for human-readable names (FILTER(LANG(...))). Example: wd:Q... wdt:P106 ?occ . ?occ rdfs:label ?occLabel . FILTER(LANG(?occLabel)="en").
  - P166 = award received. Use wdt:P166 for normalized/direct values when you only need award items. To get award years or qualifiers use p:P166 / ps:P166 / pq:P585. Many statements lack pq:P585 — use OPTIONAL { ?stmt pq:P585 ?date } and ORDER BY DESC(?date). When listing award winners, filter ?person wdt:P31 wd:Q5 to ensure humans.
  - Population time-series pattern: wd:Q... p:P1082 ?stmt . ?stmt ps:P1082 ?pop . OPTIONAL { ?stmt pq:P585 ?date } . ORDER BY DESC(?date). pq:P585 is the point-in-time qualifier. IMPORTANT: time-series may mix scopes (city proper vs metro) — e.g., Tokyo has a 2016 entry ~38,140,000 likely metro vs smaller city figures. Inspect qualifiers/references for scope before use.
  - Use wdt:P131* to traverse the admin hierarchy and compare wdt:P17 on the place vs an admin parent to detect historical/colonial country assignments. When mismatches appear, inspect the admin parent's instance-of (P31), labels, qualifiers and references to interpret the historical scope.
  - wdt:P106 often yields multiple occupations for a person. Use GROUP_CONCAT(DISTINCT ?occLabel; separator=", ") or return multiple rows. Always fetch labels with rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(?label)="en") to get readable occupation names.
  - When a search_entity returns multiple hits (person vs sculpture vs memorial), confirm you selected the human/statements by checking wdt:P31 (instance of) and relevant wdt: properties (e.g., wdt:P106). This avoids using a non-human QID by mistake.
  - search_autocomplete can be constrained with a SPARQL pattern containing ?search (e.g., SELECT * WHERE { ?search wdt:P31 wd:Q5 }). Use constraints to focus results (e.g., humans) and avoid ambiguous fallbacks; if it returns no results, fallback to search_entity and verify wdt:P31.
  - Use search_property_of_entity to find relevant properties for an entity (e.g., 'award' -> P166) and search_object_of_property to discover candidate objects (e.g., 'physicist' for P106). This reduces guessing P/Q ids and surfaces qualifiers.
  - Inspect statement references and qualifiers: use prov:wasDerivedFrom on p: statements to find sources, and check qualifiers (e.g., 'applies to part' or other scope qualifiers) to disambiguate city vs metro vs admin area. Reference labels can be empty; inspect reference node properties for URLs or publication dates.

Index types used for entities and properties:
- Prefix index: Retrieves items by overlap between query keywords and item words. The query keywords can match item words exactly or as prefixes.
- Similarity index: Retrieves items by cosine similarity between their embeddings and the query embedding.

General notes across knowledge graphs:
- Use rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(?label)="en") for labels; avoid SERVICE wikibase:label. Use wdt:Pxxx for normalized/direct values when qualifiers aren't needed. Use p:Pxxx / ps:Pxxx / pq:Pxxx to access statement qualifiers (e.g., award year via pq:P585). When dates matter, prefer xsd:dateTime and watch for year-only precision.
- Practical query patterns: use rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(...)) for labels. Use wdt:Pxxx for direct/normalized values when qualifiers aren't needed. Use p:Pxxx / ps:Pxxx / pq:Pxxx to access qualifiers (dates via pq:P585). For dates use xsd:dateTime and expect year-only precision. For places: combine P17 with P131 or coordinate (P625) filters to avoid historical/overseas mismatches.
- Use OPTIONAL for pq: qualifiers (e.g., pq:P585), sort by qualifier (ORDER BY pq:P585 DESC) to prefer recent values. Use GROUP_CONCAT to combine multiple labels/values in one row. Watch for typed literals (xsd:dateTime, xsd:decimal) when filtering or sorting.
- Before querying, use search_entity to resolve human-friendly names to wd:Q identifiers and verify instance-of (e.g., check wdt:P31 = wd:Q5 for humans) to avoid ambiguous matches. Prefer the top match but programmatically confirm P31 before using its data.
- Use search_property to confirm property identifiers (e.g., "country" -> P17) before embedding them in queries. This prevents mistakes from assuming an ID and helps pick the best property if multiple choices exist.
- search_autocomplete can fall back to an unconstrained search or error when there are too many candidates. If this happens (e.g., "more than the maximum supported number of subject candidates"), retry with narrower constraints such as instance-of (wdt:P31), additional type filters, or short prefixes to reduce the candidate set; otherwise fallback to search_entity and verify wdt:P31.
- Use list(...) to inspect all triples on an entity for exploration, but expect large results for notable items. Prefer wdt: properties or targeted p:/ps:/pq: patterns in SPARQL when you need normalized values or qualifiers, respectively.
- Before embedding property or item IDs in SPARQL, use search_property, search_property_of_entity, and search_object_of_property to discover the appropriate P/PID or object QIDs. This reduces errors from guessing IDs and surfaces better property alternatives and qualifiers.
- search_constrained and search_autocomplete can return no results for constrained queries or when the index is large. If they fail, fallback to search_entity + verify P31 (or use search_property_of_entity). Constrain with instance-of (wdt:P31) or other properties in the SPARQL to improve matches.
- When selecting awards by year, prefer xsd:dateTime range filters (e.g., >= "2001-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime && < "2002-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) instead of YEAR() for portability and precision.
- When selecting award winners via wdt:P166, filter ?person wdt:P31 wd:Q5 to ensure humans — fictional characters or non-humans may have award claims. If you need award years use p:P166 / ps:P166 / pq:P585 and OPTIONAL { ?stmt pq:P585 ?year } to retrieve qualifier years.
- Use wdt:P625 (coordinates) together with wdt:P131* and wdt:P17 checks to validate a place's modern country or to filter by geography. When country labels mismatch historically, inspect admin parents and coordinates to resolve whether the item refers to historical/colonial scope or current boundaries.
- Prefer wdt:Pxxx for normalized/direct values when qualifiers aren't needed. Use p:Pxxx / ps:Pxxx / pq:Pxxx to access qualifiers (e.g., pq:P585 for award year). Always fetch labels with rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(?label) = "en").
- If search_autocomplete returns too many candidates or errors, retry with constraints (e.g., SELECT * WHERE { ?search wdt:P31 wd:Q5 }) or narrower query text. If still failing, fallback to search_entity and verify wdt:P31 for type checks.
- For award-year queries use p:P166 / ps:P166 / pq:P585 to access award statements and year qualifiers. Filter by xsd:dateTime ranges (e.g., >= "2020-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime && < "2021-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) instead of YEAR() for robustness.
- Use search_property_of_entity to surface relevant properties for an entity (e.g., 'birth' -> P569/P19). list(...) can inspect triples but may return large results for notable items—prefer targeted wdt: patterns (wdt:Pxxx) or p:/ps:/pq: patterns when you need qualifiers.

SPARQL prefixes for use in function calls:
- bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
- cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
- data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
- dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
- dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
- foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
- geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
- geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
- gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
- hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
- imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
- math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
- ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
- owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
- p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
- pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
- pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
- pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
- pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
- prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
- prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
- prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
- ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
- psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
- psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
- qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
- qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
- ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
- qlss: <https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/spatialSearch/
- rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
- rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
- ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
- s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
- schema: <http://schema.org/
- skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
- v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
- void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#
- wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
- wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
- wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
- wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
- wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
- xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#

Additional rules to follow:
- Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
- Do not just use or make up entity or property identifiers without verifying their existence in the knowledge graphs first.
- Do not ask the user for clarifications without first attempting to complete the task. If the task input is incomplete or ambiguous, try to make reasonable assumptions and document them.
- Do not use "SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ..." in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.
- Always execute your final SPARQL query before giving an answer to make sure it returns the expected results.
- The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
- Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
- Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
- For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.

[User] where did anne frank go to school?

[Assistant]
To determine where Anne Frank went to school, I need to find information about her education. This involves identifying her educational institutions, which may be stored in Wikidata as properties related to her.

### Step 1: Identify Anne Frank's entity in Wikidata
I'll start by searching for Anne Frank in Wikidata to get her entity identifier (QID).

Question: anne frank

Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Anne Frank (wd:Q4583), also known as Anna Frank, Anna M Frank, Annelies Marie Frank, Anne Maries Frank, Anne M. Frank: German-born Dutch Jewish diarist and Holocaust victim (1929–1945) / has occupation diarist / has occupation writer / is instance of human
2. Statue of Anne Frank (wd:Q27918477, matched via Anne Frank), also known as Anne Frank: public artwork by Pieter d'Hont in Utrecht, the Netherlands / is instance of war memorial / is instance of sculpture / is instance of statue
3. Anne Frank (wd:Q128498127): is instance of dramatico-musical work / opera by Shulamit Ran
4. Anne Frank (wd:Q123907483), also known as No Guilt: 1990 single by Brainbombs / is instance of single
5. Anne Frank (wd:Q115618903): sculpture in Berlin, Germany / is instance of monument / is instance of statue
6. Bust of Anne Frank (wd:Q41688543, matched via Anne Frank), also known as Anne Frank: is instance of sculpture / sculpture by Doreen Kern
7. Aenne Pahl (wd:Q60540011, matched via Anne Frank), also known as Anne Frank: has occupation painter / is instance of human
8. Anne Frank (wd:Q99711206): television executive
9. Anne Frank (wd:Q121036909): has occupation producer / is instance of human
10. Anne Frank (wd:Q106898038): has occupation costume designer / has occupation theatre manager / has occupation textile worker / has occupation puppeteer / has occupation director / has occupation overseer / is instance of human

[Assistant]
The top result is Anne Frank (wd:Q4583), the German-born Dutch Jewish diarist and Holocaust victim. This is the correct entity we are looking for, as it matches her identity as a human and includes her occupation as a diarist and writer.

### Step 2: Explore properties related to her education
Now, I will explore properties related to Anne Frank's education. I'll use `search_property_of_entity` to find properties associated with her that might relate to schooling or education.

Question: school

Top 10 property alternatives:
1. educated at (wd:P69 as p/wdt, matched via school attended), also known as alma mater, alumna of, alumni of, alumnus of, attended, etc.: educational institution attended by the subject / educational institution attended by the subject / educational institution attended by subject / is subproperty of affiliation
2. field of work (wd:P101 as p/wdt, matched via discipline), also known as academic area, academic discipline, academic subject, activity, activity domain, etc.: specialisation of a person or organisation; see P106 for the occupation / specialization of a person or organization; see P106 for the occupation / specialization of a person or organization; see P106 for the occupation / specialization of a person or organization; see P106 for the occupation / is subproperty of interested in
3. country of citizenship (wd:P27 as p/wdt, matched via nation), also known as citizen of, citizenship, country, (legal) nationality, nation, etc.: the object is a country that recognizes the subject as its citizen / the object is a country that recognizes the subject as its citizen / is subproperty of country
4. occupation (wd:P106 as p/wdt, matched via career), also known as avocation, career, craft, employ, employment, etc.: occupation of a person; see also "field of work" (Property:P101), "position held" (Property:P39) / occupation of a person; see also "field of work" (Property:P101), "position held" (Property:P39) / occupation of a person; see also "field of work" (Property:P101), "position held" (Property:P39)
5. topic's main category (wd:P910 as p/wdt, matched via category), also known as article's main category, category, category for this topic, catmain, has category, etc.: main category of this topic / main Wikimedia category
6. part of (wd:P361 as p/wdt, matched via of), also known as assembly of, branch of, chain, collateral branch of, component of, etc.: object of which the subject is a part (if this subject is ... "has part" (P527, see also "has parts of the class" (P2670)) / object of which the subject is a part (if this subject is ... "has part" (P527, see also "has parts of the class" (P2670)) / object of which the subject is a part (if this subject is ... "has part" (P527, see also "has parts of the class" (P2670)) / object of which the subject is a part (if this subject is ... "has part" (P527, see also "has parts of the class" (P2670))
7. work location (wd:P937 as p/wdt, matched via location), also known as active in, conducts business at, conducts business in, did work at, did work from, etc.: location where persons or organisations were actively participating in employment, business or other work / is subproperty of significant place / location where persons were active / is subproperty of location
8. place of birth (wd:P19 as p/wdt), also known as birth city, birth location, birth place, birthplace, born, etc.: most specific known (e.g. city instead of country, or ... birth location of a person, animal or fictional character / most specific known (e.g. city instead of country, or ... birth location of a person, animal or fictional character / most specific known birth location of a person, animal or fictional character / is subproperty of location
9. residence (wd:P551 as p/wdt, matched via hometown), also known as address, has resided in, home city, home town, hometown, etc.: the place where the person is, or has been, resident / the place where the person is or has been, resident / is subproperty of location
10. mother (wd:P25 as p/wdt, matched via parent), also known as child of, daughter of, has mother, is child of, is daughter of, etc.: female parent of the subject. For stepmother, use "stepparent" (P3448) / female parent of the subject. For stepmother, use "stepparent" (P3448) / female parent of the subject. For stepmother, use "stepparent" (P3448) / is subproperty of parent

No other items found

[Assistant]
The property "educated at" (wd:P69) is directly relevant to our query. This property indicates the educational institutions attended by a person. I will now retrieve the schools Anne Frank attended using this property.

### Step 3: Query for schools Anne Frank attended
I will construct a SPARQL query to retrieve the educational institutions (schools) Anne Frank attended using the `wdt:P69` property. I will also fetch the labels of these institutions in English for better readability.

execute

SELECT ?school ?schoolLabel WHERE { wd:Q4583 wdt:P69 ?school . SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "en". } }

SPARQL execution failed:
Error while executing a SERVICE request to <http://wikiba.se:80/ontology#label>: SERVICE responded with HTTP status code: 301, Moved Permanently. First 100 bytes of the response: '
<title>301 Moved Permanently</title>

301 Moved Permanently'

[Assistant]
I see that the `SERVICE wikibase:label` syntax is not supported in this environment. I need to use `rdfs:label` with a language filter instead to get the English labels for the schools.

Let me revise the SPARQL query to use `rdfs:label` with `FILTER(LANG(?schoolLabel) = "en")` to retrieve the English labels of the schools Anne Frank attended.

SELECT ?school ?schoolLabel WHERE { wd:Q4583 wdt:P69 ?school . ?school rdfs:label ?schoolLabel . FILTER(LANG(?schoolLabel) = "en") }

[Assistant]
The query returned one result: Anne Frank attended the **6th Montessori School Anne Frank**. This is likely a school named in her honor, but we need to verify whether this is the school she actually attended or if it's a later institution named after her.

To confirm, I will check the historical context by looking at the institution's details. I will inspect the entity `wd:Q19830060` to see if it was active during Anne Frank's lifetime (1929–1945). I'll check its inception date (P571) or any other relevant time-related properties.

list

wd:Q19830060

[Assistant]
The 6th Montessori School Anne Frank was established in 1933, which is within Anne Frank's lifetime (she was born in 1929). This suggests that the school existed during her time and could have been the one she attended.

Now, I will verify if there are any other schools she attended by checking if there are additional values for `wdt:P69` (educated at) for Anne Frank.

execute

SELECT ?school ?schoolLabel WHERE { wd:Q4583 wdt:P69 ?school . ?school rdfs:label ?schoolLabel . FILTER(LANG(?schoolLabel) = "en") }

[Assistant]
The query still returns only one school: the **6th Montessori School Anne Frank**. Given that this school was established in 1933 and Anne Frank was attending school in Amsterdam during the early 1940s, it is historically accurate that she attended this institution.

Additionally, historical records confirm that Anne Frank attended the **Sixth Montessori School** in Amsterdam, which was later renamed in her honor. The Wikidata entry aligns with this fact.

### Final Answer:
Anne Frank attended the **6th Montessori School Anne Frank** in Amsterdam.

Here is the final SPARQL query that retrieves this information:

```sparql
SELECT ?school ?schoolLabel WHERE {
  wd:Q4583 wdt:P69 ?school .
  ?school rdfs:label ?schoolLabel .
  FILTER(LANG(?schoolLabel) = "en")
}
```

I will now provide the answer.

answer

SELECT ?school ?schoolLabel WHERE { wd:Q4583 wdt:P69 ?school . ?school rdfs:label ?schoolLabel . FILTER(LANG(?schoolLabel) = "en") }

Answer: Anne Frank attended the 6th Montessori School Anne Frank in Amsterdam.


PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
SELECT ?coordinates WHERE {
  wd:Q182139 wdt:P625 ?coordinates .
}

Using entities:
- Isthmus of Panama (wd:Q182139), also known as Istmo de Panama, Istmo de Panamá, Panama Isthmus: is instance of isthmus / narrow landstrip in Panama

Using properties:
- coordinate location (wd:P625 as wdt), also known as co-ordinate location, co-ordinates, coordinates, co-ords, coords, etc.: coordinates of the subject / coordinates of the subject / geocoordinates of the subject. For Earth, please note that only WGS84 coordinating system is supported at the moment

Answer:
The SPARQL query successfully retrieved the geographic coordinates of the Isthmus of Panama as **POINT(-79.000000 9.000000)**, which corresponds to **9°N latitude and 79°W longitude**.

### Final Answer:
The Isthmus of Panama is located at approximately **9°N latitude and 79°W longitude**, connecting North and South America within the country of Panama.

The SPARQL query successfully retrieved the geographic coordinates of the Isthmus of Panama as **POINT(-79.000000 9.000000)**, which corresponds to **9°N latitude and 79°W longitude**.

### Final Answer:
The Isthmus of Panama is located at approximately **9°N latitude and 79°W longitude**, connecting North and South America within the country of Panama.

SPARQL query over wikidata:
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
SELECT ?coordinates WHERE {
  wd:Q182139 wdt:P625 ?coordinates .
}

Using entities:
- Isthmus of Panama (wd:Q182139), also known as Istmo de Panama, Istmo de Panamá, Panama Isthmus: is instance of isthmus / narrow landstrip in Panama

Using properties:
- coordinate location (wd:P625 as wdt), also known as co-ordinate location, co-ordinates, coordinates, co-ords, coords, etc.: coordinates of the subject / coordinates of the subject / geocoordinates of the subject. For Earth, please note that only WGS84 coordinating system is supported at the moment

Execution result:
Got 1 row and 1 column:
| coordinates                                 |
| ------------------------------------------- |
| POINT(-79.000000 9.000000) (geo:wktLiteral) |

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Search for the entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Execute intermediate queries to get feedback and to verify your assumptions. You may need to refine or rethink your current plan based on the query results and go back to step 2 if needed, possibly multiple times.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Available knowledge graphs:
- wikidata at http://localhost:7001 with prefix index for entities and similarity index for properties, and notes:
  - P106 = occupation. Use wdt:P106 to get occupations and fetch English labels with rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(?label)="en"). When returning human occupations confirm the subject is human (wdt:P31 wd:Q5) to avoid non-human items.
  - Population (P1082) and tabular (P4179): use wdt:P1082 for quick/direct values; for time-series/point-in-time use p:P1082 + ps:P1082 + pq:P585 and ORDER BY pq:P585 DESC. Inspect statement qualifiers (e.g., 'applies to part') and prov:wasDerivedFrom references (pr:P854 etc.) to detect city-proper vs metro/prefecture scopes before using values.
  - Common person properties: P31 (instance of human Q5), P106 (occupation), P569 (date of birth), P19 (place of birth), P27 (country of citizenship), P21 (sex/gender), P166 (award received). Use wdt: for direct values when possible.
  - P17 (country) can be incomplete/misleading for places (historical/overseas tags). To get modern cities in a country combine: instance-of city (P31=Q515) + wdt:P17 OR use wdt:P131* to find an admin parent whose wdt:P17 = the country. Also cross-check coordinates (P625) or admin hierarchy to spot outliers.
  - When filtering by date of birth (P569) use xsd:dateTime comparisons (e.g. >= "1900-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime). Be aware many items have year-only or imprecise dates and coverage is biased toward notable/public figures (sportspeople, politicians, artists).
  - To retrieve qualifiers (e.g., award year) use the statement/qualifier pattern: p:Pxxx / ps:Pxxx / pq:P585. Use wdt:Pxxx for normalized/direct values when you don't need qualifiers. Example: p:P166 + pq:P585 gives award year.
  - To get a person's occupations: use wdt:P106 for direct/normalized values and rdfs:label for human-readable names (FILTER(LANG(...))). Example: wd:Q... wdt:P106 ?occ . ?occ rdfs:label ?occLabel . FILTER(LANG(?occLabel)="en").
  - P166 = award received. Use wdt:P166 for normalized/direct values when you only need award items. To get award years or qualifiers use p:P166 / ps:P166 / pq:P585. Many statements lack pq:P585 — use OPTIONAL { ?stmt pq:P585 ?date } and ORDER BY DESC(?date). When listing award winners, filter ?person wdt:P31 wd:Q5 to ensure humans.
  - Population time-series pattern: wd:Q... p:P1082 ?stmt . ?stmt ps:P1082 ?pop . OPTIONAL { ?stmt pq:P585 ?date } . ORDER BY DESC(?date). pq:P585 is the point-in-time qualifier. IMPORTANT: time-series may mix scopes (city proper vs metro) — e.g., Tokyo has a 2016 entry ~38,140,000 likely metro vs smaller city figures. Inspect qualifiers/references for scope before use.
  - Use wdt:P131* to traverse the admin hierarchy and compare wdt:P17 on the place vs an admin parent to detect historical/colonial country assignments. When mismatches appear, inspect the admin parent's instance-of (P31), labels, qualifiers and references to interpret the historical scope.
  - wdt:P106 often yields multiple occupations for a person. Use GROUP_CONCAT(DISTINCT ?occLabel; separator=", ") or return multiple rows. Always fetch labels with rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(?label)="en") to get readable occupation names.
  - When a search_entity returns multiple hits (person vs sculpture vs memorial), confirm you selected the human/statements by checking wdt:P31 (instance of) and relevant wdt: properties (e.g., wdt:P106). This avoids using a non-human QID by mistake.
  - search_autocomplete can be constrained with a SPARQL pattern containing ?search (e.g., SELECT * WHERE { ?search wdt:P31 wd:Q5 }). Use constraints to focus results (e.g., humans) and avoid ambiguous fallbacks; if it returns no results, fallback to search_entity and verify wdt:P31.
  - Use search_property_of_entity to find relevant properties for an entity (e.g., 'award' -> P166) and search_object_of_property to discover candidate objects (e.g., 'physicist' for P106). This reduces guessing P/Q ids and surfaces qualifiers.
  - Inspect statement references and qualifiers: use prov:wasDerivedFrom on p: statements to find sources, and check qualifiers (e.g., 'applies to part' or other scope qualifiers) to disambiguate city vs metro vs admin area. Reference labels can be empty; inspect reference node properties for URLs or publication dates.

Index types used for entities and properties:
- Prefix index: Retrieves items by overlap between query keywords and item words. The query keywords can match item words exactly or as prefixes.
- Similarity index: Retrieves items by cosine similarity between their embeddings and the query embedding.

General notes across knowledge graphs:
- Use rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(?label)="en") for labels; avoid SERVICE wikibase:label. Use wdt:Pxxx for normalized/direct values when qualifiers aren't needed. Use p:Pxxx / ps:Pxxx / pq:Pxxx to access statement qualifiers (e.g., award year via pq:P585). When dates matter, prefer xsd:dateTime and watch for year-only precision.
- Practical query patterns: use rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(...)) for labels. Use wdt:Pxxx for direct/normalized values when qualifiers aren't needed. Use p:Pxxx / ps:Pxxx / pq:Pxxx to access qualifiers (dates via pq:P585). For dates use xsd:dateTime and expect year-only precision. For places: combine P17 with P131 or coordinate (P625) filters to avoid historical/overseas mismatches.
- Use OPTIONAL for pq: qualifiers (e.g., pq:P585), sort by qualifier (ORDER BY pq:P585 DESC) to prefer recent values. Use GROUP_CONCAT to combine multiple labels/values in one row. Watch for typed literals (xsd:dateTime, xsd:decimal) when filtering or sorting.
- Before querying, use search_entity to resolve human-friendly names to wd:Q identifiers and verify instance-of (e.g., check wdt:P31 = wd:Q5 for humans) to avoid ambiguous matches. Prefer the top match but programmatically confirm P31 before using its data.
- Use search_property to confirm property identifiers (e.g., "country" -> P17) before embedding them in queries. This prevents mistakes from assuming an ID and helps pick the best property if multiple choices exist.
- search_autocomplete can fall back to an unconstrained search or error when there are too many candidates. If this happens (e.g., "more than the maximum supported number of subject candidates"), retry with narrower constraints such as instance-of (wdt:P31), additional type filters, or short prefixes to reduce the candidate set; otherwise fallback to search_entity and verify wdt:P31.
- Use list(...) to inspect all triples on an entity for exploration, but expect large results for notable items. Prefer wdt: properties or targeted p:/ps:/pq: patterns in SPARQL when you need normalized values or qualifiers, respectively.
- Before embedding property or item IDs in SPARQL, use search_property, search_property_of_entity, and search_object_of_property to discover the appropriate P/PID or object QIDs. This reduces errors from guessing IDs and surfaces better property alternatives and qualifiers.
- search_constrained and search_autocomplete can return no results for constrained queries or when the index is large. If they fail, fallback to search_entity + verify P31 (or use search_property_of_entity). Constrain with instance-of (wdt:P31) or other properties in the SPARQL to improve matches.
- When selecting awards by year, prefer xsd:dateTime range filters (e.g., >= "2001-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime && < "2002-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) instead of YEAR() for portability and precision.
- When selecting award winners via wdt:P166, filter ?person wdt:P31 wd:Q5 to ensure humans — fictional characters or non-humans may have award claims. If you need award years use p:P166 / ps:P166 / pq:P585 and OPTIONAL { ?stmt pq:P585 ?year } to retrieve qualifier years.
- Use wdt:P625 (coordinates) together with wdt:P131* and wdt:P17 checks to validate a place's modern country or to filter by geography. When country labels mismatch historically, inspect admin parents and coordinates to resolve whether the item refers to historical/colonial scope or current boundaries.
- Prefer wdt:Pxxx for normalized/direct values when qualifiers aren't needed. Use p:Pxxx / ps:Pxxx / pq:Pxxx to access qualifiers (e.g., pq:P585 for award year). Always fetch labels with rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(?label) = "en").
- If search_autocomplete returns too many candidates or errors, retry with constraints (e.g., SELECT * WHERE { ?search wdt:P31 wd:Q5 }) or narrower query text. If still failing, fallback to search_entity and verify wdt:P31 for type checks.
- For award-year queries use p:P166 / ps:P166 / pq:P585 to access award statements and year qualifiers. Filter by xsd:dateTime ranges (e.g., >= "2020-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime && < "2021-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) instead of YEAR() for robustness.
- Use search_property_of_entity to surface relevant properties for an entity (e.g., 'birth' -> P569/P19). list(...) can inspect triples but may return large results for notable items—prefer targeted wdt: patterns (wdt:Pxxx) or p:/ps:/pq: patterns when you need qualifiers.

SPARQL prefixes for use in function calls:
- bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
- cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
- data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
- dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
- dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
- foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
- geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
- geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
- gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
- hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
- imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
- math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
- ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
- owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
- p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
- pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
- pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
- pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
- pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
- prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
- prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
- prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
- ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
- psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
- psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
- qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
- qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
- ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
- qlss: <https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/spatialSearch/
- rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
- rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
- ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
- s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
- schema: <http://schema.org/
- skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
- v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
- void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#
- wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
- wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
- wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
- wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
- wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
- xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#

Additional rules to follow:
- Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
- Do not just use or make up entity or property identifiers without verifying their existence in the knowledge graphs first.
- Do not ask the user for clarifications without first attempting to complete the task. If the task input is incomplete or ambiguous, try to make reasonable assumptions and document them.
- Do not use "SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ..." in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.
- Always execute your final SPARQL query before giving an answer to make sure it returns the expected results.
- The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
- Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
- Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
- For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.

[User] where is isthmus of panama located on the map?

[Assistant]
To determine where the Isthmus of Panama is located on the map, I need to find its geographic coordinates or its administrative location. The Isthmus of Panama is a narrow strip of land connecting North and South America, and it is primarily located in the country of Panama.

### Step 1: Search for the entity "Isthmus of Panama"
I will first search for the entity "Isthmus of Panama" in Wikidata to identify its correct identifier (QID).

Question: Isthmus of Panama

Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Isthmus of Panama (wd:Q182139), also known as Istmo de Panama, Istmo de Panamá, Panama Isthmus: narrow landstrip in Panama / is instance of isthmus
2. Formation of the Isthmus of Panama (wd:Q26740287): is instance of scholarly article / is instance of academic article / scientific article
3. Hydrology of the Isthmus of Panama (wd:Q33778332): is instance of scholarly article / is instance of academic article / scientific article
4. Piercing the Isthmus of Panama 1 (wd:Q60414062): scientific article published in Nature / is instance of scholarly article / is instance of academic article
5. Ferns of the Isthmus of Panama (wd:Q56189008): is instance of scholarly article / is instance of academic article
6. Across the Isthmus of Panama in 1912 (wd:Q3604775): is instance of short film / 1912 film
7. Dengue-like fever on the Isthmus of Panama. (wd:Q41093706): scientific article published on January 1945 / scientific article published on January 1945 / scientific article published on January 1945 / is instance of scholarly article / is instance of academic article
8. Rheumatic fever on the Isthmus of Panama (wd:Q41090694): scientific article published on October 29, 2010 / scientific article published on 29 October 2010 / scientific article published on February 1946 / is instance of scholarly article / is instance of academic article
9. Historical biogeography of the Isthmus of Panama (wd:Q30656167): is instance of scholarly article / is instance of academic article / scientific article
10. How old is the Isthmus of Panama? (wd:Q61465180): is instance of scholarly article / is instance of academic article / article published in 2013

[Assistant]
The primary entity for the Isthmus of Panama is `wd:Q182139`, described as a narrow landstrip in Panama and an instance of an isthmus. I will now retrieve its geographic coordinates (property `P625`) to determine its location on the map.

list

wd:Q182139

[Assistant]
The Isthmus of Panama is located at the geographic coordinates **POINT(-79.000000 9.000000)**, which corresponds to approximately **9°N latitude and 79°W longitude**. This places it in the central part of Panama, connecting North and South America.

To provide a complete answer, I will now construct a SPARQL query that retrieves the coordinates of the Isthmus of Panama and returns them in a human-readable format.

### Final SPARQL Query:
```sparql
SELECT ?coordinates WHERE {
  wd:Q182139 wdt:P625 ?coordinates .
}
```

This query retrieves the geographic coordinates of the Isthmus of Panama. The result confirms its location at **9°N, 79°W**.

### Answer:
The Isthmus of Panama is located at approximately **9°N latitude and 79°W longitude**, connecting North and South America in the country of Panama.

execute

SELECT ?coordinates WHERE { wd:Q182139 wdt:P625 ?coordinates .}

[Assistant]
The SPARQL query successfully retrieved the geographic coordinates of the Isthmus of Panama as **POINT(-79.000000 9.000000)**, which corresponds to **9°N latitude and 79°W longitude**.

### Final Answer:
The Isthmus of Panama is located at approximately **9°N latitude and 79°W longitude**, connecting North and South America within the country of Panama.