PREFIX pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/>
PREFIX ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
SELECT ?place ?placeLabel ?name ( LANG( ?name ) AS ?lang ) ?start ?pointInTime ?end WHERE {
  ?place wdt:P31 / wdt:P279 * wd:Q486972 .
  {
    SELECT ?place ( COUNT( DISTINCT ?stmt ) AS ?numNames ) WHERE {
      ?place wdt:P31 / wdt:P279 * wd:Q486972 .
      ?place p:P1448 ?stmt .
    }
    GROUP BY ?place
    HAVING ( ?numNames > 3 )
  }
  ?place p:P1448 ?stmt .
  ?stmt ps:P1448 ?name .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?stmt pq:P580 ?start .
  }
  OPTIONAL {
    ?stmt pq:P585 ?pointInTime .
  }
  OPTIONAL {
    ?stmt pq:P582 ?end .
  }
  OPTIONAL {
    ?place rdfs:label ?placeLabel .
    FILTER ( LANG( ?placeLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}
ORDER BY ?placeLabel ?start ?pointInTime ?end

Using entities:
- human settlement (wd:Q486972), also known as human settlements, inhabited place, settlement, settlements: is instance of first-order class / is subclass of populated place / is subclass of group of structures or buildings / is subclass of geographical feature / is subclass of geographical object / community of any size, in which people live / densely populated geographic location / place of any size, in which people live / place of any size, in which people permanently live

Using properties:
- official name (wd:P1448 as p/ps), also known as be named, complete title, full title, legal name, long name, etc.: is subproperty of name / official name of the subject in its official language(s) / official name of the subject in its official language(s) / official name of the subject in its official language(s)
- subclass of (wd:P279 as wdt), also known as all members of this class also belong to, category of, form of, has superclass, is a class of, etc.: this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; ALL instances ... of volcanic landform); Everest is an instance of mountain / this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; all instances ... instance of volcanic landform); K2 is an instance of mountain / this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; all instances ... instance of volcanic landform); K2 is an instance of mountain / this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; all instances ... instance of volcanic landform); K2 is an instance of mountain
- instance of (wd:P31 as wdt), also known as example of, has type, is a, is an, is of type, etc.: that class of which this subject is a particular example and ... a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform) / type to which this subject corresponds/belongs. Different ... and the volcano is a type (instance) of volcanic landform
- start time (wd:P580 as pq), also known as began, beginning, building date, effective, effectivity, etc.: is subproperty of point in time / indicates the time an item begins to exist or a statement starts being valid / indicates the time an item begins to exist or a statement starts being valid / time an entity begins to exist or a statement starts being valid
- end time (wd:P582 as pq), also known as abolished, cease date, cease operation, cease time, closed, etc.: is subproperty of point in time / indicates the time an item ceases to exist or a statement stops being valid / indicates the time an item ceases to exist or a statement stops being valid / moment when an entity ceases to exist and a statement stops being entirely valid or no longer be true
- point in time (wd:P585 as pq), also known as as of, at time, by date, date, during, etc.: date something took place, existed or a statement was true; for providing time use the "refine date" property (P4241) / time and date something took place, existed or a statement was true / time and date something took place, existed or a statement was true / time and date something took place, existed or a statement was true

Answer:
Summary and assumptions:
- Interpretation: I treated "changed their official name more than three times" as: the item has more than three distinct official-name statements (p:P1448) recorded in Wikidata. This counts individual official-name statements (which frequently correspond to different names at different times or in different languages); it may include names in multiple languages that coexisted simultaneously. If you instead want to count only sequential name changes over time (ignoring simultaneous multilingual official names), we can refine the query to consider only statements with non-overlapping time qualifiers or to collapse names that share the same time qualifiers.

What I executed and why:
1) I verified the property for "official name" is P1448 and the human-settlement class is Q486972.
2) I ran a query that: (a) finds places whose instance (P31) is (or is instance of a subclass of) human settlement (Q486972); (b) selects only those places that have more than 3 p:P1448 statements; (c) returns each p:P1448 value (ps:P1448) along with its qualifiers pq:P580 (start time), pq:P585 (point in time), and pq:P582 (end time), and the language tag of the name literal.

Results overview:
- The query found 686 distinct settlements that have more than three official-name statements (i.e., meet the criterion as interpreted above).
- The detailed query returned 6,205 rows (each row is one official-name statement for one such settlement), with columns: place IRI, English place label (when available), name (literal), language tag, start time (pq:P580), point in time (pq:P585), and end time (pq:P582).

Final SPARQL query (the same one I executed to produce the results):

PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/>
PREFIX ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/>
PREFIX pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>

SELECT ?place ?placeLabel ?name (LANG(?name) AS ?lang) ?start ?pointInTime ?end WHERE {
  ?place wdt:P31/wdt:P279* wd:Q486972 .
  {
    SELECT ?place (COUNT(DISTINCT ?stmt) AS ?numNames) WHERE {
      ?place wdt:P31/wdt:P279* wd:Q486972 .
      ?place p:P1448 ?stmt .
    }
    GROUP BY ?place
    HAVING (?numNames > 3)
  }
  ?place p:P1448 ?stmt .
  ?stmt ps:P1448 ?name .
  OPTIONAL { ?stmt pq:P580 ?start. }
  OPTIONAL { ?stmt pq:P585 ?pointInTime. }
  OPTIONAL { ?stmt pq:P582 ?end. }
  OPTIONAL { ?place rdfs:label ?placeLabel . FILTER(LANG(?placeLabel) = "en") }
}
ORDER BY ?placeLabel ?start ?pointInTime ?end

Notes and next steps:
- If you want to exclude simultaneous multilingual official names and count only distinct sequential name changes, I can refine the query to (for example) group name statements by overlapping time ranges or require a point-in-time or start/end qualifiers to be present and count distinct time-ordered names.
- If you want the output as CSV/TSV or limited to a particular country, language, or a smaller sample, tell me and I will adjust the query accordingly.

If you'd like, I can also return the full result set (the 6,205 rows) as a downloadable CSV or show the top N places by number of official-name statements.

Summary and assumptions:
- Interpretation: I treated "changed their official name more than three times" as: the item has more than three distinct official-name statements (p:P1448) recorded in Wikidata. This counts individual official-name statements (which frequently correspond to different names at different times or in different languages); it may include names in multiple languages that coexisted simultaneously. If you instead want to count only sequential name changes over time (ignoring simultaneous multilingual official names), we can refine the query to consider only statements with non-overlapping time qualifiers or to collapse names that share the same time qualifiers.

What I executed and why:
1) I verified the property for "official name" is P1448 and the human-settlement class is Q486972.
2) I ran a query that: (a) finds places whose instance (P31) is (or is instance of a subclass of) human settlement (Q486972); (b) selects only those places that have more than 3 p:P1448 statements; (c) returns each p:P1448 value (ps:P1448) along with its qualifiers pq:P580 (start time), pq:P585 (point in time), and pq:P582 (end time), and the language tag of the name literal.

Results overview:
- The query found 686 distinct settlements that have more than three official-name statements (i.e., meet the criterion as interpreted above).
- The detailed query returned 6,205 rows (each row is one official-name statement for one such settlement), with columns: place IRI, English place label (when available), name (literal), language tag, start time (pq:P580), point in time (pq:P585), and end time (pq:P582).

Final SPARQL query (the same one I executed to produce the results):

PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/>
PREFIX ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/>
PREFIX pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>

SELECT ?place ?placeLabel ?name (LANG(?name) AS ?lang) ?start ?pointInTime ?end WHERE {
  ?place wdt:P31/wdt:P279* wd:Q486972 .
  {
    SELECT ?place (COUNT(DISTINCT ?stmt) AS ?numNames) WHERE {
      ?place wdt:P31/wdt:P279* wd:Q486972 .
      ?place p:P1448 ?stmt .
    }
    GROUP BY ?place
    HAVING (?numNames > 3)
  }
  ?place p:P1448 ?stmt .
  ?stmt ps:P1448 ?name .
  OPTIONAL { ?stmt pq:P580 ?start. }
  OPTIONAL { ?stmt pq:P585 ?pointInTime. }
  OPTIONAL { ?stmt pq:P582 ?end. }
  OPTIONAL { ?place rdfs:label ?placeLabel . FILTER(LANG(?placeLabel) = "en") }
}
ORDER BY ?placeLabel ?start ?pointInTime ?end

Notes and next steps:
- If you want to exclude simultaneous multilingual official names and count only distinct sequential name changes, I can refine the query to (for example) group name statements by overlapping time ranges or require a point-in-time or start/end qualifiers to be present and count distinct time-ordered names.
- If you want the output as CSV/TSV or limited to a particular country, language, or a smaller sample, tell me and I will adjust the query accordingly.

If you'd like, I can also return the full result set (the 6,205 rows) as a downloadable CSV or show the top N places by number of official-name statements.

SPARQL query over wikidata:
PREFIX pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/>
PREFIX ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
SELECT ?place ?placeLabel ?name ( LANG( ?name ) AS ?lang ) ?start ?pointInTime ?end WHERE {
  ?place wdt:P31 / wdt:P279 * wd:Q486972 .
  {
    SELECT ?place ( COUNT( DISTINCT ?stmt ) AS ?numNames ) WHERE {
      ?place wdt:P31 / wdt:P279 * wd:Q486972 .
      ?place p:P1448 ?stmt .
    }
    GROUP BY ?place
    HAVING ( ?numNames > 3 )
  }
  ?place p:P1448 ?stmt .
  ?stmt ps:P1448 ?name .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?stmt pq:P580 ?start .
  }
  OPTIONAL {
    ?stmt pq:P585 ?pointInTime .
  }
  OPTIONAL {
    ?stmt pq:P582 ?end .
  }
  OPTIONAL {
    ?place rdfs:label ?placeLabel .
    FILTER ( LANG( ?placeLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}
ORDER BY ?placeLabel ?start ?pointInTime ?end

Using entities:
- human settlement (wd:Q486972), also known as human settlements, inhabited place, settlement, settlements: is instance of first-order class / is subclass of populated place / is subclass of group of structures or buildings / is subclass of geographical feature / is subclass of geographical object / community of any size, in which people live / densely populated geographic location / place of any size, in which people live / place of any size, in which people permanently live

Using properties:
- official name (wd:P1448 as p/ps), also known as be named, complete title, full title, legal name, long name, etc.: is subproperty of name / official name of the subject in its official language(s) / official name of the subject in its official language(s) / official name of the subject in its official language(s)
- subclass of (wd:P279 as wdt), also known as all members of this class also belong to, category of, form of, has superclass, is a class of, etc.: this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; ALL instances ... of volcanic landform); Everest is an instance of mountain / this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; all instances ... instance of volcanic landform); K2 is an instance of mountain / this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; all instances ... instance of volcanic landform); K2 is an instance of mountain / this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; all instances ... instance of volcanic landform); K2 is an instance of mountain
- instance of (wd:P31 as wdt), also known as example of, has type, is a, is an, is of type, etc.: that class of which this subject is a particular example and ... a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform) / type to which this subject corresponds/belongs. Different ... and the volcano is a type (instance) of volcanic landform
- start time (wd:P580 as pq), also known as began, beginning, building date, effective, effectivity, etc.: is subproperty of point in time / indicates the time an item begins to exist or a statement starts being valid / indicates the time an item begins to exist or a statement starts being valid / time an entity begins to exist or a statement starts being valid
- end time (wd:P582 as pq), also known as abolished, cease date, cease operation, cease time, closed, etc.: is subproperty of point in time / indicates the time an item ceases to exist or a statement stops being valid / indicates the time an item ceases to exist or a statement stops being valid / moment when an entity ceases to exist and a statement stops being entirely valid or no longer be true
- point in time (wd:P585 as pq), also known as as of, at time, by date, date, during, etc.: date something took place, existed or a statement was true; for providing time use the "refine date" property (P4241) / time and date something took place, existed or a statement was true / time and date something took place, existed or a statement was true / time and date something took place, existed or a statement was true

Execution result:
Got 6,205 rows and 7 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| place                | placeLabel        | name                          | lang | start                               | pointInTime | end                                 |
| -------------------- | ----------------- | ----------------------------- | ---- | ----------------------------------- | ----------- | ----------------------------------- |
| wd:Q105581969        |                   | Młynowice (lang:pl)           | pl   |                                     |             |                                     |
| wd:Q105581969        |                   | Mühlbach (lang:de)            | de   |                                     |             |                                     |
| wd:Q12660547         |                   | Kiaušai (lang:lt)             | lt   |                                     |             |                                     |
| wd:Q12660547         |                   | Лосево (lang:ru)              | ru   |                                     |             |                                     |
| wd:Q12660547         |                   | Didieji Aukštučiai (lang:lt)  | lt   |                                     |             |                                     |
| ...                  | ...               | ...                           | ...  | ...                                 | ...         | ...                                 |
| Zviahel (wd:Q149024) | Zviahel (lang:en) | Новоград-Волынский (lang:ru)  | ru   | 1795-07-16T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) |             | 1941-01-01T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) |
| Zviahel (wd:Q149024) | Zviahel (lang:en) | Новоград-Волинський (lang:uk) | uk   | 1795-07-16T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) |             | 2022-11-15T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) |
| Zviahel (wd:Q149024) | Zviahel (lang:en) | Звягель (lang:ru)             | ru   | 1941-01-01T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) |             | 1944-01-03T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) |
| Zviahel (wd:Q149024) | Zviahel (lang:en) | Новоград-Волынский (lang:ru)  | ru   | 1944-01-03T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) |             | 2022-11-16T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) |
| Zviahel (wd:Q149024) | Zviahel (lang:en) | Звягель (lang:uk)             | uk   | 2022-11-16T00:00:00Z (xsd:dateTime) |             |                                     |

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Search for the entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Execute intermediate queries to get feedback and to verify your assumptions. You may need to refine or rethink your current plan based on the query results and go back to step 2 if needed, possibly multiple times.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Available knowledge graphs:
- wikidata at http://localhost:7001 with prefix index for entities and similarity index for properties, and notes:
  - P106 = occupation. Use wdt:P106 to get occupations and fetch English labels with rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(?label)="en"). When returning human occupations confirm the subject is human (wdt:P31 wd:Q5) to avoid non-human items.
  - Population (P1082) and tabular (P4179): use wdt:P1082 for quick/direct values; for time-series/point-in-time use p:P1082 + ps:P1082 + pq:P585 and ORDER BY pq:P585 DESC. Inspect statement qualifiers (e.g., 'applies to part') and prov:wasDerivedFrom references (pr:P854 etc.) to detect city-proper vs metro/prefecture scopes before using values.
  - Common person properties: P31 (instance of human Q5), P106 (occupation), P569 (date of birth), P19 (place of birth), P27 (country of citizenship), P21 (sex/gender), P166 (award received). Use wdt: for direct values when possible.
  - P17 (country) can be incomplete/misleading for places (historical/overseas tags). To get modern cities in a country combine: instance-of city (P31=Q515) + wdt:P17 OR use wdt:P131* to find an admin parent whose wdt:P17 = the country. Also cross-check coordinates (P625) or admin hierarchy to spot outliers.
  - When filtering by date of birth (P569) use xsd:dateTime comparisons (e.g. >= "1900-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime). Be aware many items have year-only or imprecise dates and coverage is biased toward notable/public figures (sportspeople, politicians, artists).
  - To retrieve qualifiers (e.g., award year) use the statement/qualifier pattern: p:Pxxx / ps:Pxxx / pq:P585. Use wdt:Pxxx for normalized/direct values when you don't need qualifiers. Example: p:P166 + pq:P585 gives award year.
  - To get a person's occupations: use wdt:P106 for direct/normalized values and rdfs:label for human-readable names (FILTER(LANG(...))). Example: wd:Q... wdt:P106 ?occ . ?occ rdfs:label ?occLabel . FILTER(LANG(?occLabel)="en").
  - P166 = award received. Use wdt:P166 for normalized/direct values when you only need award items. To get award years or qualifiers use p:P166 / ps:P166 / pq:P585. Many statements lack pq:P585 — use OPTIONAL { ?stmt pq:P585 ?date } and ORDER BY DESC(?date). When listing award winners, filter ?person wdt:P31 wd:Q5 to ensure humans.
  - Population time-series pattern: wd:Q... p:P1082 ?stmt . ?stmt ps:P1082 ?pop . OPTIONAL { ?stmt pq:P585 ?date } . ORDER BY DESC(?date). pq:P585 is the point-in-time qualifier. IMPORTANT: time-series may mix scopes (city proper vs metro) — e.g., Tokyo has a 2016 entry ~38,140,000 likely metro vs smaller city figures. Inspect qualifiers/references for scope before use.
  - Use wdt:P131* to traverse the admin hierarchy and compare wdt:P17 on the place vs an admin parent to detect historical/colonial country assignments. When mismatches appear, inspect the admin parent's instance-of (P31), labels, qualifiers and references to interpret the historical scope.
  - wdt:P106 often yields multiple occupations for a person. Use GROUP_CONCAT(DISTINCT ?occLabel; separator=", ") or return multiple rows. Always fetch labels with rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(?label)="en") to get readable occupation names.
  - When a search_entity returns multiple hits (person vs sculpture vs memorial), confirm you selected the human/statements by checking wdt:P31 (instance of) and relevant wdt: properties (e.g., wdt:P106). This avoids using a non-human QID by mistake.
  - search_autocomplete can be constrained with a SPARQL pattern containing ?search (e.g., SELECT * WHERE { ?search wdt:P31 wd:Q5 }). Use constraints to focus results (e.g., humans) and avoid ambiguous fallbacks; if it returns no results, fallback to search_entity and verify wdt:P31.
  - Use search_property_of_entity to find relevant properties for an entity (e.g., 'award' -> P166) and search_object_of_property to discover candidate objects (e.g., 'physicist' for P106). This reduces guessing P/Q ids and surfaces qualifiers.
  - Inspect statement references and qualifiers: use prov:wasDerivedFrom on p: statements to find sources, and check qualifiers (e.g., 'applies to part' or other scope qualifiers) to disambiguate city vs metro vs admin area. Reference labels can be empty; inspect reference node properties for URLs or publication dates.

Index types used for entities and properties:
- Prefix index: Retrieves items by overlap between query keywords and item words. The query keywords can match item words exactly or as prefixes.
- Similarity index: Retrieves items by cosine similarity between their embeddings and the query embedding.

General notes across knowledge graphs:
- Use rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(?label)="en") for labels; avoid SERVICE wikibase:label. Use wdt:Pxxx for normalized/direct values when qualifiers aren't needed. Use p:Pxxx / ps:Pxxx / pq:Pxxx to access statement qualifiers (e.g., award year via pq:P585). When dates matter, prefer xsd:dateTime and watch for year-only precision.
- Practical query patterns: use rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(...)) for labels. Use wdt:Pxxx for direct/normalized values when qualifiers aren't needed. Use p:Pxxx / ps:Pxxx / pq:Pxxx to access qualifiers (dates via pq:P585). For dates use xsd:dateTime and expect year-only precision. For places: combine P17 with P131 or coordinate (P625) filters to avoid historical/overseas mismatches.
- Use OPTIONAL for pq: qualifiers (e.g., pq:P585), sort by qualifier (ORDER BY pq:P585 DESC) to prefer recent values. Use GROUP_CONCAT to combine multiple labels/values in one row. Watch for typed literals (xsd:dateTime, xsd:decimal) when filtering or sorting.
- Before querying, use search_entity to resolve human-friendly names to wd:Q identifiers and verify instance-of (e.g., check wdt:P31 = wd:Q5 for humans) to avoid ambiguous matches. Prefer the top match but programmatically confirm P31 before using its data.
- Use search_property to confirm property identifiers (e.g., "country" -> P17) before embedding them in queries. This prevents mistakes from assuming an ID and helps pick the best property if multiple choices exist.
- search_autocomplete can fall back to an unconstrained search or error when there are too many candidates. If this happens (e.g., "more than the maximum supported number of subject candidates"), retry with narrower constraints such as instance-of (wdt:P31), additional type filters, or short prefixes to reduce the candidate set; otherwise fallback to search_entity and verify wdt:P31.
- Use list(...) to inspect all triples on an entity for exploration, but expect large results for notable items. Prefer wdt: properties or targeted p:/ps:/pq: patterns in SPARQL when you need normalized values or qualifiers, respectively.
- Before embedding property or item IDs in SPARQL, use search_property, search_property_of_entity, and search_object_of_property to discover the appropriate P/PID or object QIDs. This reduces errors from guessing IDs and surfaces better property alternatives and qualifiers.
- search_constrained and search_autocomplete can return no results for constrained queries or when the index is large. If they fail, fallback to search_entity + verify P31 (or use search_property_of_entity). Constrain with instance-of (wdt:P31) or other properties in the SPARQL to improve matches.
- When selecting awards by year, prefer xsd:dateTime range filters (e.g., >= "2001-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime && < "2002-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) instead of YEAR() for portability and precision.
- When selecting award winners via wdt:P166, filter ?person wdt:P31 wd:Q5 to ensure humans — fictional characters or non-humans may have award claims. If you need award years use p:P166 / ps:P166 / pq:P585 and OPTIONAL { ?stmt pq:P585 ?year } to retrieve qualifier years.
- Use wdt:P625 (coordinates) together with wdt:P131* and wdt:P17 checks to validate a place's modern country or to filter by geography. When country labels mismatch historically, inspect admin parents and coordinates to resolve whether the item refers to historical/colonial scope or current boundaries.
- Prefer wdt:Pxxx for normalized/direct values when qualifiers aren't needed. Use p:Pxxx / ps:Pxxx / pq:Pxxx to access qualifiers (e.g., pq:P585 for award year). Always fetch labels with rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(?label) = "en").
- If search_autocomplete returns too many candidates or errors, retry with constraints (e.g., SELECT * WHERE { ?search wdt:P31 wd:Q5 }) or narrower query text. If still failing, fallback to search_entity and verify wdt:P31 for type checks.
- For award-year queries use p:P166 / ps:P166 / pq:P585 to access award statements and year qualifiers. Filter by xsd:dateTime ranges (e.g., >= "2020-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime && < "2021-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) instead of YEAR() for robustness.
- Use search_property_of_entity to surface relevant properties for an entity (e.g., 'birth' -> P569/P19). list(...) can inspect triples but may return large results for notable items—prefer targeted wdt: patterns (wdt:Pxxx) or p:/ps:/pq: patterns when you need qualifiers.

SPARQL prefixes for use in function calls:
- bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
- cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
- data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
- dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
- dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
- foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
- geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
- geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
- gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
- hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
- imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
- math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
- ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
- owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
- p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
- pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
- pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
- pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
- pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
- prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
- prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
- prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
- ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
- psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
- psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
- qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
- qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
- ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
- qlss: <https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/spatialSearch/
- rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
- rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
- ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
- s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
- schema: <http://schema.org/
- skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
- v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
- void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#
- wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
- wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
- wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
- wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
- wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
- xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#

Additional rules to follow:
- Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
- Do not just use or make up entity or property identifiers without verifying their existence in the knowledge graphs first.
- Do not ask the user for clarifications without first attempting to complete the task. If the task input is incomplete or ambiguous, try to make reasonable assumptions and document them.
- Do not use "SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ..." in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.
- Always execute your final SPARQL query before giving an answer to make sure it returns the expected results.
- The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
- Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
- Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
- For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.

[User] Which human settlements have changed their official name more than three times? For each result, please include the settlement's name, language tag, start time (if available), point in time (if available), and end time (if available).

[Assistant]
I'll search for the property used for "official name" and verify its identifier, then look for items that are human settlements and have more than three official-name statements. I'll explain each step and run SPARQL queries to verify.

Question: official name

Top 10 property alternatives:
1. native label (wd:P1705 as pq/pqn/prv/ps/psn/pqv/prn/wdt/psv/wdtn/pr/p, matched via official name), also known as autonym, label in official language, label in original language, name in official language, name in original language, etc.: label for the items in their official language (P37) or their original language (P364) / label for the items in their official language (P37) or their original language (P364) / label for the items in their official language (P37) or their original language (P364) / label for the items in their official language  or their original language / is subproperty of name
2. official name (wd:P1448 as pq/pqn/prv/ps/psn/pqv/prn/wdt/psv/wdtn/pr/p), also known as be named, complete title, full title, legal name, long name, etc.: official name of the subject in its official language(s) / official name of the subject in its official language(s) / official name of the subject in its official language(s) / is subproperty of name
3. official website (wd:P856 as pq/pqn/prv/ps/psn/pqv/prn/wdt/psv/wdtn/pr/p, matched via official site), also known as home page, homepage, home page (official), homepage (official), official homepage, etc.: URL of the official page of an item (current or former). ... see the "Hijacked or dead websites" section of the Talk page / is subproperty of URL
4. officialized by (wd:P5194 as pq/pqn/prv/ps/psn/pqv/prn/wdt/psv/wdtn/pr/p, matched via officialised by), also known as made official by, officialised by, P5194: the item which officialized this lexeme
5. given name (wd:P735 as pq/pqn/prv/ps/psn/pqv/prn/wdt/psv/wdtn/pr/p, matched via proper name), also known as Christian name, first name, forename, middle name, name, etc.: first name or another given name of this person; values used with the property should not link disambiguations nor family names / first name or another given name of this person; values used with the property shouldn't link disambiguations nor family names / first name or another given name of this person; values used with the property shouldn't link disambiguations nor family names / is subproperty of name
6. official wiki URL (wd:P12203 as pq/pqn/prv/ps/psn/pqv/prn/wdt/psv/wdtn/pr/p, matched via official wiki), also known as official wiki, official wiki website, wiki, wiki URL, wiki website, etc.: URL of the official wiki for the item / is subproperty of URL
7. self-identified name (wd:P12089 as pq/pqn/prv/ps/psn/pqv/prn/wdt/psv/wdtn/pr/p, matched via own name), also known as endonym, internal name, own name, P12089: name by which a group of humans refers to itself (endonym)
8. professional name (wd:P2838 as pq/pqn/prv/ps/psn/pqv/prn/wdt/psv/wdtn/pr/p), also known as P2838: name passed down by generation assumed by a master of a traditional Japanese art or sport such as kabuki or sumo
9. official symbol (wd:P2238 as pq/pqn/prv/ps/psn/pqv/prn/wdt/psv/wdtn/pr/p), also known as emblem, floral emblem, official emblem, official tartan, state tartan, etc.: official symbol of an organisation
10. official language (wd:P37 as pq/pqn/prv/ps/psn/pqv/prn/wdt/psv/wdtn/pr/p), also known as language official, language spoken, speaking, spoken in, P37: language designated as official by this item / language designated as official by this item / language designated as official by this item / language designated as official by this item / is subproperty of language used

[Assistant]
I'll search for an item representing the class "human settlement" or common settlement types (e.g., city Q515, human settlement Q486972) to ensure we filter to places.

Question: human settlement

Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. human settlement (wd:Q486972), also known as human settlements, inhabited place, settlement, settlements: place of any size, in which people permanently live / is subclass of group of structures or buildings / community of any size, in which people live / place of any size, in which people live / densely populated geographic location / is subclass of geographical feature / is subclass of geographical object / is instance of first-order class / is subclass of populated place
2. Kwande (wd:Q6450151, matched via Human settlement), also known as Human settlement: is instance of local government area of Nigeria / is instance of human settlement / LGA in Benue State, Nigeria
3. Burunduki (human settlement) (wd:Q11031822): human settlement in Krasnoarmeysky District, Chuvash Republic", Chuvash Republic, Russia / is instance of administrative territorial entity of Russia / is instance of hamlet
4. Svetlogorsk human settlement (wd:Q4145591): human settlement in Svetlogorsky District, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia / is instance of urban settlement in Russia / is instance of former municipality
5. Ozherelye human settlement (wd:Q4145561): human settlement in Kashirsky District, Moscow Oblast, Russia / is instance of urban settlement in Russia / is instance of former municipality
6. Sabiñánigo (human settlement) (wd:Q24013331): capital of Sabiñánigo Municipality, Spain / is instance of municipality capital / is instance of locality / is instance of city
7. Ateca (wd:Q24016487, matched via Ateca (human settlement)), also known as Ateca (human settlement), Ateca town: capital town of Ateca Municipality, Spain / is instance of municipality capital / is instance of town
8. submerged city (wd:Q20616831, matched via sunken human settlement), also known as submerged settlement, submerged town, sunken city, sunken human settlement, sunken settlement, etc.: city or town no longer inhabited, due to flooding, or being submerged underwater / is subclass of destroyed settlement / is subclass of abandoned village / is subclass of former settlement / is subclass of submerged place / is subclass of sunken entity / is subclass of city
9. history of a human settlement (wd:Q116885401, matched via human settlement history), also known as history of settlement, human settlement history, settlement history: is instance of aspect of history / is subclass of locality / is subclass of history / aspect of history
10. Noginsk human settlement (wd:Q4145557): human settlement in Noginsky District, Moscow Oblast, Russia / is instance of urban settlement in Russia

[Assistant]
Step reasoning:
- I will count p:P1448 statements (official name statements) per item that is an instance (or subclass) of human settlement (wd:Q486972).
- I'll select places with COUNT(DISTINCT ?stmt) > 3 and then return all ps:P1448 values and the qualifiers start time (pq:P580), point in time (pq:P585), and end time (pq:P582), plus the language tag (via LANG()) and an English place label if available.
- I'll run a SPARQL query that uses a subquery to filter places with more than 3 official-name statements, and then fetch all name statements and qualifiers for those places.

Now I'll execute the SPARQL query to get results.

execute

PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/>
PREFIX ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/>
PREFIX pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>

SELECT ?place ?placeLabel ?name (LANG(?name) AS ?lang) ?start ?pointInTime ?end WHERE {
  # Find places that are instances/subclasses of human settlement
  ?place wdt:P31/wdt:P279* wd:Q486972 .

  # subquery: places with more than 3 official-name statements
  {
    SELECT ?place (COUNT(DISTINCT ?stmt) AS ?numNames) WHERE {
      ?place wdt:P31/wdt:P279* wd:Q486972 .
      ?place p:P1448 ?stmt .
    }
    GROUP BY ?place
    HAVING (?numNames > 3)
  }

  # retrieve all official name statements and qualifiers
  ?place p:P1448 ?stmt .
  ?stmt ps:P1448 ?name .
  OPTIONAL { ?stmt pq:P580 ?start. }
  OPTIONAL { ?stmt pq:P585 ?pointInTime. }
  OPTIONAL { ?stmt pq:P582 ?end. }

  OPTIONAL { ?place rdfs:label ?placeLabel . FILTER(LANG(?placeLabel) = "en") }
}
ORDER BY ?placeLabel ?start ?pointInTime ?end

[Assistant]
I'll run a small query to count how many distinct settlements meet the criterion (more than 3 official-name statements). Then I'll return the final SPARQL and a short summary.

PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/>

SELECT (COUNT(DISTINCT ?place) AS ?numPlaces) WHERE {
  ?place wdt:P31/wdt:P279* wd:Q486972 .
  ?place p:P1448 ?stmt .
}
GROUP BY ?place
HAVING (COUNT(DISTINCT ?stmt) > 3)

Got 686 rows and 1 column, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| numPlaces   |
| ----------- |
| 1 (xsd:int) |
| 1 (xsd:int) |
| 1 (xsd:int) |
| 1 (xsd:int) |
| 1 (xsd:int) |
| ...         |
| 1 (xsd:int) |
| 1 (xsd:int) |
| 1 (xsd:int) |
| 1 (xsd:int) |
| 1 (xsd:int) |

[Assistant]
I'll run a corrected count query that counts the number of places that have more than 3 official-name statements.

PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/>

SELECT (COUNT(*) AS ?numPlaces) WHERE {
  {
    SELECT ?place WHERE {
      ?place wdt:P31/wdt:P279* wd:Q486972 .
      ?place p:P1448 ?stmt .
    }
    GROUP BY ?place
    HAVING (COUNT(DISTINCT ?stmt) > 3)
  }
}

Got 1 row and 1 column:
| numPlaces     |
| ------------- |
| 686 (xsd:int) |

[Assistant]
answer

PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/>
PREFIX ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/>
PREFIX pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>

SELECT ?place ?placeLabel ?name (LANG(?name) AS ?lang) ?start ?pointInTime ?end WHERE {
  # Place must be an instance (or instance of a subclass) of human settlement
  ?place wdt:P31/wdt:P279* wd:Q486972 .

  # Filter places that have more than 3 official-name statements
  {
    SELECT ?place (COUNT(DISTINCT ?stmt) AS ?numNames) WHERE {
      ?place wdt:P31/wdt:P279* wd:Q486972 .
      ?place p:P1448 ?stmt .
    }
    GROUP BY ?place
    HAVING (?numNames > 3)
  }

  # Retrieve all official-name statements and their common time qualifiers
  ?place p:P1448 ?stmt .
  ?stmt ps:P1448 ?name .
  OPTIONAL { ?stmt pq:P580 ?start. }
  OPTIONAL { ?stmt pq:P585 ?pointInTime. }
  OPTIONAL { ?stmt pq:P582 ?end. }

  OPTIONAL { ?place rdfs:label ?placeLabel . FILTER(LANG(?placeLabel) = "en") }
}
ORDER BY ?placeLabel ?start ?pointInTime ?end

Answer:
Summary and assumptions:
- Interpretation: I treated "changed their official name more than three times" as: the item has more than three distinct official-name statements (p:P1448) recorded in Wikidata. This counts individual official-name statements (which frequently correspond to different names at different times or in different languages); it may include names in multiple languages that coexisted simultaneously. If you instead want to count only sequential name changes over time (ignoring simultaneous multilingual official names), we can refine the query to consider only statements with non-overlapping time qualifiers or to collapse names that share the same time qualifiers.

What I executed and why:
1) I verified the property for "official name" is P1448 and the human-settlement class is Q486972.
2) I ran a query that: (a) finds places whose instance (P31) is (or is instance of a subclass of) human settlement (Q486972); (b) selects only those places that have more than 3 p:P1448 statements; (c) returns each p:P1448 value (ps:P1448) along with its qualifiers pq:P580 (start time), pq:P585 (point in time), and pq:P582 (end time), and the language tag of the name literal.

Results overview:
- The query found 686 distinct settlements that have more than three official-name statements (i.e., meet the criterion as interpreted above).
- The detailed query returned 6,205 rows (each row is one official-name statement for one such settlement), with columns: place IRI, English place label (when available), name (literal), language tag, start time (pq:P580), point in time (pq:P585), and end time (pq:P582).

Final SPARQL query (the same one I executed to produce the results):

PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/>
PREFIX ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/>
PREFIX pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>

SELECT ?place ?placeLabel ?name (LANG(?name) AS ?lang) ?start ?pointInTime ?end WHERE {
  ?place wdt:P31/wdt:P279* wd:Q486972 .
  {
    SELECT ?place (COUNT(DISTINCT ?stmt) AS ?numNames) WHERE {
      ?place wdt:P31/wdt:P279* wd:Q486972 .
      ?place p:P1448 ?stmt .
    }
    GROUP BY ?place
    HAVING (?numNames > 3)
  }
  ?place p:P1448 ?stmt .
  ?stmt ps:P1448 ?name .
  OPTIONAL { ?stmt pq:P580 ?start. }
  OPTIONAL { ?stmt pq:P585 ?pointInTime. }
  OPTIONAL { ?stmt pq:P582 ?end. }
  OPTIONAL { ?place rdfs:label ?placeLabel . FILTER(LANG(?placeLabel) = "en") }
}
ORDER BY ?placeLabel ?start ?pointInTime ?end

Notes and next steps:
- If you want to exclude simultaneous multilingual official names and count only distinct sequential name changes, I can refine the query to (for example) group name statements by overlapping time ranges or require a point-in-time or start/end qualifiers to be present and count distinct time-ordered names.
- If you want the output as CSV/TSV or limited to a particular country, language, or a smaller sample, tell me and I will adjust the query accordingly.

If you'd like, I can also return the full result set (the 6,205 rows) as a downloadable CSV or show the top N places by number of official-name statements.