PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/>
PREFIX wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/>
PREFIX psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/>
SELECT ?item ?itemLabel ?population ?area_km2 WHERE {
  VALUES ?item {
    wd:Q1781 wd:Q43296 wd:Q183
  }
  ?item rdfs:label ?itemLabel .
  FILTER ( LANG( ?itemLabel ) = "en" ) OPTIONAL {
    ?item wdt:P1082 ?population .
  }
  OPTIONAL {
    ?item p:P2046 ?areaStmt .
    ?areaStmt psv:P2046 ?areaNode .
    ?areaNode wikibase:quantityAmount ?amount .
    ?areaNode wikibase:quantityUnit ?unit .
    FILTER NOT EXISTS {
      ?areaStmt pq:P518 ?appliesTo .
      ?appliesTo wdt:P31 / wdt:P279 * wd:Q187223 .
    }
    BIND( IF( ?unit = wd:Q712226 , ?amount , IF( ?unit = wd:Q35852 , ( ?amount * 0.01 ) , IF( ?unit = wd:Q25343 , ( ?amount / 1000000 ) , ?amount ) ) ) AS ?area_km2 )
  }
}
ORDER BY ?itemLabel

Using entities:
- Budapest (wd:Q1781), also known as Alt-Ofen, Buda, Buda Pest, Buda-Pest, Budapešť, etc.: is instance of national capital / is instance of town in Hungary / is instance of enclave / is instance of largest city / capital and largest city of Hungary
- Germany (wd:Q183), also known as BR Deutschland, Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Deutschland, Federal Republic of Germany: is instance of country / is instance of sovereign state / country in central Europe / country in central Europe / country in Central Europe / country in Central Europe
- lagoon (wd:Q187223), also known as albufera, haff, liman: is subclass of lake / is subclass of bay / shallow body of water / shallow body of water / shallow body of water separated from larger body of water by a barrier
- square metre (wd:Q25343), also known as m^2, m2, m², ㎡, sq m, etc.: is instance of coherent SI unit / is instance of unit of area / SI unit of area / SI unit of area
- hectare (wd:Q35852), also known as ha, ㏊: is instance of non-SI unit mentioned in and accepted with the SI / is instance of SI-accepted non-SI unit / is instance of unit of area / metric unit of area
- Wake Island (wd:Q43296), also known as Halcyon Island, Isla San Francisco, Isle de Saint Francois, Isle de St Francois, Isle of Saint Francis, etc.: is instance of unincorporated territory of the United States / is instance of Unincorporated territories of the United States / is instance of administrative territorial entity / is instance of insular area of the United States / is instance of atoll / coral atoll in the North Pacific Ocean administered by the US and also claimed by the Marshall Islands
- square kilometre (wd:Q712226), also known as km^2, km2, km², sq km, sqkm, etc.: is instance of SI derived unit / is instance of unit of area / decimal multiple of the SI unit of surface area

Using properties:
- population (wd:P1082 as wdt), also known as human population, inhabitants, P1082: number of people inhabiting the place; number of people of subject / number of people inhabiting the place; number of people of subject / number of people inhabiting the place; number of people of subject
- area (wd:P2046 as p/psv), also known as acreage, camera resolution, die area, die size, image resolution, etc.: area occupied by an object / area occupied by an object
- subclass of (wd:P279 as wdt), also known as all members of this class also belong to, category of, form of, has superclass, is a class of, etc.: this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; ALL instances ... of volcanic landform); Everest is an instance of mountain / this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; all instances ... instance of volcanic landform); K2 is an instance of mountain / this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; all instances ... instance of volcanic landform); K2 is an instance of mountain / this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; all instances ... instance of volcanic landform); K2 is an instance of mountain
- instance of (wd:P31 as wdt), also known as example of, has type, is a, is an, is of type, etc.: that class of which this subject is a particular example and ... a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform) / type to which this subject corresponds/belongs. Different ... and the volcano is a type (instance) of volcanic landform
- applies to part (wd:P518 as pq), also known as applied to, applies to aspect, applies to form, applies to phase, apply to, etc.: part, aspect, or form of the item to which the claim applies / part of the item for which the claim is valid / part of the item for which the claim is valid

Got 6 rows and 4 columns:
| item                    | itemLabel             | population             | area_km2             |
| ----------------------- | --------------------- | ---------------------- | -------------------- |
| Budapest (wd:Q1781)     | Budapest (lang:en)    | 1686222 (xsd:decimal)  | 525.14 (xsd:decimal) |
| Germany (wd:Q183)       | Germany (lang:en)     | 84358845 (xsd:decimal) | 357170 (xsd:decimal) |
| Germany (wd:Q183)       | Germany (lang:en)     | 84358845 (xsd:decimal) | 349390 (xsd:decimal) |
| Germany (wd:Q183)       | Germany (lang:en)     | 84358845 (xsd:decimal) | 357588 (xsd:decimal) |
| Wake Island (wd:Q43296) | Wake Island (lang:en) | 100 (xsd:decimal)      | 6 (xsd:decimal)      |
| Wake Island (wd:Q43296) | Wake Island (lang:en) | 100 (xsd:decimal)      | 7.1 (xsd:decimal)    |

Answer:
Query results (excluded any area statements that apply to a lagoon):

- http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1781 (Budapest)
  - population: 1686222
  - area (km²): 525.14

- http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q43296 (Wake Island)
  - population: 100
  - area (km²): 6
  - area (km²): 7.1
    (Two area statements are present for Wake Island; both were included because neither was qualified as applying to a lagoon.)

- http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q183 (Germany)
  - population: 84358845
  - area (km²): 357170
  - area (km²): 349390
  - area (km²): 357588
    (Germany has multiple area statements; all non-lagoon-applying area statements are shown.)

Notes:
- Item IRIs are given above. Populations use wdt:P1082 (direct/population value) when present. Area values were extracted from P2046 statements, converted to km² inside the query when needed (handling square kilometre, hectare, and square metre units), and statements whose pq:P518 (applies to part) pointed to an item that is an instance/subclass of lagoon (wd:Q187223) were excluded.
- Multiple area statements per item are returned when present; I did not collapse them further since the question requested the land areas (if available) while excluding lagoon-applied measures.

Query results (excluded any area statements that apply to a lagoon):

- http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1781 (Budapest)
  - population: 1686222
  - area (km²): 525.14

- http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q43296 (Wake Island)
  - population: 100
  - area (km²): 6
  - area (km²): 7.1
    (Two area statements are present for Wake Island; both were included because neither was qualified as applying to a lagoon.)

- http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q183 (Germany)
  - population: 84358845
  - area (km²): 357170
  - area (km²): 349390
  - area (km²): 357588
    (Germany has multiple area statements; all non-lagoon-applying area statements are shown.)

Notes:
- Item IRIs are given above. Populations use wdt:P1082 (direct/population value) when present. Area values were extracted from P2046 statements, converted to km² inside the query when needed (handling square kilometre, hectare, and square metre units), and statements whose pq:P518 (applies to part) pointed to an item that is an instance/subclass of lagoon (wd:Q187223) were excluded.
- Multiple area statements per item are returned when present; I did not collapse them further since the question requested the land areas (if available) while excluding lagoon-applied measures.

SPARQL query over wikidata:
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/>
PREFIX wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/>
PREFIX psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/>
SELECT ?item ?itemLabel ?population ?area_km2 WHERE {
  VALUES ?item {
    wd:Q1781 wd:Q43296 wd:Q183
  }
  ?item rdfs:label ?itemLabel .
  FILTER ( LANG( ?itemLabel ) = "en" ) OPTIONAL {
    ?item wdt:P1082 ?population .
  }
  OPTIONAL {
    ?item p:P2046 ?areaStmt .
    ?areaStmt psv:P2046 ?areaNode .
    ?areaNode wikibase:quantityAmount ?amount .
    ?areaNode wikibase:quantityUnit ?unit .
    FILTER NOT EXISTS {
      ?areaStmt pq:P518 ?appliesTo .
      ?appliesTo wdt:P31 / wdt:P279 * wd:Q187223 .
    }
    BIND( IF( ?unit = wd:Q712226 , ?amount , IF( ?unit = wd:Q35852 , ( ?amount * 0.01 ) , IF( ?unit = wd:Q25343 , ( ?amount / 1000000 ) , ?amount ) ) ) AS ?area_km2 )
  }
}
ORDER BY ?itemLabel

Using entities:
- Budapest (wd:Q1781), also known as Alt-Ofen, Buda, Buda Pest, Buda-Pest, Budapešť, etc.: is instance of national capital / is instance of town in Hungary / is instance of enclave / is instance of largest city / capital and largest city of Hungary
- Germany (wd:Q183), also known as BR Deutschland, Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Deutschland, Federal Republic of Germany: is instance of country / is instance of sovereign state / country in central Europe / country in central Europe / country in Central Europe / country in Central Europe
- lagoon (wd:Q187223), also known as albufera, haff, liman: is subclass of lake / is subclass of bay / shallow body of water / shallow body of water / shallow body of water separated from larger body of water by a barrier
- square metre (wd:Q25343), also known as m^2, m2, m², ㎡, sq m, etc.: is instance of coherent SI unit / is instance of unit of area / SI unit of area / SI unit of area
- hectare (wd:Q35852), also known as ha, ㏊: is instance of non-SI unit mentioned in and accepted with the SI / is instance of SI-accepted non-SI unit / is instance of unit of area / metric unit of area
- Wake Island (wd:Q43296), also known as Halcyon Island, Isla San Francisco, Isle de Saint Francois, Isle de St Francois, Isle of Saint Francis, etc.: is instance of unincorporated territory of the United States / is instance of Unincorporated territories of the United States / is instance of administrative territorial entity / is instance of insular area of the United States / is instance of atoll / coral atoll in the North Pacific Ocean administered by the US and also claimed by the Marshall Islands
- square kilometre (wd:Q712226), also known as km^2, km2, km², sq km, sqkm, etc.: is instance of SI derived unit / is instance of unit of area / decimal multiple of the SI unit of surface area

Using properties:
- population (wd:P1082 as wdt), also known as human population, inhabitants, P1082: number of people inhabiting the place; number of people of subject / number of people inhabiting the place; number of people of subject / number of people inhabiting the place; number of people of subject
- area (wd:P2046 as p/psv), also known as acreage, camera resolution, die area, die size, image resolution, etc.: area occupied by an object / area occupied by an object
- subclass of (wd:P279 as wdt), also known as all members of this class also belong to, category of, form of, has superclass, is a class of, etc.: this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; ALL instances ... of volcanic landform); Everest is an instance of mountain / this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; all instances ... instance of volcanic landform); K2 is an instance of mountain / this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; all instances ... instance of volcanic landform); K2 is an instance of mountain / this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; all instances ... instance of volcanic landform); K2 is an instance of mountain
- instance of (wd:P31 as wdt), also known as example of, has type, is a, is an, is of type, etc.: that class of which this subject is a particular example and ... a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform) / type to which this subject corresponds/belongs. Different ... and the volcano is a type (instance) of volcanic landform
- applies to part (wd:P518 as pq), also known as applied to, applies to aspect, applies to form, applies to phase, apply to, etc.: part, aspect, or form of the item to which the claim applies / part of the item for which the claim is valid / part of the item for which the claim is valid

Execution result:
Got 6 rows and 4 columns:
| item                    | itemLabel             | population             | area_km2             |
| ----------------------- | --------------------- | ---------------------- | -------------------- |
| Budapest (wd:Q1781)     | Budapest (lang:en)    | 1686222 (xsd:decimal)  | 525.14 (xsd:decimal) |
| Germany (wd:Q183)       | Germany (lang:en)     | 84358845 (xsd:decimal) | 357170 (xsd:decimal) |
| Germany (wd:Q183)       | Germany (lang:en)     | 84358845 (xsd:decimal) | 349390 (xsd:decimal) |
| Germany (wd:Q183)       | Germany (lang:en)     | 84358845 (xsd:decimal) | 357588 (xsd:decimal) |
| Wake Island (wd:Q43296) | Wake Island (lang:en) | 100 (xsd:decimal)      | 6 (xsd:decimal)      |
| Wake Island (wd:Q43296) | Wake Island (lang:en) | 100 (xsd:decimal)      | 7.1 (xsd:decimal)    |

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Search for the entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Execute intermediate queries to get feedback and to verify your assumptions. You may need to refine or rethink your current plan based on the query results and go back to step 2 if needed, possibly multiple times.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Available knowledge graphs:
- wikidata at http://localhost:7001 with prefix index for entities and similarity index for properties, and notes:
  - P106 = occupation. Use wdt:P106 to get occupations and fetch English labels with rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(?label)="en"). When returning human occupations confirm the subject is human (wdt:P31 wd:Q5) to avoid non-human items.
  - Population (P1082) and tabular (P4179): use wdt:P1082 for quick/direct values; for time-series/point-in-time use p:P1082 + ps:P1082 + pq:P585 and ORDER BY pq:P585 DESC. Inspect statement qualifiers (e.g., 'applies to part') and prov:wasDerivedFrom references (pr:P854 etc.) to detect city-proper vs metro/prefecture scopes before using values.
  - Common person properties: P31 (instance of human Q5), P106 (occupation), P569 (date of birth), P19 (place of birth), P27 (country of citizenship), P21 (sex/gender), P166 (award received). Use wdt: for direct values when possible.
  - P17 (country) can be incomplete/misleading for places (historical/overseas tags). To get modern cities in a country combine: instance-of city (P31=Q515) + wdt:P17 OR use wdt:P131* to find an admin parent whose wdt:P17 = the country. Also cross-check coordinates (P625) or admin hierarchy to spot outliers.
  - When filtering by date of birth (P569) use xsd:dateTime comparisons (e.g. >= "1900-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime). Be aware many items have year-only or imprecise dates and coverage is biased toward notable/public figures (sportspeople, politicians, artists).
  - To retrieve qualifiers (e.g., award year) use the statement/qualifier pattern: p:Pxxx / ps:Pxxx / pq:P585. Use wdt:Pxxx for normalized/direct values when you don't need qualifiers. Example: p:P166 + pq:P585 gives award year.
  - To get a person's occupations: use wdt:P106 for direct/normalized values and rdfs:label for human-readable names (FILTER(LANG(...))). Example: wd:Q... wdt:P106 ?occ . ?occ rdfs:label ?occLabel . FILTER(LANG(?occLabel)="en").
  - P166 = award received. Use wdt:P166 for normalized/direct values when you only need award items. To get award years or qualifiers use p:P166 / ps:P166 / pq:P585. Many statements lack pq:P585 — use OPTIONAL { ?stmt pq:P585 ?date } and ORDER BY DESC(?date). When listing award winners, filter ?person wdt:P31 wd:Q5 to ensure humans.
  - Population time-series pattern: wd:Q... p:P1082 ?stmt . ?stmt ps:P1082 ?pop . OPTIONAL { ?stmt pq:P585 ?date } . ORDER BY DESC(?date). pq:P585 is the point-in-time qualifier. IMPORTANT: time-series may mix scopes (city proper vs metro) — e.g., Tokyo has a 2016 entry ~38,140,000 likely metro vs smaller city figures. Inspect qualifiers/references for scope before use.
  - Use wdt:P131* to traverse the admin hierarchy and compare wdt:P17 on the place vs an admin parent to detect historical/colonial country assignments. When mismatches appear, inspect the admin parent's instance-of (P31), labels, qualifiers and references to interpret the historical scope.
  - wdt:P106 often yields multiple occupations for a person. Use GROUP_CONCAT(DISTINCT ?occLabel; separator=", ") or return multiple rows. Always fetch labels with rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(?label)="en") to get readable occupation names.
  - When a search_entity returns multiple hits (person vs sculpture vs memorial), confirm you selected the human/statements by checking wdt:P31 (instance of) and relevant wdt: properties (e.g., wdt:P106). This avoids using a non-human QID by mistake.
  - search_autocomplete can be constrained with a SPARQL pattern containing ?search (e.g., SELECT * WHERE { ?search wdt:P31 wd:Q5 }). Use constraints to focus results (e.g., humans) and avoid ambiguous fallbacks; if it returns no results, fallback to search_entity and verify wdt:P31.
  - Use search_property_of_entity to find relevant properties for an entity (e.g., 'award' -> P166) and search_object_of_property to discover candidate objects (e.g., 'physicist' for P106). This reduces guessing P/Q ids and surfaces qualifiers.
  - Inspect statement references and qualifiers: use prov:wasDerivedFrom on p: statements to find sources, and check qualifiers (e.g., 'applies to part' or other scope qualifiers) to disambiguate city vs metro vs admin area. Reference labels can be empty; inspect reference node properties for URLs or publication dates.

Index types used for entities and properties:
- Prefix index: Retrieves items by overlap between query keywords and item words. The query keywords can match item words exactly or as prefixes.
- Similarity index: Retrieves items by cosine similarity between their embeddings and the query embedding.

General notes across knowledge graphs:
- Use rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(?label)="en") for labels; avoid SERVICE wikibase:label. Use wdt:Pxxx for normalized/direct values when qualifiers aren't needed. Use p:Pxxx / ps:Pxxx / pq:Pxxx to access statement qualifiers (e.g., award year via pq:P585). When dates matter, prefer xsd:dateTime and watch for year-only precision.
- Practical query patterns: use rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(...)) for labels. Use wdt:Pxxx for direct/normalized values when qualifiers aren't needed. Use p:Pxxx / ps:Pxxx / pq:Pxxx to access qualifiers (dates via pq:P585). For dates use xsd:dateTime and expect year-only precision. For places: combine P17 with P131 or coordinate (P625) filters to avoid historical/overseas mismatches.
- Use OPTIONAL for pq: qualifiers (e.g., pq:P585), sort by qualifier (ORDER BY pq:P585 DESC) to prefer recent values. Use GROUP_CONCAT to combine multiple labels/values in one row. Watch for typed literals (xsd:dateTime, xsd:decimal) when filtering or sorting.
- Before querying, use search_entity to resolve human-friendly names to wd:Q identifiers and verify instance-of (e.g., check wdt:P31 = wd:Q5 for humans) to avoid ambiguous matches. Prefer the top match but programmatically confirm P31 before using its data.
- Use search_property to confirm property identifiers (e.g., "country" -> P17) before embedding them in queries. This prevents mistakes from assuming an ID and helps pick the best property if multiple choices exist.
- search_autocomplete can fall back to an unconstrained search or error when there are too many candidates. If this happens (e.g., "more than the maximum supported number of subject candidates"), retry with narrower constraints such as instance-of (wdt:P31), additional type filters, or short prefixes to reduce the candidate set; otherwise fallback to search_entity and verify wdt:P31.
- Use list(...) to inspect all triples on an entity for exploration, but expect large results for notable items. Prefer wdt: properties or targeted p:/ps:/pq: patterns in SPARQL when you need normalized values or qualifiers, respectively.
- Before embedding property or item IDs in SPARQL, use search_property, search_property_of_entity, and search_object_of_property to discover the appropriate P/PID or object QIDs. This reduces errors from guessing IDs and surfaces better property alternatives and qualifiers.
- search_constrained and search_autocomplete can return no results for constrained queries or when the index is large. If they fail, fallback to search_entity + verify P31 (or use search_property_of_entity). Constrain with instance-of (wdt:P31) or other properties in the SPARQL to improve matches.
- When selecting awards by year, prefer xsd:dateTime range filters (e.g., >= "2001-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime && < "2002-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) instead of YEAR() for portability and precision.
- When selecting award winners via wdt:P166, filter ?person wdt:P31 wd:Q5 to ensure humans — fictional characters or non-humans may have award claims. If you need award years use p:P166 / ps:P166 / pq:P585 and OPTIONAL { ?stmt pq:P585 ?year } to retrieve qualifier years.
- Use wdt:P625 (coordinates) together with wdt:P131* and wdt:P17 checks to validate a place's modern country or to filter by geography. When country labels mismatch historically, inspect admin parents and coordinates to resolve whether the item refers to historical/colonial scope or current boundaries.
- Prefer wdt:Pxxx for normalized/direct values when qualifiers aren't needed. Use p:Pxxx / ps:Pxxx / pq:Pxxx to access qualifiers (e.g., pq:P585 for award year). Always fetch labels with rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(?label) = "en").
- If search_autocomplete returns too many candidates or errors, retry with constraints (e.g., SELECT * WHERE { ?search wdt:P31 wd:Q5 }) or narrower query text. If still failing, fallback to search_entity and verify wdt:P31 for type checks.
- For award-year queries use p:P166 / ps:P166 / pq:P585 to access award statements and year qualifiers. Filter by xsd:dateTime ranges (e.g., >= "2020-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime && < "2021-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) instead of YEAR() for robustness.
- Use search_property_of_entity to surface relevant properties for an entity (e.g., 'birth' -> P569/P19). list(...) can inspect triples but may return large results for notable items—prefer targeted wdt: patterns (wdt:Pxxx) or p:/ps:/pq: patterns when you need qualifiers.

SPARQL prefixes for use in function calls:
- bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
- cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
- data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
- dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
- dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
- foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
- geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
- geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
- gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
- hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
- imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
- math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
- ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
- owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
- p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
- pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
- pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
- pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
- pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
- prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
- prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
- prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
- ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
- psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
- psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
- qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
- qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
- ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
- qlss: <https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/spatialSearch/
- rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
- rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
- ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
- s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
- schema: <http://schema.org/
- skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
- v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
- void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#
- wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
- wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
- wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
- wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
- wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
- xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#

Additional rules to follow:
- Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
- Do not just use or make up entity or property identifiers without verifying their existence in the knowledge graphs first.
- Do not ask the user for clarifications without first attempting to complete the task. If the task input is incomplete or ambiguous, try to make reasonable assumptions and document them.
- Do not use "SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ..." in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.
- Always execute your final SPARQL query before giving an answer to make sure it returns the expected results.
- The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
- Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
- Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
- For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.

[User] What are the item IDs, populations (if available), and land areas in square kilometers (if available) for Budapest, Wake Island, and Germany, excluding any area measurements that apply to lagoons?

[Assistant]
I'll search Wikidata for the entity items for "Budapest", "Wake Island", and "Germany" to get their Q identifiers. I will run three constrained entity searches and explain the results.

Question: Budapest

Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Budapest (wd:Q1781), also known as Alt-Ofen, Buda, Buda Pest, Buda-Pest, Budapešť, etc.: capital and largest city of Hungary / is instance of national capital / is instance of town in Hungary / is instance of largest city / is instance of enclave
2. Budapest (wd:Q16467392): 2013 single by George Ezra / is instance of single
3. Budapest (wd:Q55420238): 2018 film directed by Xavier Gens / is instance of film
4. Budapest (wd:Q603551), also known as Budapest, GA, Budapest, Georgia: human settlement in Haralson County, Georgia, United States of America / is instance of unincorporated community in the United States
5. Budapest (wd:Q825871), also known as Budapest, MO: is instance of unincorporated community in the United States / unincorporated community in Missouri
6. Budapest (wd:Q109017715), also known as AKENA VERANDAS, ELA, Fondation Océan Vital, FRA 77, Livie, Livie, CND 77, etc.: is instance of watercraft / is instance of Watercraft / IMOCA 60 (1996 Fa)
7. .budapest (wd:Q20571386), also known as dot budapest: is instance of top-level domain / top-level domain
8. Budapest (wd:Q4984056), also known as Budapest Live: 1984 live album by Manfred Mann's Earth Band / is instance of album
9. Budapest (wd:Q221191): is instance of musical group / band
10. Budapest (wd:Q3646355): is instance of musical work/composition / song performed by Jethro Tull

[Assistant]
Now I'll search for "Wake Island".

Question: Wake Island

Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Wake Island (wd:Q43296), also known as Halcyon Island, Isla San Francisco, Isle de Saint Francois, Isle de St Francois, Isle of Saint Francis, etc.: coral atoll in the North Pacific Ocean administered by the US and also claimed by the Marshall Islands / is instance of Unincorporated territories of the United States / is instance of unincorporated territory of the United States / is instance of administrative territorial entity / is instance of insular area of the United States / is instance of atoll
2. Wake Island (wd:Q1581633): 1942 film directed by John Farrow / is instance of film
3. Wake Island (wd:Q32040976), also known as Wake Islet: island in the territory Wake Island, United States of America / is instance of island
4. Wake Island (wd:Q32040970): is instance of Wikimedia duplicated page
5. Wake Island Rail (wd:Q541492), also known as Gallirallus wakensis, Hypotaenidia wakensis: is instance of taxon / species of bird
6. Wake Island Airfield (wd:Q7960943), also known as AWK, PWAK: airport in United States Minor Outlying Islands, United States of America / is instance of airport
7. USS Wake Island (wd:Q7875218): 1943 Casablanca-class escort carrier / is instance of escort carrier
8. Wake Island Conference (wd:Q7960939): 1950 conference between US President Harry S. Truman and ... MacArthur to confer about the progress of the Korean War
9. Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 211 (wd:Q7907175, matched via Wake Island Avengers), also known as Bastion Defenders, VMFA-211, Wake Island Avengers: United States Marine Corps fighter attack squadron / is instance of Military organization / is instance of military unit
10. Wake Island Device (wd:Q7960940): is instance of United States military award devices

[Assistant]
I'll search for "Germany" now.

Question: Germany

Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Germany (wd:Q183), also known as BR Deutschland, Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Deutschland, Federal Republic of Germany: is instance of sovereign state / country in central Europe / country in central Europe / country in Central Europe / country in Central Europe / is instance of country
2. Weimar Republic (wd:Q41304, matched via Germany), also known as German People's State, German Reich, German Republic, Germany, Republic of Germany, etc.: Germany in the years 1918/1919–1933 / Germany in the years 1918/1919–1933 / is instance of historical country / is instance of historical period
3. German Reich (wd:Q1206012, matched via Germany), also known as Deutsches Reich, German Empire, German Realm, Germany, Imperial Germany: official name for the German nation state from 1871 to 1945, and name of Germany until 1949 / official name for the German nation state from 1871 to 1945, and name of Germany until 1949 / is instance of historical country
4. Burg Drachenfels (wd:Q1011486, matched via Germany), also known as Germany: is instance of castle / is instance of Castle / castle
5. Germany (wd:Q5552078): is instance of constituency of the European Parliament / European Parliament constituency
6. Geilenkirchen-Heinsberg (wd:Q2268218, matched via Germany), also known as Germany: is instance of district of Germany
7. Germany (wd:Q18151573), also known as Germany, IN, Germany, Indiana: is instance of unincorporated community in the United States / unincorporated community in Clark County, Indiana
8. Germany (wd:Q19147844): is instance of literary work / poem by Vladimir Mayakovsky
9. Germany (wd:Q3839160), also known as Ludwig, West: is instance of animated character / Hetalia character
10. Germany (wd:Q22006587): is instance of horse / is instance of Horse / race horse

[Assistant]
I'll search for the properties "population", "area", and "applies to part" to confirm their property identifiers before building the query.

Question: population

Top 10 property alternatives:
1. tabular population (wd:P4179 as pr/psn/wdtn/ps/prn/p/pq/pqv/wdt/prv/psv/pqn, matched via population), also known as population, P4179: same as population (P1082); used when there is data for many different points in time
2. population (wd:P1082 as pr/psn/wdtn/ps/prn/p/pq/pqv/wdt/prv/psv/pqn), also known as human population, inhabitants, P1082: number of people inhabiting the place; number of people of subject / number of people inhabiting the place; number of people of subject / number of people inhabiting the place; number of people of subject
3. male population (wd:P1540 as pr/psn/wdtn/ps/prn/p/pq/pqv/wdt/prv/psv/pqn), also known as male inhabitants, number of males, P1540: number of male people inhabiting the place; number of male people of subject / is subproperty of population
4. urban population (wd:P6343 as pr/psn/wdtn/ps/prn/p/pq/pqv/wdt/prv/psv/pqn), also known as P6343: number of people living within the territorial entity who live in its urban parts / is subproperty of population
5. occupant (wd:P466 as pr/psn/wdtn/ps/prn/p/pq/pqv/wdt/prv/psv/pqn, matched via inhabitant), also known as home team, houses, inhabitant, lessee, location of, etc.: person or organization occupying a building or facility / person or organization occupying property / is subproperty of used by
6. category populated by (wd:P4329 as pr/psn/wdtn/ps/prn/p/pq/pqv/wdt/prv/psv/pqn, matched via populated by), also known as category filled by, category has template, cat populated by, component adding into the category, populated by, etc.: software component (template, module, extension, MediaWiki core) populating the category
7. rural population (wd:P6344 as pr/psn/wdtn/ps/prn/p/pq/pqv/wdt/prv/psv/pqn), also known as P6344: number of people living within the territorial entity who live in its rural parts / is subproperty of population
8. country of citizenship (wd:P27 as pr/psn/wdtn/ps/prn/p/pq/pqv/wdt/prv/psv/pqn, matched via nationality), also known as citizen of, citizenship, country, (legal) nationality, nation, etc.: the object is a country that recognizes the subject as its citizen / the object is a country that recognizes the subject as its citizen / is subproperty of country
9. ethnic group (wd:P172 as pr/psn/wdtn/ps/prn/p/pq/pqv/wdt/prv/psv/pqn, matched via people), also known as (cultural) nationality, culture, ethnicity, ethnic or cultural origin, people, etc.: subject's ethnicity (consensus is that a VERY high standard ... on by scholars, or 3) is fictional and portrayed as such) / subject's ethnicity (consensus is that a VERY high standard ... on by scholars, or 3) is fictional and portrayed as such)
10. valid in place (wd:P3005 as pr/psn/wdtn/ps/prn/p/pq/pqv/wdt/prv/psv/pqn, matched via country), also known as applies to country, applies to location, applies to place, country, true in, etc.: is subproperty of applies to part / place where a statement is valid / place where a statement is valid

[Assistant]
Now I'll search for "land area", "area", and "applies to part" to confirm P2046 and the property for "applies to part". I'll explain results after each call.

Question: land area

Top 10 property alternatives:
1. country (wd:P17 as pr/psn/wdtn/ps/prn/p/pq/pqv/wdt/prv/psv/pqn, matched via land), also known as host country, land, sovereign state, state, P17: sovereign state that this item is in (not to be used for human beings) / sovereign state that this item is in (not to be used for human beings) / sovereign state that this item is in (not to be used for human beings) / sovereign state that this item is in (not to be used for human beings) / is subproperty of located in the administrative territorial entity
2. applies to part (wd:P518 as pr/psn/wdtn/ps/prn/p/pq/pqv/wdt/prv/psv/pqn, matched via area), also known as applied to, applies to aspect, applies to form, applies to phase, apply to, etc.: part, aspect, or form of the item to which the claim applies / part of the item for which the claim is valid / part of the item for which the claim is valid
3. area (wd:P2046 as pr/psn/wdtn/ps/prn/p/pq/pqv/wdt/prv/psv/pqn), also known as acreage, camera resolution, die area, die size, image resolution, etc.: area occupied by an object / area occupied by an object
4. field of work (wd:P101 as pr/psn/wdtn/ps/prn/p/pq/pqv/wdt/prv/psv/pqn, matched via area), also known as academic area, academic discipline, academic subject, activity, activity domain, etc.: specialisation of a person or organisation; see P106 for the occupation / specialization of a person or organization; see P106 for the occupation / specialization of a person or organization; see P106 for the occupation / specialization of a person or organization; see P106 for the occupation / is subproperty of interested in
5. operating area (wd:P2541 as pr/psn/wdtn/ps/prn/p/pq/pqv/wdt/prv/psv/pqn, matched via area served), also known as area of operations, area of responsibility, area operated, area served, areas served, etc.: geographic area or jurisdiction an organisation or industry operates in, serves, or has responsibility for / geographic area or jurisdiction an organisation or industry operates in, serves, or has responsibility for / geographic area or jurisdiction an organization or industry operates in, serves, or has responsibility for / is subproperty of location
6. located in/on physical feature (wd:P706 as pr/psn/wdtn/ps/prn/p/pq/pqv/wdt/prv/psv/pqn, matched via geographical region), also known as geographical region, is in, is on, landform, located on island, etc.: located on the specified landform or body of water. Should ... (provinces, states, countries, etc.). / located on the specified (geo)physical feature. Should not be ... political/administrative (P131) or a mountain range (P4552). / is subproperty of location / is subproperty of part of
7. location of formation (wd:P740 as pr/psn/wdtn/ps/prn/p/pq/pqv/wdt/prv/psv/pqn, matched via land of formation), also known as comes from, formation location, formation place, formed in, founded in, etc.: location where a group or organisation was formed / location where a group or organization was formed / is subproperty of location of creation
8. watershed area (wd:P2053 as pr/psn/wdtn/ps/prn/p/pq/pqv/wdt/prv/psv/pqn, matched via basin area), also known as basin area, catchment basin size, drainage basin size, size of watershed, P2053: size of a stream's watershed (drainage basin) / size of a stream's watershed (drainage basin) / is subproperty of area
9. wing area (wd:P2112 as pr/psn/wdtn/ps/prn/p/pq/pqv/wdt/prv/psv/pqn), also known as P2112: area of an aircraft's wing surfaces / is subproperty of area
10. basin country (wd:P205 as pr/psn/wdtn/ps/prn/p/pq/pqv/wdt/prv/psv/pqn), also known as basin countries, P205: countries that have drainage to/from or border the body of ... inflows, outflows, or physically contact the body of water / country that have drainage to/from or border the body of water

[Assistant]
I'll search for the item for "lagoon" so I can filter area statements that apply to parts which are lagoons (instance of lagoon). I'll run an entity search for "lagoon".

Question: lagoon

Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. lagoon (wd:Q187223), also known as albufera, haff, liman: shallow body of water separated from larger body of water by a barrier / shallow body of water / shallow body of water / is subclass of lake / is subclass of bay
2. liman (wd:Q156030, matched via lagoon), also known as lagoon: landform, formed at the mouth of a river where flow is blocked by a bar of sediments / is subclass of body of water / is subclass of bay
3. Lagoon (wd:Q6472552): is instance of video game / 1990 video game / 1990 video game / 1990 video game
4. Lagoon Amusement Park (wd:Q3216196, matched via Lagoon), also known as Lagoon: amusement park in Farmington, Utah, United States / is instance of amusement park
5. lagoon (wd:Q61861051), also known as nose: is subclass of still waters
6. Lagoon (wd:Q21955158): is instance of lake / lake in Australia / lake in Australia / lake in Australia
7. Kimi no Matsu Sekai (wd:Q20726599, matched via Lagoon), also known as Lagoon: is instance of single / song by Lagoon
8. lagoon (wd:Q4990444): is subclass of bay
9. Lagoon (wd:Q48815704): 2014 africanfuturist novel by Nnedi Okorafor / is instance of literary work
10. Lagoon (wd:Q111210042), also known as Lagoon languages: is instance of languoid

[Assistant]
I'll run a SPARQL query that:
- looks up the three items (Budapest Q1781, Wake Island Q43296, Germany Q183),
- gets English labels,
- gets population using wdt:P1082 (if present),
- retrieves area statements via p:P2046 / ps:P2046 so I can exclude any area statement that has a qualifier pq:P518 (applies to part) pointing to something that is (an instance of or subclass of) lagoon (Q187223).

I'll execute the query now.

execute

PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/>
PREFIX ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/>
PREFIX pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>

SELECT ?item ?itemLabel ?population ?areaValue WHERE {
  VALUES ?item { wd:Q1781 wd:Q43296 wd:Q183 }
  ?item rdfs:label ?itemLabel . FILTER(LANG(?itemLabel) = "en")
  OPTIONAL { ?item wdt:P1082 ?population . }
  OPTIONAL {
    ?item p:P2046 ?areaStmt .
    ?areaStmt ps:P2046 ?areaValue .
    FILTER NOT EXISTS {
      ?areaStmt pq:P518 ?appliesTo .
      ?appliesTo wdt:P31/wdt:P279* wd:Q187223 .
    }
  }
}
ORDER BY ?itemLabel

Got 6 rows and 4 columns:
| item                    | itemLabel             | population             | areaValue            |
| ----------------------- | --------------------- | ---------------------- | -------------------- |
| Budapest (wd:Q1781)     | Budapest (lang:en)    | 1686222 (xsd:decimal)  | 52514 (xsd:decimal)  |
| Germany (wd:Q183)       | Germany (lang:en)     | 84358845 (xsd:decimal) | 357170 (xsd:decimal) |
| Germany (wd:Q183)       | Germany (lang:en)     | 84358845 (xsd:decimal) | 349390 (xsd:decimal) |
| Germany (wd:Q183)       | Germany (lang:en)     | 84358845 (xsd:decimal) | 357588 (xsd:decimal) |
| Wake Island (wd:Q43296) | Wake Island (lang:en) | 100 (xsd:decimal)      | 6 (xsd:decimal)      |
| Wake Island (wd:Q43296) | Wake Island (lang:en) | 100 (xsd:decimal)      | 7.1 (xsd:decimal)    |

[Assistant]
I'll run an updated query that requests the normalized statement value (psn:P2046) when available and otherwise falls back to the raw ps:P2046, and binds the chosen value as area_km2. This should return area expressed in square kilometers. I will exclude statements whose pq:P518 applies to a lagoon as before.

PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/>
PREFIX ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/>
PREFIX psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/>
PREFIX pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>

SELECT ?item ?itemLabel ?population (COALESCE(?areaValueNorm, ?areaValueRaw) AS ?area_km2) WHERE {
  VALUES ?item { wd:Q1781 wd:Q43296 wd:Q183 }
  ?item rdfs:label ?itemLabel . FILTER(LANG(?itemLabel) = "en")
  OPTIONAL { ?item wdt:P1082 ?population . }
  OPTIONAL {
    ?item p:P2046 ?areaStmt .
    OPTIONAL { ?areaStmt psn:P2046 ?areaValueNorm . }
    OPTIONAL { ?areaStmt ps:P2046 ?areaValueRaw . }
    FILTER NOT EXISTS {
      ?areaStmt pq:P518 ?appliesTo .
      ?appliesTo wdt:P31/wdt:P279* wd:Q187223 .
    }
    BIND(COALESCE(?areaValueNorm, ?areaValueRaw) AS ?area_km2)
  }
}
ORDER BY ?itemLabel

SPARQL execution failed:
Invalid SPARQL query: The target ?area_km2 of an AS clause was already used in the query body.

[Assistant]
I'll run the corrected query without the redundant BIND.

PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/>
PREFIX ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/>
PREFIX psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/>
PREFIX pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>

SELECT ?item ?itemLabel ?population (COALESCE(?areaValueNorm, ?areaValueRaw) AS ?area_km2) WHERE {
  VALUES ?item { wd:Q1781 wd:Q43296 wd:Q183 }
  ?item rdfs:label ?itemLabel . FILTER(LANG(?itemLabel) = "en")
  OPTIONAL { ?item wdt:P1082 ?population . }
  OPTIONAL {
    ?item p:P2046 ?areaStmt .
    OPTIONAL { ?areaStmt psn:P2046 ?areaValueNorm . }
    OPTIONAL { ?areaStmt ps:P2046 ?areaValueRaw . }
    FILTER NOT EXISTS {
      ?areaStmt pq:P518 ?appliesTo .
      ?appliesTo wdt:P31/wdt:P279* wd:Q187223 .
    }
  }
}
ORDER BY ?itemLabel

[Assistant]
I'll search for the unit items "square kilometre" and "hectare" to detect unit QIDs for comparison. I explain before calling the entity searches.

Question: square kilometre

Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. square kilometre (wd:Q712226), also known as km^2, km2, km², sq km, sqkm, etc.: decimal multiple of the SI unit of surface area / is instance of SI derived unit / is instance of unit of area
2. Square Kilometre Array (wd:Q258499), also known as SKA, Square Kilometer Array: large multi radio telescope project aimed to be built in Australia and South Africa / large multi radio telescope project aimed to be built in Australia and South Africa / large multi radio telescope project aimed to be built in Australia and South Africa / is instance of phased array
3. SKA Telescope, Australia (wd:Q108737462, matched via Square Kilometre Array), also known as SKA-Low, SKAO, Square Kilometre Array, The Square Kilometer Array low telescope: is instance of astronomical observatory / facility in Geraldton, Australia / is instance of facility
4. inverse square kilometre (wd:Q73552274), also known as per sq. km.: unit of measure for number of units, eg population, per square kilometre / is instance of unit of measurement
5. kilometre per square kilometre (wd:Q6408129): is instance of unit of reciprocal length
6. person per square kilometre (wd:Q108913970): unit of human population areal density / is instance of unit of measurement
7. kilometre per square second (wd:Q102130762), also known as kilometre per second squared: is instance of unit of acceleration / is instance of SI derived unit / unit of acceleration
8. SKA Observatory (wd:Q30296442, matched via Square Kilometre Array Organisation), also known as Square Kilometre Array Organisation: organization in Macclesfield, United Kingdom / is instance of organisation / is instance of organization
9. Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (wd:Q3917556): Radio telescope in Western Australia / is instance of radio interferometer
10. The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) (wd:Q57808267): is instance of scholarly article / is instance of academic article

[Assistant]
Now I will search for "hectare".

Question: hectare

Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. hectare (wd:Q35852), also known as ha, ㏊: is instance of non-SI unit mentioned in and accepted with the SI / is instance of SI-accepted non-SI unit / is instance of unit of area / metric unit of area
2. ㌶ (wd:Q87533680), also known as SQUARE HEKUTAARU, U+3336, ヘクタール: is instance of Unicode character / Unicode character
3. global hectare (wd:Q2278977), also known as gha: unit of ecological footprint / is instance of unit of area
4. Hands Free Hectare (wd:Q106391199), also known as HFH: agricultural automation project / is instance of project
5. tonne per hectare (wd:Q107461160): is instance of unit of surface mass density / unit of surface mass density
6. kilogram per hectare (wd:Q107460919), also known as kg/ha: is instance of unit of surface mass density / is instance of SI-accepted non-SI unit / unit of surface mass density
7. Hartenbower Hectares Airport (wd:Q34966532): airport in LaSalle County, Illinois, United States of America / is instance of airport
8. Agriculture: No hectare spare (wd:Q74436305): journal article; published in Nature on 2009-06-17 / journal article; published in Nature on 2009-06-17 / is instance of scholarly article / is instance of academic article
9. Law on the Far Eastern Hectare (wd:Q24933836), also known as Russian Homestead Act: is instance of Federal Law of the Russian Federation / Russian law concerning land ownership / is instance of Legislation / is instance of legislation / is instance of statute
10. White-Faced Bromeliads on 20 Hectares (wd:Q132198075): creative work by Loss Pequeño Glazier / is instance of creative work / is instance of web page

[Assistant]
I'll search for "square metre" item to know its QID so I can handle that unit too.

Question: square metre

Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. square metre (wd:Q25343), also known as m^2, m2, m², ㎡, sq m, etc.: is instance of coherent SI unit / is instance of unit of area / SI unit of area / SI unit of area
2. reciprocal square metre (wd:Q11547252), also known as inverse square metre, per square metre: is instance of unit of particle fluence / is instance of coherent SI unit / unit of  particle fluence
3. ampere square metre (wd:Q71581529), also known as metre squared ampere, square metre ampere: is instance of unit of (atomic) magnetic dipole moment / is instance of coherent SI unit / SI unit of magnetic moment
4. ohm square metre (wd:Q109286685), also known as ohm square meter: is instance of coherent SI unit
5. watt square metre (wd:Q112299932): unit of the first radiation constant / is instance of coherent SI unit
6. joule square metre (wd:Q112726147): unit of total atomic stopping power / is instance of coherent SI unit
7. kilogram square metre (wd:Q50808017), also known as kgm², kilogram metre squared, kilogram square meter: is instance of unit of moment of inertia / is instance of coherent SI unit / is instance of SI derived unit / SI unit of moment of inertia
8. metres per second squared (wd:Q1051665, matched via metre per square second), also known as meter per second squared, meter per square second, meters per second squared, metre per second squared, metre per square second, etc.: is instance of unit of acceleration / is instance of coherent SI unit / SI unit of acceleration
9. candela per square metre (wd:Q281096), also known as candela per square meter, cd/m²: is instance of unit of illuminance / is instance of coherent SI unit / is instance of SI derived unit / SI derived unit of luminance / SI unit of luminance
10. square metre per second (wd:Q3332099), also known as m²/s, meter squared per second, metre squared per second, square meter per second: is instance of unit of kinematic viscosity / is instance of coherent SI unit / SI unit of kinematic viscosity

[Assistant]
I'll run a query that extracts the statement value node (psv:P2046) and uses its wikibase:quantityAmount and wikibase:quantityUnit to convert common units to square kilometres inside SPARQL (handling square kilometre, hectare, and square metre). It will still exclude area statements qualified as applying to a lagoon. Then I'll execute it.

PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/>
PREFIX ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/>
PREFIX psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/>
PREFIX pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#>

SELECT ?item ?itemLabel ?population ?area_km2 WHERE {
  VALUES ?item { wd:Q1781 wd:Q43296 wd:Q183 }
  ?item rdfs:label ?itemLabel . FILTER(LANG(?itemLabel) = "en")
  OPTIONAL { ?item wdt:P1082 ?population . }
  OPTIONAL {
    ?item p:P2046 ?areaStmt .
    ?areaStmt psv:P2046 ?areaNode .
    ?areaNode wikibase:quantityAmount ?amount .
    ?areaNode wikibase:quantityUnit ?unit .
    FILTER NOT EXISTS {
      ?areaStmt pq:P518 ?appliesTo .
      ?appliesTo wdt:P31/wdt:P279* wd:Q187223 .
    }
    BIND(
      IF(?unit = wd:Q712226, ?amount,
        IF(?unit = wd:Q35852, (?amount * 0.01),
          IF(?unit = wd:Q25343, (?amount / 1000000), ?amount)
        )
      ) AS ?area_km2
    )
  }
}
ORDER BY ?itemLabel

Got 6 rows and 4 columns:
| item                    | itemLabel             | population             | area_km2             |
| ----------------------- | --------------------- | ---------------------- | -------------------- |
| Budapest (wd:Q1781)     | Budapest (lang:en)    | 1686222 (xsd:decimal)  | 525.14 (xsd:decimal) |
| Germany (wd:Q183)       | Germany (lang:en)     | 84358845 (xsd:decimal) | 357170 (xsd:decimal) |
| Germany (wd:Q183)       | Germany (lang:en)     | 84358845 (xsd:decimal) | 349390 (xsd:decimal) |
| Germany (wd:Q183)       | Germany (lang:en)     | 84358845 (xsd:decimal) | 357588 (xsd:decimal) |
| Wake Island (wd:Q43296) | Wake Island (lang:en) | 100 (xsd:decimal)      | 6 (xsd:decimal)      |
| Wake Island (wd:Q43296) | Wake Island (lang:en) | 100 (xsd:decimal)      | 7.1 (xsd:decimal)    |

[Assistant]
Final step: I'll provide the final SPARQL query I executed and a concise summary of the returned results (item IRIs, populations, and area values in km²).

answer

PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/>
PREFIX ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/>
PREFIX psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/>
PREFIX pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#>

SELECT ?item ?itemLabel ?population ?area_km2 WHERE {
  VALUES ?item { wd:Q1781 wd:Q43296 wd:Q183 }
  ?item rdfs:label ?itemLabel . FILTER(LANG(?itemLabel) = "en")
  OPTIONAL { ?item wdt:P1082 ?population . }
  OPTIONAL {
    ?item p:P2046 ?areaStmt .
    ?areaStmt psv:P2046 ?areaNode .
    ?areaNode wikibase:quantityAmount ?amount .
    ?areaNode wikibase:quantityUnit ?unit .
    FILTER NOT EXISTS {
      ?areaStmt pq:P518 ?appliesTo .
      ?appliesTo wdt:P31/wdt:P279* wd:Q187223 .
    }
    BIND(
      IF(?unit = wd:Q712226, ?amount,
        IF(?unit = wd:Q35852, (?amount * 0.01),
          IF(?unit = wd:Q25343, (?amount / 1000000), ?amount)
        )
      ) AS ?area_km2
    )
  }
}
ORDER BY ?itemLabel

Answer:
Query results (excluded any area statements that apply to a lagoon):

- http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1781 (Budapest)
  - population: 1686222
  - area (km²): 525.14

- http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q43296 (Wake Island)
  - population: 100
  - area (km²): 6
  - area (km²): 7.1
    (Two area statements are present for Wake Island; both were included because neither was qualified as applying to a lagoon.)

- http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q183 (Germany)
  - population: 84358845
  - area (km²): 357170
  - area (km²): 349390
  - area (km²): 357588
    (Germany has multiple area statements; all non-lagoon-applying area statements are shown.)

Notes:
- Item IRIs are given above. Populations use wdt:P1082 (direct/population value) when present. Area values were extracted from P2046 statements, converted to km² inside the query when needed (handling square kilometre, hectare, and square metre units), and statements whose pq:P518 (applies to part) pointed to an item that is an instance/subclass of lagoon (wd:Q187223) were excluded.
- Multiple area statements per item are returned when present; I did not collapse them further since the question requested the land areas (if available) while excluding lagoon-applied measures.


PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
SELECT DISTINCT ?item ?itemLabel WHERE {
  {
    ?item wdt:P403 wd:Q2155719 .
  } UNION {
    ?wc wdt:P403 wd:Q2155719 .
    ?wc wdt:P974 ?item .
  }
  OPTIONAL {
    ?item rdfs:label ?itemLabel .
    FILTER ( LANG( ?itemLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}
ORDER BY ?itemLabel

Using entities:
- Rivière Mégiscane (wd:Q2155719): is instance of river / watercourse in Quebec, Canada

Using properties:
- mouth of the watercourse (wd:P403 as wdt), also known as drain, flows into, outflow, outlet, river mouth, etc.: hydrological object / the body of water to which the watercourse drains / the body of water to which the watercourse drains
- tributary (wd:P974 as wdt), also known as affluent, has inflow of, has river inflow, has tributary, receives river, etc.: watercourse that flows into an other one (for lake inflows use P200)

Got 9 rows and 2 columns:
| item                                        | itemLabel                              |
| ------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------- |
| Rivière Achepabanca (wd:Q22402791)          | Rivière Achepabanca (lang:en)          |
| Rivière Achepabanca Nord-Est (wd:Q22402807) | Rivière Achepabanca Nord-Est (lang:en) |
| Rivière Assup (wd:Q22403780)                | Rivière Assup (lang:en)                |
| Rivière Attic (wd:Q22403929)                | Rivière Attic (lang:en)                |
| Rivière Capousacataca (wd:Q22410355)        | Rivière Capousacataca (lang:en)        |
| Rivière Collin (wd:Q22411694)               | Rivière Collin (lang:en)               |
| Rivière Kekek (wd:Q22424844)                | Rivière Kekek (lang:en)                |
| Rivière Tavernier (wd:Q22438550)            | Rivière Tavernier (lang:en)            |
| Rivière Whitegoose (wd:Q22440754)           | Rivière Whitegoose (lang:en)           |

Answer:
The query returns these distinct items (each is either a watercourse whose mouth is Rivière Mégiscane or is a tributary of a watercourse that has Rivière Mégiscane as its mouth):

- Rivière Achepabanca (wd:Q22402791)
- Rivière Achepabanca Nord-Est (wd:Q22402807)
- Rivière Assup (wd:Q22403780)
- Rivière Attic (wd:Q22403929)
- Rivière Capousacataca (wd:Q22410355)
- Rivière Collin (wd:Q22411694)
- Rivière Kekek (wd:Q22424844)
- Rivière Tavernier (wd:Q22438550)
- Rivière Whitegoose (wd:Q22440754)

SPARQL used (returns item IRIs and optional English labels):

SELECT DISTINCT ?item ?itemLabel WHERE {
  {
    ?item wdt:P403 wd:Q2155719 .
  }
  UNION
  {
    ?wc wdt:P403 wd:Q2155719 .
    ?wc wdt:P974 ?item .
  }
  OPTIONAL { ?item rdfs:label ?itemLabel . FILTER(LANG(?itemLabel) = "en") }
} ORDER BY ?itemLabel

The query returns these distinct items (each is either a watercourse whose mouth is Rivière Mégiscane or is a tributary of a watercourse that has Rivière Mégiscane as its mouth):

- Rivière Achepabanca (wd:Q22402791)
- Rivière Achepabanca Nord-Est (wd:Q22402807)
- Rivière Assup (wd:Q22403780)
- Rivière Attic (wd:Q22403929)
- Rivière Capousacataca (wd:Q22410355)
- Rivière Collin (wd:Q22411694)
- Rivière Kekek (wd:Q22424844)
- Rivière Tavernier (wd:Q22438550)
- Rivière Whitegoose (wd:Q22440754)

SPARQL used (returns item IRIs and optional English labels):

SELECT DISTINCT ?item ?itemLabel WHERE {
  {
    ?item wdt:P403 wd:Q2155719 .
  }
  UNION
  {
    ?wc wdt:P403 wd:Q2155719 .
    ?wc wdt:P974 ?item .
  }
  OPTIONAL { ?item rdfs:label ?itemLabel . FILTER(LANG(?itemLabel) = "en") }
} ORDER BY ?itemLabel

SPARQL query over wikidata:
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
SELECT DISTINCT ?item ?itemLabel WHERE {
  {
    ?item wdt:P403 wd:Q2155719 .
  } UNION {
    ?wc wdt:P403 wd:Q2155719 .
    ?wc wdt:P974 ?item .
  }
  OPTIONAL {
    ?item rdfs:label ?itemLabel .
    FILTER ( LANG( ?itemLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}
ORDER BY ?itemLabel

Using entities:
- Rivière Mégiscane (wd:Q2155719): is instance of river / watercourse in Quebec, Canada

Using properties:
- mouth of the watercourse (wd:P403 as wdt), also known as drain, flows into, outflow, outlet, river mouth, etc.: hydrological object / the body of water to which the watercourse drains / the body of water to which the watercourse drains
- tributary (wd:P974 as wdt), also known as affluent, has inflow of, has river inflow, has tributary, receives river, etc.: watercourse that flows into an other one (for lake inflows use P200)

Execution result:
Got 9 rows and 2 columns:
| item                                        | itemLabel                              |
| ------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------- |
| Rivière Achepabanca (wd:Q22402791)          | Rivière Achepabanca (lang:en)          |
| Rivière Achepabanca Nord-Est (wd:Q22402807) | Rivière Achepabanca Nord-Est (lang:en) |
| Rivière Assup (wd:Q22403780)                | Rivière Assup (lang:en)                |
| Rivière Attic (wd:Q22403929)                | Rivière Attic (lang:en)                |
| Rivière Capousacataca (wd:Q22410355)        | Rivière Capousacataca (lang:en)        |
| Rivière Collin (wd:Q22411694)               | Rivière Collin (lang:en)               |
| Rivière Kekek (wd:Q22424844)                | Rivière Kekek (lang:en)                |
| Rivière Tavernier (wd:Q22438550)            | Rivière Tavernier (lang:en)            |
| Rivière Whitegoose (wd:Q22440754)           | Rivière Whitegoose (lang:en)           |

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Search for the entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Execute intermediate queries to get feedback and to verify your assumptions. You may need to refine or rethink your current plan based on the query results and go back to step 2 if needed, possibly multiple times.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Available knowledge graphs:
- wikidata at http://localhost:7001 with prefix index for entities and similarity index for properties, and notes:
  - P106 = occupation. Use wdt:P106 to get occupations and fetch English labels with rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(?label)="en"). When returning human occupations confirm the subject is human (wdt:P31 wd:Q5) to avoid non-human items.
  - Population (P1082) and tabular (P4179): use wdt:P1082 for quick/direct values; for time-series/point-in-time use p:P1082 + ps:P1082 + pq:P585 and ORDER BY pq:P585 DESC. Inspect statement qualifiers (e.g., 'applies to part') and prov:wasDerivedFrom references (pr:P854 etc.) to detect city-proper vs metro/prefecture scopes before using values.
  - Common person properties: P31 (instance of human Q5), P106 (occupation), P569 (date of birth), P19 (place of birth), P27 (country of citizenship), P21 (sex/gender), P166 (award received). Use wdt: for direct values when possible.
  - P17 (country) can be incomplete/misleading for places (historical/overseas tags). To get modern cities in a country combine: instance-of city (P31=Q515) + wdt:P17 OR use wdt:P131* to find an admin parent whose wdt:P17 = the country. Also cross-check coordinates (P625) or admin hierarchy to spot outliers.
  - When filtering by date of birth (P569) use xsd:dateTime comparisons (e.g. >= "1900-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime). Be aware many items have year-only or imprecise dates and coverage is biased toward notable/public figures (sportspeople, politicians, artists).
  - To retrieve qualifiers (e.g., award year) use the statement/qualifier pattern: p:Pxxx / ps:Pxxx / pq:P585. Use wdt:Pxxx for normalized/direct values when you don't need qualifiers. Example: p:P166 + pq:P585 gives award year.
  - To get a person's occupations: use wdt:P106 for direct/normalized values and rdfs:label for human-readable names (FILTER(LANG(...))). Example: wd:Q... wdt:P106 ?occ . ?occ rdfs:label ?occLabel . FILTER(LANG(?occLabel)="en").
  - P166 = award received. Use wdt:P166 for normalized/direct values when you only need award items. To get award years or qualifiers use p:P166 / ps:P166 / pq:P585. Many statements lack pq:P585 — use OPTIONAL { ?stmt pq:P585 ?date } and ORDER BY DESC(?date). When listing award winners, filter ?person wdt:P31 wd:Q5 to ensure humans.
  - Population time-series pattern: wd:Q... p:P1082 ?stmt . ?stmt ps:P1082 ?pop . OPTIONAL { ?stmt pq:P585 ?date } . ORDER BY DESC(?date). pq:P585 is the point-in-time qualifier. IMPORTANT: time-series may mix scopes (city proper vs metro) — e.g., Tokyo has a 2016 entry ~38,140,000 likely metro vs smaller city figures. Inspect qualifiers/references for scope before use.
  - Use wdt:P131* to traverse the admin hierarchy and compare wdt:P17 on the place vs an admin parent to detect historical/colonial country assignments. When mismatches appear, inspect the admin parent's instance-of (P31), labels, qualifiers and references to interpret the historical scope.
  - wdt:P106 often yields multiple occupations for a person. Use GROUP_CONCAT(DISTINCT ?occLabel; separator=", ") or return multiple rows. Always fetch labels with rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(?label)="en") to get readable occupation names.
  - When a search_entity returns multiple hits (person vs sculpture vs memorial), confirm you selected the human/statements by checking wdt:P31 (instance of) and relevant wdt: properties (e.g., wdt:P106). This avoids using a non-human QID by mistake.
  - search_autocomplete can be constrained with a SPARQL pattern containing ?search (e.g., SELECT * WHERE { ?search wdt:P31 wd:Q5 }). Use constraints to focus results (e.g., humans) and avoid ambiguous fallbacks; if it returns no results, fallback to search_entity and verify wdt:P31.
  - Use search_property_of_entity to find relevant properties for an entity (e.g., 'award' -> P166) and search_object_of_property to discover candidate objects (e.g., 'physicist' for P106). This reduces guessing P/Q ids and surfaces qualifiers.
  - Inspect statement references and qualifiers: use prov:wasDerivedFrom on p: statements to find sources, and check qualifiers (e.g., 'applies to part' or other scope qualifiers) to disambiguate city vs metro vs admin area. Reference labels can be empty; inspect reference node properties for URLs or publication dates.

Index types used for entities and properties:
- Prefix index: Retrieves items by overlap between query keywords and item words. The query keywords can match item words exactly or as prefixes.
- Similarity index: Retrieves items by cosine similarity between their embeddings and the query embedding.

General notes across knowledge graphs:
- Use rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(?label)="en") for labels; avoid SERVICE wikibase:label. Use wdt:Pxxx for normalized/direct values when qualifiers aren't needed. Use p:Pxxx / ps:Pxxx / pq:Pxxx to access statement qualifiers (e.g., award year via pq:P585). When dates matter, prefer xsd:dateTime and watch for year-only precision.
- Practical query patterns: use rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(...)) for labels. Use wdt:Pxxx for direct/normalized values when qualifiers aren't needed. Use p:Pxxx / ps:Pxxx / pq:Pxxx to access qualifiers (dates via pq:P585). For dates use xsd:dateTime and expect year-only precision. For places: combine P17 with P131 or coordinate (P625) filters to avoid historical/overseas mismatches.
- Use OPTIONAL for pq: qualifiers (e.g., pq:P585), sort by qualifier (ORDER BY pq:P585 DESC) to prefer recent values. Use GROUP_CONCAT to combine multiple labels/values in one row. Watch for typed literals (xsd:dateTime, xsd:decimal) when filtering or sorting.
- Before querying, use search_entity to resolve human-friendly names to wd:Q identifiers and verify instance-of (e.g., check wdt:P31 = wd:Q5 for humans) to avoid ambiguous matches. Prefer the top match but programmatically confirm P31 before using its data.
- Use search_property to confirm property identifiers (e.g., "country" -> P17) before embedding them in queries. This prevents mistakes from assuming an ID and helps pick the best property if multiple choices exist.
- search_autocomplete can fall back to an unconstrained search or error when there are too many candidates. If this happens (e.g., "more than the maximum supported number of subject candidates"), retry with narrower constraints such as instance-of (wdt:P31), additional type filters, or short prefixes to reduce the candidate set; otherwise fallback to search_entity and verify wdt:P31.
- Use list(...) to inspect all triples on an entity for exploration, but expect large results for notable items. Prefer wdt: properties or targeted p:/ps:/pq: patterns in SPARQL when you need normalized values or qualifiers, respectively.
- Before embedding property or item IDs in SPARQL, use search_property, search_property_of_entity, and search_object_of_property to discover the appropriate P/PID or object QIDs. This reduces errors from guessing IDs and surfaces better property alternatives and qualifiers.
- search_constrained and search_autocomplete can return no results for constrained queries or when the index is large. If they fail, fallback to search_entity + verify P31 (or use search_property_of_entity). Constrain with instance-of (wdt:P31) or other properties in the SPARQL to improve matches.
- When selecting awards by year, prefer xsd:dateTime range filters (e.g., >= "2001-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime && < "2002-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) instead of YEAR() for portability and precision.
- When selecting award winners via wdt:P166, filter ?person wdt:P31 wd:Q5 to ensure humans — fictional characters or non-humans may have award claims. If you need award years use p:P166 / ps:P166 / pq:P585 and OPTIONAL { ?stmt pq:P585 ?year } to retrieve qualifier years.
- Use wdt:P625 (coordinates) together with wdt:P131* and wdt:P17 checks to validate a place's modern country or to filter by geography. When country labels mismatch historically, inspect admin parents and coordinates to resolve whether the item refers to historical/colonial scope or current boundaries.
- Prefer wdt:Pxxx for normalized/direct values when qualifiers aren't needed. Use p:Pxxx / ps:Pxxx / pq:Pxxx to access qualifiers (e.g., pq:P585 for award year). Always fetch labels with rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(?label) = "en").
- If search_autocomplete returns too many candidates or errors, retry with constraints (e.g., SELECT * WHERE { ?search wdt:P31 wd:Q5 }) or narrower query text. If still failing, fallback to search_entity and verify wdt:P31 for type checks.
- For award-year queries use p:P166 / ps:P166 / pq:P585 to access award statements and year qualifiers. Filter by xsd:dateTime ranges (e.g., >= "2020-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime && < "2021-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) instead of YEAR() for robustness.
- Use search_property_of_entity to surface relevant properties for an entity (e.g., 'birth' -> P569/P19). list(...) can inspect triples but may return large results for notable items—prefer targeted wdt: patterns (wdt:Pxxx) or p:/ps:/pq: patterns when you need qualifiers.

SPARQL prefixes for use in function calls:
- bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
- cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
- data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
- dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
- dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
- foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
- geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
- geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
- gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
- hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
- imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
- math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
- ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
- owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
- p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
- pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
- pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
- pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
- pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
- prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
- prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
- prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
- ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
- psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
- psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
- qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
- qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
- ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
- qlss: <https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/spatialSearch/
- rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
- rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
- ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
- s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
- schema: <http://schema.org/
- skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
- v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
- void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#
- wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
- wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
- wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
- wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
- wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
- xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#

Additional rules to follow:
- Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
- Do not just use or make up entity or property identifiers without verifying their existence in the knowledge graphs first.
- Do not ask the user for clarifications without first attempting to complete the task. If the task input is incomplete or ambiguous, try to make reasonable assumptions and document them.
- Do not use "SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ..." in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.
- Always execute your final SPARQL query before giving an answer to make sure it returns the expected results.
- The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
- Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
- Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
- For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.

[User] What are the distinct items that either have the Rivière Mégiscane as their mouth of the watercourse or are tributaries of watercourses that have the Rivière Mégiscane as their mouth of the watercourse?

[Assistant]
Plan:
1. Find the Wikidata item for "Rivière Mégiscane".
2. Find the property for "mouth of the watercourse" (likely Pxxx) and verify its identifier.
3. Construct a SPARQL query that returns distinct items that either:
   - have Rivière Mégiscane as their mouth (i.e., ?item wdt:Pxxx wd:Q...) OR
   - are tributaries of watercourses that have Rivière Mégiscane as their mouth (i.e., ?item wdt:P31/wdt:P? etc — but more directly: ?item wdt:P342? Need to find the property for "tributary" or "tributary of" — so I will search for that if needed).
4. Build and test the query, iterating if results seem off.

I'll first search for the Rivière Mégiscane entity.

Question: Rivière Mégiscane

Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Rivière Mégiscane (wd:Q2155719): watercourse in Quebec, Canada / is instance of river
2. Detroit River (wd:Q318435, matched via Riviere Detroit), also known as Riviere Detroit, Rivière Détroit: river along the border between Michigan and Ontario / is instance of river
3. Lys (wd:Q208493, matched via Goudne Riviere), also known as Golden River, Goudne Riviere, Leie: river in France and Belgium, and a left tributary of the Scheldt / is instance of river
4. Rivière (wd:Q1023491): is instance of commune of France / commune in Pas-de-Calais, France
5. Sankuru (wd:Q209829, matched via Sankuru (rivière)), also known as Sankuru (rivière): is instance of province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo / province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
6. Chalais (wd:Q1152948, matched via La Rivière), also known as La Rivière, Saint-Christophe (réunie à Chalais): is instance of commune of France / commune in Charente, France / commune in Charente, France
7. La Rivière (wd:Q501962), also known as La Ribièra: is instance of commune of France / commune in Gironde, France
8. La Rivière (wd:Q1068802): is instance of commune of France / commune in Isère, France
9. St. Clair River (wd:Q1054325, matched via Riviere Sainte-Claire), also known as Riviere Sainte-Claire, Rivière Sainte-Claire, Saint Clair River, St. Clair: river in North America on the boundary of Michigan and Ontario / is instance of river
10. Rivière (wd:Q1170903): commune in Indre-et-Loire, France / is instance of commune of France

[Assistant]
I'll search for the property corresponding to "mouth of the watercourse" and also search for the property used to link a watercourse to the watercourse it flows into (often "tributary of" / "mouth of the watercourse"). I'll search for "mouth of the watercourse" and "tributary" to find the correct PIDs.

Question: mouth of the watercourse

Top 10 property alternatives:
1. mouth of the watercourse (wd:P403 as pq/pqn/prv/ps/psn/pqv/prn/wdt/psv/wdtn/pr/p), also known as drain, flows into, outflow, outlet, river mouth, etc.: the body of water to which the watercourse drains / the body of water to which the watercourse drains / hydrological object
2. origin of the watercourse (wd:P885 as pq/pqn/prv/ps/psn/pqv/prn/wdt/psv/wdtn/pr/p, matched via source of watercourse), also known as headwaters, origin of the body of water, origin of the water body, river head, river source, etc.: main source of a river, stream or lake / main source of a river or stream
3. located in or next to body of water (wd:P206 as pq/pqn/prv/ps/psn/pqv/prn/wdt/psv/wdtn/pr/p, matched via on river), also known as adjacent water body, along river, bay, body of water, borders body of water, etc.: body of water on or next to which a place is located / is subproperty of location / sea, lake or river
4. lake on watercourse (wd:P469 as pq/pqn/prv/ps/psn/pqv/prn/wdt/psv/wdtn/pr/p, matched via reservoir on this river), also known as lake on river, lake on stream, lake on this river, lakes on river, reservoir on this river, etc.: lakes and reservoirs the river flows through, flows into or flows out of / lake or reservoir through which the river or stream flows
5. drainage basin (wd:P4614 as pq/pqn/prv/ps/psn/pqv/prn/wdt/psv/wdtn/pr/p, matched via water basin), also known as catchment area, river basin, river basin district, water basin, watershed, etc.: area where precipitation collects and drains off into a common outlet, such as into a river, bay, or other body of water / area where precipitation collects and drains off into a common outlet, such as into a river, bay, or other body of water / is subproperty of located in/on physical feature / is subproperty of located on terrain feature
6. distance from river mouth (wd:P2148 as pq/pqn/prv/ps/psn/pqv/prn/wdt/psv/wdtn/pr/p), also known as river kilometer, river kilometre, river mile, P2148: qualifier for P974 statements on streams / is subproperty of length
7. delta of (wd:P9700 as pq/pqn/prv/ps/psn/pqv/prn/wdt/psv/wdtn/pr/p, matched via river delta of), also known as delta source, river delta of, P9700: river that empties water and sediment into its delta
8. route map (wd:P15 as pq/pqn/prv/ps/psn/pqv/prn/wdt/psv/wdtn/pr/p, matched via watercourse map), also known as highway map, map of route, metro map, railroad map, railway map, etc.: image of route map at Wikimedia Commons / image of route map at Wikimedia Commons / image of route map at Wikimedia Commons / is subproperty of locator map image
9. water area (wd:P8887 as pq/pqn/prv/ps/psn/pqv/prn/wdt/psv/wdtn/pr/p), also known as P8887: area/surface of a geographical entity that is covered by water / is subproperty of area
10. outflows (wd:P201 as pq/pqn/prv/ps/psn/pqv/prn/wdt/psv/wdtn/pr/p, matched via lake outflow), also known as lake outflow, outflow, P201: rivers and other outflows waterway names. If evaporation or ... included. Some terms may not be place names, e.g. evaporation

[Assistant]
Next I'll search for properties related to "tributary" or "tributary of" to see how tributary relationships are modeled. I'll search for "tributary" and "flows into" as well.

Question: tributary

Top 10 property alternatives:
1. tributary (wd:P974 as pq/pqn/prv/ps/psn/pqv/prn/wdt/psv/wdtn/pr/p), also known as affluent, has inflow of, has river inflow, has tributary, receives river, etc.: watercourse that flows into an other one (for lake inflows use P200)
2. mouth of the watercourse (wd:P403 as pq/pqn/prv/ps/psn/pqv/prn/wdt/psv/wdtn/pr/p, matched via tributary of), also known as drain, flows into, outflow, outlet, river mouth, etc.: the body of water to which the watercourse drains / the body of water to which the watercourse drains / hydrological object
3. tributary orientation (wd:P3871 as pq/pqn/prv/ps/psn/pqv/prn/wdt/psv/wdtn/pr/p), also known as orientation of tributary, P3871: specify if the stream confluence is a left bank or right bank tributary
4. has subsidiary (wd:P355 as pq/pqn/prv/ps/psn/pqv/prn/wdt/psv/wdtn/pr/p, matched via subordinate unit), also known as daughter company, daughter organization, has imprint, imprint, owns, etc.: subsidiary of a company or organization; generally a fully ... division" (P199). Opposite of parent organization (P749). / subsidiary of a company or organization / is subproperty of has part(s) / is subproperty of owner of / is subproperty of has part
5. drainage basin (wd:P4614 as pq/pqn/prv/ps/psn/pqv/prn/wdt/psv/wdtn/pr/p, matched via watershed), also known as catchment area, river basin, river basin district, water basin, watershed, etc.: area where precipitation collects and drains off into a common outlet, such as into a river, bay, or other body of water / area where precipitation collects and drains off into a common outlet, such as into a river, bay, or other body of water / is subproperty of located in/on physical feature / is subproperty of located on terrain feature
6. tribe (wd:P12011 as pq/pqn/prv/ps/psn/pqv/prn/wdt/psv/wdtn/pr/p), also known as community, member in tribe, member of tribe, tribal affiliation, P12011: recognised membership in a society, mainly denoted by shared cultural heritage; for ethnicity use P172
7. located in the administrative territorial entity (wd:P131 as pq/pqn/prv/ps/psn/pqv/prn/wdt/psv/wdtn/pr/p, matched via territory), also known as administrative territorial entity, administrative territory, city, happens in, in, etc.: the item is located on the territory of the following ... the item falls only partially into the administrative entity. / the item is located on the territory of the following ... the item falls only partially into the administrative entity. / the item is located on the territory of the following administrative entity / the item is located on the territory of the following administrative entity / is subproperty of location / is subproperty of part of
8. dedicated to (wd:P825 as pq/pqn/prv/ps/psn/pqv/prn/wdt/psv/wdtn/pr/p, matched via tribute to), also known as dedicatee, dedication, tribute to, P825: person or organisation to whom the subject was dedicated / person or organization to whom the subject was dedicated
9. origin of the watercourse (wd:P885 as pq/pqn/prv/ps/psn/pqv/prn/wdt/psv/wdtn/pr/p, matched via headwaters), also known as headwaters, origin of the body of water, origin of the water body, river head, river source, etc.: main source of a river, stream or lake / main source of a river or stream
10. category for the water basin (wd:P1200 as pq/pqn/prv/ps/psn/pqv/prn/wdt/psv/wdtn/pr/p, matched via category associated with the basin of the bodies of water), also known as bodies of water basin category, category associated with the basin of the bodies of water, water system category, P1200: the Wikimedia category associated with the basin of a bodies of water / the category associated with the basin of a river / is subproperty of related category

[Assistant]
I'll inspect how P974 is used (which direction) by listing examples using that property. This will help determine whether it's "tributary" pointing from main river to tributary or vice versa.

list

Got 87,460 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject                      | property             | object                        |
| ---------------------------- | -------------------- | ----------------------------- |
| Atlantic Ocean (wd:Q97)      | tributary (wdt:P974) | Una River (wd:Q21171224)      |
| Nile (wd:Q3392)              | tributary (wdt:P974) | White Nile (wd:Q4814791)      |
| Danube (wd:Q1653)            | tributary (wdt:P974) | Erlau (wd:Q1000881)           |
| Volga (wd:Q626)              | tributary (wdt:P974) | Bezdna (wd:Q1076341)          |
| Rhine (wd:Q584)              | tributary (wdt:P974) | Buersbach (wd:Q1001872)       |
| Mississippi River (wd:Q1497) | tributary (wdt:P974) | Big Black River (wd:Q1042217) |
| Ganges (wd:Q5089)            | tributary (wdt:P974) | Yamuna (wd:Q132726)           |
| Yangtze (wd:Q5413)           | tributary (wdt:P974) | Jinsha River (wd:Q1038418)    |
| Congo (wd:Q3503)             | tributary (wdt:P974) | Lukuga River (wd:Q128350)     |
| Indus River (wd:Q7348)       | tributary (wdt:P974) | Shigar River (wd:Q1398191)    |
| ...                          | ...                  | ...                           |

[Assistant]
I'll run a SPARQL SELECT that returns distinct items satisfying either:
- they have Rivière Mégiscane (wd:Q2155719) as their mouth (wdt:P403), or
- they are tributaries (?item) of a watercourse (?wc) that has Rivière Mégiscane as its mouth.

I'll request english labels as optional. Now I'll execute the query to check results.

execute

SELECT DISTINCT ?item ?itemLabel WHERE {
  {
    ?item wdt:P403 wd:Q2155719 .
  }
  UNION
  {
    ?wc wdt:P403 wd:Q2155719 .
    ?wc wdt:P974 ?item .
  }
  OPTIONAL { ?item rdfs:label ?itemLabel . FILTER(LANG(?itemLabel) = "en") }
} ORDER BY ?itemLabel

Got 9 rows and 2 columns:
| item                                        | itemLabel                              |
| ------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------- |
| Rivière Achepabanca (wd:Q22402791)          | Rivière Achepabanca (lang:en)          |
| Rivière Achepabanca Nord-Est (wd:Q22402807) | Rivière Achepabanca Nord-Est (lang:en) |
| Rivière Assup (wd:Q22403780)                | Rivière Assup (lang:en)                |
| Rivière Attic (wd:Q22403929)                | Rivière Attic (lang:en)                |
| Rivière Capousacataca (wd:Q22410355)        | Rivière Capousacataca (lang:en)        |
| Rivière Collin (wd:Q22411694)               | Rivière Collin (lang:en)               |
| Rivière Kekek (wd:Q22424844)                | Rivière Kekek (lang:en)                |
| Rivière Tavernier (wd:Q22438550)            | Rivière Tavernier (lang:en)            |
| Rivière Whitegoose (wd:Q22440754)           | Rivière Whitegoose (lang:en)           |

[Assistant]
I will finalize by returning the SPARQL query I executed and the resulting items (QIDs and English labels).

answer

SELECT DISTINCT ?item ?itemLabel WHERE {
  {
    ?item wdt:P403 wd:Q2155719 .
  }
  UNION
  {
    ?wc wdt:P403 wd:Q2155719 .
    ?wc wdt:P974 ?item .
  }
  OPTIONAL { ?item rdfs:label ?itemLabel . FILTER(LANG(?itemLabel) = "en") }
} ORDER BY ?itemLabel

Answer:
The query returns these distinct items (each is either a watercourse whose mouth is Rivière Mégiscane or is a tributary of a watercourse that has Rivière Mégiscane as its mouth):

- Rivière Achepabanca (wd:Q22402791)
- Rivière Achepabanca Nord-Est (wd:Q22402807)
- Rivière Assup (wd:Q22403780)
- Rivière Attic (wd:Q22403929)
- Rivière Capousacataca (wd:Q22410355)
- Rivière Collin (wd:Q22411694)
- Rivière Kekek (wd:Q22424844)
- Rivière Tavernier (wd:Q22438550)
- Rivière Whitegoose (wd:Q22440754)

SPARQL used (returns item IRIs and optional English labels):

SELECT DISTINCT ?item ?itemLabel WHERE {
  {
    ?item wdt:P403 wd:Q2155719 .
  }
  UNION
  {
    ?wc wdt:P403 wd:Q2155719 .
    ?wc wdt:P974 ?item .
  }
  OPTIONAL { ?item rdfs:label ?itemLabel . FILTER(LANG(?itemLabel) = "en") }
} ORDER BY ?itemLabel