PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
SELECT ?castle ?castleLabel ?image ?planImage WHERE {
  ?castle wdt:P131 * wd:Q23298 .
  ?castle wdt:P31 / wdt:P279 * wd:Q23413 .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?castle wdt:P18 ?image .
  }
  OPTIONAL {
    ?castle wdt:P3311 ?planImage .
  }
  OPTIONAL {
    ?castle rdfs:label ?castleLabel .
    FILTER ( LANG( ?castleLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}
ORDER BY ?castleLabel

Using entities:
- Kent (wd:Q23298), also known as County of Kent, Kent, England: is instance of Ceremonial counties of England / is instance of ceremonial county of England / ceremonial county of England / county of England, United Kingdom
- castle (wd:Q23413): is instance of building type / is subclass of fortification / type of fortified structure built in Europe, Asia and the Middle East during the Middle Ages by nobility / type of fortified structure built in Europe, Asia and the Middle East during the Middle Ages by nobility / type of fortified structure built in Europe, Asia and the Middle East during the Middle Ages by nobility

Using properties:
- located in the administrative territorial entity (wd:P131 as wdt), also known as administrative territorial entity, administrative territory, city, happens in, in, etc.: is subproperty of location / is subproperty of part of / the item is located on the territory of the following administrative entity / the item is located on the territory of the following administrative entity / the item is located on the territory of the following ... the item falls only partially into the administrative entity. / the item is located on the territory of the following ... the item falls only partially into the administrative entity.
- image (wd:P18 as wdt), also known as camera picture, Commons image, drawing, File:, graph, etc.: image of relevant illustration of the subject; if available, ... map, flag image, signature image, logo image, collage image) / image of relevant illustration of the subject; if available, ... map, flag image, signature image, logo image, collage image) / image of relevant illustration of the subject; if available, ... only images which exist on Wikimedia Commons are acceptable / image of relevant illustration of the subject; if available, ... only images which exist on Wikimedia Commons are acceptable
- subclass of (wd:P279 as wdt), also known as all members of this class also belong to, category of, form of, has superclass, is a class of, etc.: this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; ALL instances ... of volcanic landform); Everest is an instance of mountain / this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; all instances ... instance of volcanic landform); K2 is an instance of mountain / this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; all instances ... instance of volcanic landform); K2 is an instance of mountain / this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; all instances ... instance of volcanic landform); K2 is an instance of mountain
- instance of (wd:P31 as wdt), also known as example of, has type, is a, is an, is of type, etc.: that class of which this subject is a particular example and ... a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform) / type to which this subject corresponds/belongs. Different ... and the volcano is a type (instance) of volcanic landform
- image of design plans (wd:P3311 as wdt), also known as airport diagram, architectural plan image, blue print, design plan, floor plan, etc.: is subproperty of detail map / image representing the plan of a building or place

Got 54 rows and 4 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| castle                                                   | castleLabel                                         | image                                                                                | planImage                                                                                |
| -------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Allington Castle (wd:Q4732691)                           | Allington Castle (lang:en)                          | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Allington%20Castle.jpg>                                       | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Allington%20Castle%20plan%201906.JPG>       |
| Binbury Castle (wd:Q17648690)                            | Binbury Castle (lang:en)                            |                                                                                |                                                                                |
| Boughton Court (wd:Q17556900)                            | Boughton Court (lang:en)                            |                                                                                |                                                                                |
| Canterbury Castle (wd:Q2968772)                          | Canterbury Castle (lang:en)                         | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Canterbury%20Castle%20-%20geograph.org.uk%20-%202908385.jpg>  |                                                                                |
| Castle Toll Saxon burgh and medieval fort (wd:Q17662431) | Castle Toll Saxon burgh and medieval fort (lang:en) |                                                                                |                                                                                |
| ...                                                      | ...                                                 | ...                                                                                | ...                                                                                |
| Tower keep castle at Chilham (wd:Q17673988)              | Tower keep castle at Chilham (lang:en)              |                                                                                |                                                                                |
| Upnor Castle (wd:Q7898392)                               | Upnor Castle (lang:en)                              | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Upnor%200109.JPG>                                             | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Upnor%20Castle%20OS%20map%20annotated.png>  |
| Upnor Castle (wd:Q7898392)                               | Upnor Castle (lang:en)                              | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Upnor%20Castle%20trimmed.jpg>                                 | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Upnor%20Castle%20OS%20map%20annotated.png>  |
| Walmer Castle (wd:Q2543161)                              | Walmer Castle (lang:en)                             | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Walmer%20Castle%20aerial%20view.jpg>                          | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Walmer%20Plan%2C%20modern%20unlabelled.svg> |
| Westenhanger Castle (wd:Q7987356)                        | Westenhanger Castle (lang:en)                       | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Westenhanger%20Castle%20-%20geograph.org.uk%20-%20889584.jpg> |                                                                                |

Answer:
I ran a query to find items that are instances (or instances of subclasses) of castle (wd:Q23413) and that are located in Kent (wd:Q23298) via the administrative-entity path (wdt:P131*). The query returns the item IRI, its English label, any main image (wdt:P18) and any 'image of design plans' (wdt:P3311).

Result summary (from the query results):
- Total results returned: 54 castle items located in Kent (historic/ceremonial Kent via P131*).
- The query returns for each castle: its Wikidata IRI, English label (if available), an image URL (Commons file path via P18) when present, and a plan/design image URL (via P3311) when present.

Examples from the returned rows (castle — image — plan image):
- Allington Castle (wd:Q4732691) — image: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Allington%20Castle.jpg — plan: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Allington%20Castle%20plan%201906.JPG
- Canterbury Castle (wd:Q2968772) — image: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Canterbury%20Castle%20-%20geograph.org.uk%20-%202908385.jpg
- Upnor Castle (wd:Q7898392) — images: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Upnor%200109.JPG and http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Upnor%20Castle%20trimmed.jpg — plan: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Upnor%20Castle%20OS%20map%20annotated.png
- Walmer Castle (wd:Q2543161) — image: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Walmer%20Castle%20aerial%20view.jpg — plan: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Walmer%20Plan%2C%20modern%20unlabelled.svg

If you would like, I can:
- Return the full table of all 54 results (each row with the Wikidata IRI, English label, image URL and plan image URL) in CSV, JSON, or a plain list.
- Narrow the list to only surviving castles, only ruins, or only those with plan images, or limited to a specific sub-area of Kent.

SPARQL query used (identical to the executed query):
SELECT ?castle ?castleLabel ?image ?planImage WHERE {
  ?castle wdt:P131* wd:Q23298 .
  ?castle wdt:P31/wdt:P279* wd:Q23413 .
  OPTIONAL { ?castle wdt:P18 ?image. }
  OPTIONAL { ?castle wdt:P3311 ?planImage. }
  OPTIONAL { ?castle rdfs:label ?castleLabel. FILTER(LANG(?castleLabel) = "en") }
}
ORDER BY ?castleLabel

Tell me how you'd prefer the full results (CSV/JSON/plain list), or whether you want additional filters (e.g., only castles with plan images).

I ran a query to find items that are instances (or instances of subclasses) of castle (wd:Q23413) and that are located in Kent (wd:Q23298) via the administrative-entity path (wdt:P131*). The query returns the item IRI, its English label, any main image (wdt:P18) and any 'image of design plans' (wdt:P3311).

Result summary (from the query results):
- Total results returned: 54 castle items located in Kent (historic/ceremonial Kent via P131*).
- The query returns for each castle: its Wikidata IRI, English label (if available), an image URL (Commons file path via P18) when present, and a plan/design image URL (via P3311) when present.

Examples from the returned rows (castle — image — plan image):
- Allington Castle (wd:Q4732691) — image: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Allington%20Castle.jpg — plan: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Allington%20Castle%20plan%201906.JPG
- Canterbury Castle (wd:Q2968772) — image: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Canterbury%20Castle%20-%20geograph.org.uk%20-%202908385.jpg
- Upnor Castle (wd:Q7898392) — images: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Upnor%200109.JPG and http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Upnor%20Castle%20trimmed.jpg — plan: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Upnor%20Castle%20OS%20map%20annotated.png
- Walmer Castle (wd:Q2543161) — image: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Walmer%20Castle%20aerial%20view.jpg — plan: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Walmer%20Plan%2C%20modern%20unlabelled.svg

If you would like, I can:
- Return the full table of all 54 results (each row with the Wikidata IRI, English label, image URL and plan image URL) in CSV, JSON, or a plain list.
- Narrow the list to only surviving castles, only ruins, or only those with plan images, or limited to a specific sub-area of Kent.

SPARQL query used (identical to the executed query):
SELECT ?castle ?castleLabel ?image ?planImage WHERE {
  ?castle wdt:P131* wd:Q23298 .
  ?castle wdt:P31/wdt:P279* wd:Q23413 .
  OPTIONAL { ?castle wdt:P18 ?image. }
  OPTIONAL { ?castle wdt:P3311 ?planImage. }
  OPTIONAL { ?castle rdfs:label ?castleLabel. FILTER(LANG(?castleLabel) = "en") }
}
ORDER BY ?castleLabel

Tell me how you'd prefer the full results (CSV/JSON/plain list), or whether you want additional filters (e.g., only castles with plan images).

SPARQL query over wikidata:
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
SELECT ?castle ?castleLabel ?image ?planImage WHERE {
  ?castle wdt:P131 * wd:Q23298 .
  ?castle wdt:P31 / wdt:P279 * wd:Q23413 .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?castle wdt:P18 ?image .
  }
  OPTIONAL {
    ?castle wdt:P3311 ?planImage .
  }
  OPTIONAL {
    ?castle rdfs:label ?castleLabel .
    FILTER ( LANG( ?castleLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}
ORDER BY ?castleLabel

Using entities:
- Kent (wd:Q23298), also known as County of Kent, Kent, England: is instance of Ceremonial counties of England / is instance of ceremonial county of England / ceremonial county of England / county of England, United Kingdom
- castle (wd:Q23413): is instance of building type / is subclass of fortification / type of fortified structure built in Europe, Asia and the Middle East during the Middle Ages by nobility / type of fortified structure built in Europe, Asia and the Middle East during the Middle Ages by nobility / type of fortified structure built in Europe, Asia and the Middle East during the Middle Ages by nobility

Using properties:
- located in the administrative territorial entity (wd:P131 as wdt), also known as administrative territorial entity, administrative territory, city, happens in, in, etc.: is subproperty of location / is subproperty of part of / the item is located on the territory of the following administrative entity / the item is located on the territory of the following administrative entity / the item is located on the territory of the following ... the item falls only partially into the administrative entity. / the item is located on the territory of the following ... the item falls only partially into the administrative entity.
- image (wd:P18 as wdt), also known as camera picture, Commons image, drawing, File:, graph, etc.: image of relevant illustration of the subject; if available, ... map, flag image, signature image, logo image, collage image) / image of relevant illustration of the subject; if available, ... map, flag image, signature image, logo image, collage image) / image of relevant illustration of the subject; if available, ... only images which exist on Wikimedia Commons are acceptable / image of relevant illustration of the subject; if available, ... only images which exist on Wikimedia Commons are acceptable
- subclass of (wd:P279 as wdt), also known as all members of this class also belong to, category of, form of, has superclass, is a class of, etc.: this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; ALL instances ... of volcanic landform); Everest is an instance of mountain / this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; all instances ... instance of volcanic landform); K2 is an instance of mountain / this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; all instances ... instance of volcanic landform); K2 is an instance of mountain / this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; all instances ... instance of volcanic landform); K2 is an instance of mountain
- instance of (wd:P31 as wdt), also known as example of, has type, is a, is an, is of type, etc.: that class of which this subject is a particular example and ... a subclass of mountain (and an instance of volcanic landform) / type to which this subject corresponds/belongs. Different ... and the volcano is a type (instance) of volcanic landform
- image of design plans (wd:P3311 as wdt), also known as airport diagram, architectural plan image, blue print, design plan, floor plan, etc.: is subproperty of detail map / image representing the plan of a building or place

Execution result:
Got 54 rows and 4 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| castle                                                   | castleLabel                                         | image                                                                                | planImage                                                                                |
| -------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Allington Castle (wd:Q4732691)                           | Allington Castle (lang:en)                          | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Allington%20Castle.jpg>                                       | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Allington%20Castle%20plan%201906.JPG>       |
| Binbury Castle (wd:Q17648690)                            | Binbury Castle (lang:en)                            |                                                                                |                                                                                |
| Boughton Court (wd:Q17556900)                            | Boughton Court (lang:en)                            |                                                                                |                                                                                |
| Canterbury Castle (wd:Q2968772)                          | Canterbury Castle (lang:en)                         | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Canterbury%20Castle%20-%20geograph.org.uk%20-%202908385.jpg>  |                                                                                |
| Castle Toll Saxon burgh and medieval fort (wd:Q17662431) | Castle Toll Saxon burgh and medieval fort (lang:en) |                                                                                |                                                                                |
| ...                                                      | ...                                                 | ...                                                                                | ...                                                                                |
| Tower keep castle at Chilham (wd:Q17673988)              | Tower keep castle at Chilham (lang:en)              |                                                                                |                                                                                |
| Upnor Castle (wd:Q7898392)                               | Upnor Castle (lang:en)                              | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Upnor%200109.JPG>                                             | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Upnor%20Castle%20OS%20map%20annotated.png>  |
| Upnor Castle (wd:Q7898392)                               | Upnor Castle (lang:en)                              | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Upnor%20Castle%20trimmed.jpg>                                 | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Upnor%20Castle%20OS%20map%20annotated.png>  |
| Walmer Castle (wd:Q2543161)                              | Walmer Castle (lang:en)                             | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Walmer%20Castle%20aerial%20view.jpg>                          | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Walmer%20Plan%2C%20modern%20unlabelled.svg> |
| Westenhanger Castle (wd:Q7987356)                        | Westenhanger Castle (lang:en)                       | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Westenhanger%20Castle%20-%20geograph.org.uk%20-%20889584.jpg> |                                                                                |

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Search for the entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Execute intermediate queries to get feedback and to verify your assumptions. You may need to refine or rethink your current plan based on the query results and go back to step 2 if needed, possibly multiple times.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Available knowledge graphs:
- wikidata at http://localhost:7001 with prefix index for entities and similarity index for properties, and notes:
  - P106 = occupation. Use wdt:P106 to get occupations and fetch English labels with rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(?label)="en"). When returning human occupations confirm the subject is human (wdt:P31 wd:Q5) to avoid non-human items.
  - Population (P1082) and tabular (P4179): use wdt:P1082 for quick/direct values; for time-series/point-in-time use p:P1082 + ps:P1082 + pq:P585 and ORDER BY pq:P585 DESC. Inspect statement qualifiers (e.g., 'applies to part') and prov:wasDerivedFrom references (pr:P854 etc.) to detect city-proper vs metro/prefecture scopes before using values.
  - Common person properties: P31 (instance of human Q5), P106 (occupation), P569 (date of birth), P19 (place of birth), P27 (country of citizenship), P21 (sex/gender), P166 (award received). Use wdt: for direct values when possible.
  - P17 (country) can be incomplete/misleading for places (historical/overseas tags). To get modern cities in a country combine: instance-of city (P31=Q515) + wdt:P17 OR use wdt:P131* to find an admin parent whose wdt:P17 = the country. Also cross-check coordinates (P625) or admin hierarchy to spot outliers.
  - When filtering by date of birth (P569) use xsd:dateTime comparisons (e.g. >= "1900-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime). Be aware many items have year-only or imprecise dates and coverage is biased toward notable/public figures (sportspeople, politicians, artists).
  - To retrieve qualifiers (e.g., award year) use the statement/qualifier pattern: p:Pxxx / ps:Pxxx / pq:P585. Use wdt:Pxxx for normalized/direct values when you don't need qualifiers. Example: p:P166 + pq:P585 gives award year.
  - To get a person's occupations: use wdt:P106 for direct/normalized values and rdfs:label for human-readable names (FILTER(LANG(...))). Example: wd:Q... wdt:P106 ?occ . ?occ rdfs:label ?occLabel . FILTER(LANG(?occLabel)="en").
  - P166 = award received. Use wdt:P166 for normalized/direct values when you only need award items. To get award years or qualifiers use p:P166 / ps:P166 / pq:P585. Many statements lack pq:P585 — use OPTIONAL { ?stmt pq:P585 ?date } and ORDER BY DESC(?date). When listing award winners, filter ?person wdt:P31 wd:Q5 to ensure humans.
  - Population time-series pattern: wd:Q... p:P1082 ?stmt . ?stmt ps:P1082 ?pop . OPTIONAL { ?stmt pq:P585 ?date } . ORDER BY DESC(?date). pq:P585 is the point-in-time qualifier. IMPORTANT: time-series may mix scopes (city proper vs metro) — e.g., Tokyo has a 2016 entry ~38,140,000 likely metro vs smaller city figures. Inspect qualifiers/references for scope before use.
  - Use wdt:P131* to traverse the admin hierarchy and compare wdt:P17 on the place vs an admin parent to detect historical/colonial country assignments. When mismatches appear, inspect the admin parent's instance-of (P31), labels, qualifiers and references to interpret the historical scope.
  - wdt:P106 often yields multiple occupations for a person. Use GROUP_CONCAT(DISTINCT ?occLabel; separator=", ") or return multiple rows. Always fetch labels with rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(?label)="en") to get readable occupation names.
  - When a search_entity returns multiple hits (person vs sculpture vs memorial), confirm you selected the human/statements by checking wdt:P31 (instance of) and relevant wdt: properties (e.g., wdt:P106). This avoids using a non-human QID by mistake.
  - search_autocomplete can be constrained with a SPARQL pattern containing ?search (e.g., SELECT * WHERE { ?search wdt:P31 wd:Q5 }). Use constraints to focus results (e.g., humans) and avoid ambiguous fallbacks; if it returns no results, fallback to search_entity and verify wdt:P31.
  - Use search_property_of_entity to find relevant properties for an entity (e.g., 'award' -> P166) and search_object_of_property to discover candidate objects (e.g., 'physicist' for P106). This reduces guessing P/Q ids and surfaces qualifiers.
  - Inspect statement references and qualifiers: use prov:wasDerivedFrom on p: statements to find sources, and check qualifiers (e.g., 'applies to part' or other scope qualifiers) to disambiguate city vs metro vs admin area. Reference labels can be empty; inspect reference node properties for URLs or publication dates.

Index types used for entities and properties:
- Prefix index: Retrieves items by overlap between query keywords and item words. The query keywords can match item words exactly or as prefixes.
- Similarity index: Retrieves items by cosine similarity between their embeddings and the query embedding.

General notes across knowledge graphs:
- Use rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(?label)="en") for labels; avoid SERVICE wikibase:label. Use wdt:Pxxx for normalized/direct values when qualifiers aren't needed. Use p:Pxxx / ps:Pxxx / pq:Pxxx to access statement qualifiers (e.g., award year via pq:P585). When dates matter, prefer xsd:dateTime and watch for year-only precision.
- Practical query patterns: use rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(...)) for labels. Use wdt:Pxxx for direct/normalized values when qualifiers aren't needed. Use p:Pxxx / ps:Pxxx / pq:Pxxx to access qualifiers (dates via pq:P585). For dates use xsd:dateTime and expect year-only precision. For places: combine P17 with P131 or coordinate (P625) filters to avoid historical/overseas mismatches.
- Use OPTIONAL for pq: qualifiers (e.g., pq:P585), sort by qualifier (ORDER BY pq:P585 DESC) to prefer recent values. Use GROUP_CONCAT to combine multiple labels/values in one row. Watch for typed literals (xsd:dateTime, xsd:decimal) when filtering or sorting.
- Before querying, use search_entity to resolve human-friendly names to wd:Q identifiers and verify instance-of (e.g., check wdt:P31 = wd:Q5 for humans) to avoid ambiguous matches. Prefer the top match but programmatically confirm P31 before using its data.
- Use search_property to confirm property identifiers (e.g., "country" -> P17) before embedding them in queries. This prevents mistakes from assuming an ID and helps pick the best property if multiple choices exist.
- search_autocomplete can fall back to an unconstrained search or error when there are too many candidates. If this happens (e.g., "more than the maximum supported number of subject candidates"), retry with narrower constraints such as instance-of (wdt:P31), additional type filters, or short prefixes to reduce the candidate set; otherwise fallback to search_entity and verify wdt:P31.
- Use list(...) to inspect all triples on an entity for exploration, but expect large results for notable items. Prefer wdt: properties or targeted p:/ps:/pq: patterns in SPARQL when you need normalized values or qualifiers, respectively.
- Before embedding property or item IDs in SPARQL, use search_property, search_property_of_entity, and search_object_of_property to discover the appropriate P/PID or object QIDs. This reduces errors from guessing IDs and surfaces better property alternatives and qualifiers.
- search_constrained and search_autocomplete can return no results for constrained queries or when the index is large. If they fail, fallback to search_entity + verify P31 (or use search_property_of_entity). Constrain with instance-of (wdt:P31) or other properties in the SPARQL to improve matches.
- When selecting awards by year, prefer xsd:dateTime range filters (e.g., >= "2001-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime && < "2002-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) instead of YEAR() for portability and precision.
- When selecting award winners via wdt:P166, filter ?person wdt:P31 wd:Q5 to ensure humans — fictional characters or non-humans may have award claims. If you need award years use p:P166 / ps:P166 / pq:P585 and OPTIONAL { ?stmt pq:P585 ?year } to retrieve qualifier years.
- Use wdt:P625 (coordinates) together with wdt:P131* and wdt:P17 checks to validate a place's modern country or to filter by geography. When country labels mismatch historically, inspect admin parents and coordinates to resolve whether the item refers to historical/colonial scope or current boundaries.
- Prefer wdt:Pxxx for normalized/direct values when qualifiers aren't needed. Use p:Pxxx / ps:Pxxx / pq:Pxxx to access qualifiers (e.g., pq:P585 for award year). Always fetch labels with rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(?label) = "en").
- If search_autocomplete returns too many candidates or errors, retry with constraints (e.g., SELECT * WHERE { ?search wdt:P31 wd:Q5 }) or narrower query text. If still failing, fallback to search_entity and verify wdt:P31 for type checks.
- For award-year queries use p:P166 / ps:P166 / pq:P585 to access award statements and year qualifiers. Filter by xsd:dateTime ranges (e.g., >= "2020-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime && < "2021-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) instead of YEAR() for robustness.
- Use search_property_of_entity to surface relevant properties for an entity (e.g., 'birth' -> P569/P19). list(...) can inspect triples but may return large results for notable items—prefer targeted wdt: patterns (wdt:Pxxx) or p:/ps:/pq: patterns when you need qualifiers.

SPARQL prefixes for use in function calls:
- bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
- cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
- data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
- dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
- dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
- foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
- geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
- geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
- gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
- hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
- imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
- math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
- ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
- owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
- p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
- pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
- pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
- pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
- pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
- prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
- prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
- prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
- ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
- psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
- psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
- qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
- qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
- ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
- qlss: <https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/spatialSearch/
- rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
- rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
- ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
- s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
- schema: <http://schema.org/
- skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
- v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
- void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#
- wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
- wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
- wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
- wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
- wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
- xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#

Additional rules to follow:
- Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
- Do not just use or make up entity or property identifiers without verifying their existence in the knowledge graphs first.
- Do not ask the user for clarifications without first attempting to complete the task. If the task input is incomplete or ambiguous, try to make reasonable assumptions and document them.
- Do not use "SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ..." in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.
- Always execute your final SPARQL query before giving an answer to make sure it returns the expected results.
- The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
- Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
- Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
- For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.

[User] What are the castles located in the historic county of Kent, along with their images and/or image of their design plans if available?

[Assistant]
I'll first search for the Wikidata item for the historic county of Kent, then find places that are castles located in that county. I'll look for the "castle" class (instance of castle) and also items with "castle" as part of their instance-of or subclass. Then I'll retrieve images (P18) and plan/design images (maybe P948? Not sure—I'll search for common image properties like P18 (image) and also look for property used for "plan" or "architectural drawing"). I'll run searches to identify the county item and the "castle" property/entity, and then build a SPARQL query that finds castles located in Kent (using wdt:P131*/wdt:P17 or location in administrative territorial entity) and returns their images (wdt:P18) and any image-of-plan items (searching for properties like "depicts" or "image of building plan"). I'll explain each step and show intermediate queries. I'll begin by searching for the Kent entity.

Question: historic county of Kent

Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Kent (wd:Q23298, matched via County of Kent), also known as County of Kent, Kent, England: is instance of Ceremonial counties of England / is instance of ceremonial county of England / county of England, United Kingdom / ceremonial county of England
2. historic county of England (wd:Q1138494), also known as ancient county of England, former county of England, traditional county of England: geographical designations for areas of England, based on historical traditions / is subclass of historic county of the United Kingdom
3. historic county of Wales (wd:Q1857731): geographical designations for areas of Wales, based on historical traditions / is subclass of historic county of the United Kingdom / is subclass of local government in Wales / is subclass of Local government in Wales / is subclass of Subdivisions of Wales / Wikimedia list article / Wikimedia list article
4. historic county of Quebec (wd:Q2991491), also known as List of historic counties of Quebec: is subclass of administrative territorial entity of Quebec / overview of historical counties and territories in Quebec / is subclass of county of Canada / is subclass of historic county
5. county of Iceland (wd:Q107024302, matched via historical county of Iceland), also known as counties of Iceland, district of Iceland, districts of Iceland, historical counties of Iceland, historical county of Iceland: former first-level administrative territorial subdivision of Iceland / is subclass of former administrative territorial entity
6. Historic communities of Alachua County (wd:Q113678153): aspect of history
7. Kent County Sheriff's Office (wd:Q6391677): primary law enforcement agency servicing Kent County / is instance of law enforcement agency
8. council of Kent County Council (wd:Q123650805): is instance of legislature
9. member of Kent County Council (wd:Q123650840): is subclass of council member / is subclass of councillor / is instance of position
10. county of Kentucky (wd:Q13410447), also known as counties of Kentucky, county in Kentucky, Kentucky counties, Kentucky county: political subdivision of Kentucky, United States / is subclass of county of the United States / is subclass of County

[Assistant]
I'll search for the Wikidata item for "castle" (the class) so I can filter instances of it. Then I'll search for properties that hold images (P18) and for properties that might indicate an image of a plan or design (I'll search for likely properties like "architectural drawing", "plan", or "image of building plan"). I'll call entity and property searches next.

Question: castle (building)

Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. Castle Building (wd:Q16256614): office building in Montreal, Quebec / is instance of office building
2. Castle Building (wd:Q29504575): Grade II listed building in Powys. In the west part of the village of Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant, beside a minor road to Cefn-coch. / is instance of architectural structure / is instance of Architectural structure / is instance of built structure
3. Castle Street Chambers And Adjoining Building To East (wd:Q26503193, matched via Castle Buildings), also known as Castle Buildings: office building in City of Kingston upon Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire, England, UK / is instance of office building
4. Castle Buildings (wd:Q5050011): group of buildings in Belfast, Northern Ireland / is instance of building complex
5. Castle Buildings (wd:Q126705059): retail building in Lisburn, County Antrim, Northern Ireland / is instance of retail building
6. enchanted castle (building) (wd:Q115826957), also known as D6., D6. Enchanted castle (building): narrative motif documented in Thompson's Motif-Index of Folk-Literature / is instance of narrative motif / is instance of folklore motif / is instance of Motif / is instance of motif
7. On castle building (wd:Q81885670): scientific article published on 01 May 2005 / scientific article published in May 2005 / scientific article published in May 2005 / is instance of scholarly article / is instance of academic article
8. Castlemaine Perkins Building (wd:Q19871998): Heritage-listed building in Brisbane, Queensland / is instance of historic site
9. Tower building Klein-Glienicke Castle (wd:Q118140732): Observation tower Schloss Klein-Glienicke between Kavaliershaus and Remise / is instance of Observation tower / is instance of observation tower / is instance of belvedere
10. Borgharen Castle: main building (wd:Q17609643): building in Borgharen, Netherlands / is instance of Château / is instance of château

[Assistant]
I'll search for the entity "castle" by the label "castle" without extra words.

Question: castle

Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. castle (wd:Q23413): type of fortified structure built in Europe, Asia and the Middle East during the Middle Ages by nobility / type of fortified structure built in Europe, Asia and the Middle East during the Middle Ages by nobility / type of fortified structure built in Europe, Asia and the Middle East during the Middle Ages by nobility / is instance of building type / is subclass of fortification
2. rook (wd:Q137, matched via castle), also known as ♖, ♜, castle, comes, marquess, etc.: is subclass of long-range piece / piece from the board game chess / piece from the board game chess / is subclass of major piece / a chess piece
3. castling (wd:Q102877, matched via castle), also known as castle: chess move in which the king moves 2 squares toward a rook, while the rook moves to the square passed over by the king / is instance of rules of chess / is instance of theme / is instance of term / is subclass of ply
4. Castle (wd:Q386880): American police procedural comedy-drama television series (2009-2016) / is instance of television series / is instance of serial
5. château (wd:Q751876, matched via castle), also known as castle, chateau, landschloss: type of manor house mostly built by noble families for representative purposes / is instance of building type / is subclass of manor house / is subclass of Manor house
6. Castle (wd:Q3287085), also known as Castle, OK: town in Okfuskee County, Oklahoma, United States / is instance of town in the United States / is instance of human settlement
7. The Castle (wd:Q694533, matched via Castle), also known as Castle: 1997 film directed by Michael Haneke / is instance of television film / is instance of Television film
8. Castle of Fougères (wd:Q724929, matched via Castle), also known as Castle, Castle of Fougeres: is instance of Castle / is instance of castle / French castle
9. Richard Castle (wd:Q764950, matched via Castle), also known as Castle, Richard Alexander Rodgers, Richard Edgar Castle, Rick, Rick Castle: fictional character in the television series Castle / has occupation private investigator / has occupation Private investigator / is instance of television character / is instance of fictional writer / is instance of fictional human / has occupation consultant / has occupation Consultant / has occupation writer
10. The Castle (wd:Q1170277, matched via Castle), also known as Castle: 1968 film by Rudolf Noelte / is instance of film

[Assistant]
I'll search for an item matching "Kent" or "historic county of Kent" and verify it's the appropriate county item. Then I'll search for properties to use: instance-of castle (wd:Q23413) and location (P131). I'll start by inspecting the Kent item wd:Q23298 to confirm. I'll list some triples to see labels and instance-of.

list

wd:Q23298

Got 576 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject          | property                                                    | object                                                                                |
| ---------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Kent (wd:Q23298) | instance of (wdt:P31)                                       | ceremonial county of England (wd:Q180673)                                                            |
| Kent (wd:Q23298) | country (wdt:P17)                                           | United Kingdom (wd:Q145)                                                                             |
| Kent (wd:Q23298) | located in the administrative territorial entity (wdt:P131) | South East England (wd:Q48015)                                                                       |
| Kent (wd:Q23298) | coordinate location (wdt:P625)                              | POINT(0.730000 51.190000) (geo:wktLiteral)                                                           |
| Kent (wd:Q23298) | Commons category (wdt:P373)                                 | Kent                                                                                |
| Kent (wd:Q23298) | image (wdt:P18)                                             | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Tonbridge%20Castle%2C%20from%20South%20East.JPG> |
| Kent (wd:Q23298) | Freebase ID (wdt:P646)                                      | /m/048kw                                                                                |
| Kent (wd:Q23298) | GeoNames ID (wdtn:P1566)                                    | <https://sws.geonames.org/11609038/>                                                                 |
| Kent (wd:Q23298) | population (wdt:P1082)                                      | 1647100 (xsd:decimal)                                                                                |
| Kent (wd:Q23298) | VIAF cluster ID (p:P214)                                    | s:Q23298-47FAC16D-305E-4B73-8212-6B3AB0E28264                                                        |
| ...              | ...                                                         | ...                                                                                |

[Assistant]
Searching properties for likely ones used to store a plan/design image (keywords: plan, floor plan, blueprint, architectural). I'll try several searches.

Question: plan image

Top 10 property alternatives:
1. image of design plans (wd:P3311 as pr/psn/wdtn/ps/prn/p/pq/pqv/wdt/prv/psv/pqn, matched via plan image), also known as airport diagram, architectural plan image, blue print, design plan, floor plan, etc.: image representing the plan of a building or place / is subproperty of detail map
2. spherical panorama image (wd:P4640 as pr/psn/wdtn/ps/prn/p/pq/pqv/wdt/prv/psv/pqn, matched via 360° panorama image), also known as 360-degree panorama image, 360° panorama image, 360 panorama spherical image, image, panorama view 360 x 180 degrees, etc.: image with the field of view 360×180 degrees oyiyi na ubi anya 360×180 degrees / is subproperty of panoramic view
3. panoramic view (wd:P4291 as pr/psn/wdtn/ps/prn/p/pq/pqv/wdt/prv/psv/pqn, matched via image panoramic), also known as image panoramic, panorama view, panoramic image, P4291: panoramic view of the object / is subproperty of view
4. projection designer (wd:P5881 as pr/psn/wdtn/ps/prn/p/pq/pqv/wdt/prv/psv/pqn), also known as P5881: person responsible for producing all moving and still images that are displayed during a live performance
5. locator map image (wd:P242 as pr/psn/wdtn/ps/prn/p/pq/pqv/wdt/prv/psv/pqn, matched via map image), also known as locator map, map, map image, P242: geographic map image which highlights the location of the subject within some larger entity / geographic map image which highlights the location of the subject / geographic map image which highlights the location of the subject / is subproperty of image
6. reference image (wd:P10253 as pr/psn/wdtn/ps/prn/p/pq/pqv/wdt/prv/psv/pqn, matched via reference picture), also known as image in reference section, picture in reference section, reference picture, ref image, ref picture, etc.: image, such as of an inscription, supporting a claim; use ... (P3865) in the reference or source part of a statement / is subproperty of image
7. image (wd:P18 as pr/psn/wdtn/ps/prn/p/pq/pqv/wdt/prv/psv/pqn, matched via picture), also known as camera picture, Commons image, drawing, File:, graph, etc.: image of relevant illustration of the subject; if available, ... only images which exist on Wikimedia Commons are acceptable / image of relevant illustration of the subject; if available, ... only images which exist on Wikimedia Commons are acceptable / image of relevant illustration of the subject; if available, ... map, flag image, signature image, logo image, collage image) / image of relevant illustration of the subject; if available, ... map, flag image, signature image, logo image, collage image)
8. related image (wd:P6802 as pr/psn/wdtn/ps/prn/p/pq/pqv/wdt/prv/psv/pqn, matched via placeholder image), also known as alternate image, ancillary image, backup image, decorative image, image related to topic, etc.: less fitting image, used only because a better alternative is ... use P18 instead. Value should not be a generic placeholder. / is subproperty of image
9. image set (wd:P10696 as pr/psn/wdtn/ps/prn/p/pq/pqv/wdt/prv/psv/pqn), also known as P10696: exemplary image taken from a set, determined to represent the subject in a given role
10. model image (wd:P11101 as pr/psn/wdtn/ps/prn/p/pq/pqv/wdt/prv/psv/pqn), also known as image of model, maquette image, model, P11101: image of a model of the item / is subproperty of image

[Assistant]
Step explanation:
- I will run a SPARQL SELECT query that finds items that are instances (or instances of subclasses) of "castle" (wd:Q23413) and that are located in the administrative territorial entity Kent (wd:Q23298) via wdt:P131*.
- The query will return the item IRI, English label, the main image (wdt:P18) and the image of design plans (wdt:P3311) when present.
- I will now execute that query to get the list and confirm results.

execute

SELECT ?castle ?castleLabel ?image ?planImage WHERE {
  ?castle wdt:P131* wd:Q23298 .
  ?castle wdt:P31/wdt:P279* wd:Q23413 .
  OPTIONAL { ?castle wdt:P18 ?image. }
  OPTIONAL { ?castle wdt:P3311 ?planImage. }
  OPTIONAL { ?castle rdfs:label ?castleLabel. FILTER(LANG(?castleLabel) = "en") }
}
ORDER BY ?castleLabel

Got 54 rows and 4 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| castle                                                   | castleLabel                                         | image                                                                                | planImage                                                                                |
| -------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Allington Castle (wd:Q4732691)                           | Allington Castle (lang:en)                          | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Allington%20Castle.jpg>                                       | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Allington%20Castle%20plan%201906.JPG>       |
| Binbury Castle (wd:Q17648690)                            | Binbury Castle (lang:en)                            |                                                                                |                                                                                |
| Boughton Court (wd:Q17556900)                            | Boughton Court (lang:en)                            |                                                                                |                                                                                |
| Canterbury Castle (wd:Q2968772)                          | Canterbury Castle (lang:en)                         | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Canterbury%20Castle%20-%20geograph.org.uk%20-%202908385.jpg>  |                                                                                |
| Castle Toll Saxon burgh and medieval fort (wd:Q17662431) | Castle Toll Saxon burgh and medieval fort (lang:en) |                                                                                |                                                                                |
| ...                                                      | ...                                                 | ...                                                                                | ...                                                                                |
| Tower keep castle at Chilham (wd:Q17673988)              | Tower keep castle at Chilham (lang:en)              |                                                                                |                                                                                |
| Upnor Castle (wd:Q7898392)                               | Upnor Castle (lang:en)                              | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Upnor%200109.JPG>                                             | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Upnor%20Castle%20OS%20map%20annotated.png>  |
| Upnor Castle (wd:Q7898392)                               | Upnor Castle (lang:en)                              | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Upnor%20Castle%20trimmed.jpg>                                 | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Upnor%20Castle%20OS%20map%20annotated.png>  |
| Walmer Castle (wd:Q2543161)                              | Walmer Castle (lang:en)                             | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Walmer%20Castle%20aerial%20view.jpg>                          | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Walmer%20Plan%2C%20modern%20unlabelled.svg> |
| Westenhanger Castle (wd:Q7987356)                        | Westenhanger Castle (lang:en)                       | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Westenhanger%20Castle%20-%20geograph.org.uk%20-%20889584.jpg> |                                                                                |

[Assistant]
answer

SELECT ?castle ?castleLabel ?image ?planImage WHERE {
  ?castle wdt:P131* wd:Q23298 .
  ?castle wdt:P31/wdt:P279* wd:Q23413 .
  OPTIONAL { ?castle wdt:P18 ?image. }
  OPTIONAL { ?castle wdt:P3311 ?planImage. }
  OPTIONAL { ?castle rdfs:label ?castleLabel. FILTER(LANG(?castleLabel) = "en") }
}
ORDER BY ?castleLabel

Answer:
I ran a query to find items that are instances (or instances of subclasses) of castle (wd:Q23413) and that are located in Kent (wd:Q23298) via the administrative-entity path (wdt:P131*). The query returns the item IRI, its English label, any main image (wdt:P18) and any 'image of design plans' (wdt:P3311).

Result summary (from the query results):
- Total results returned: 54 castle items located in Kent (historic/ceremonial Kent via P131*).
- The query returns for each castle: its Wikidata IRI, English label (if available), an image URL (Commons file path via P18) when present, and a plan/design image URL (via P3311) when present.

Examples from the returned rows (castle — image — plan image):
- Allington Castle (wd:Q4732691) — image: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Allington%20Castle.jpg — plan: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Allington%20Castle%20plan%201906.JPG
- Canterbury Castle (wd:Q2968772) — image: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Canterbury%20Castle%20-%20geograph.org.uk%20-%202908385.jpg
- Upnor Castle (wd:Q7898392) — images: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Upnor%200109.JPG and http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Upnor%20Castle%20trimmed.jpg — plan: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Upnor%20Castle%20OS%20map%20annotated.png
- Walmer Castle (wd:Q2543161) — image: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Walmer%20Castle%20aerial%20view.jpg — plan: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Walmer%20Plan%2C%20modern%20unlabelled.svg

If you would like, I can:
- Return the full table of all 54 results (each row with the Wikidata IRI, English label, image URL and plan image URL) in CSV, JSON, or a plain list.
- Narrow the list to only surviving castles, only ruins, or only those with plan images, or limited to a specific sub-area of Kent.

SPARQL query used (identical to the executed query):
SELECT ?castle ?castleLabel ?image ?planImage WHERE {
  ?castle wdt:P131* wd:Q23298 .
  ?castle wdt:P31/wdt:P279* wd:Q23413 .
  OPTIONAL { ?castle wdt:P18 ?image. }
  OPTIONAL { ?castle wdt:P3311 ?planImage. }
  OPTIONAL { ?castle rdfs:label ?castleLabel. FILTER(LANG(?castleLabel) = "en") }
}
ORDER BY ?castleLabel

Tell me how you'd prefer the full results (CSV/JSON/plain list), or whether you want additional filters (e.g., only castles with plan images).


PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
SELECT DISTINCT ?item ?itemLabel WHERE {
  ?item wdt:P279 * wd:Q15169167 .
  FILTER ( ?item != wd:Q15169167 ) OPTIONAL {
    ?item rdfs:label ?itemLabel FILTER ( LANG( ?itemLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}
ORDER BY ?itemLabel

Using entities:
- execution method (wd:Q15169167), also known as capital punishment method, method of execution: is subclass of method / is subclass of cause of death / method to carry out execution

Using properties:
- subclass of (wd:P279 as wdt), also known as all members of this class also belong to, category of, form of, has superclass, is a class of, etc.: this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; ALL instances ... of volcanic landform); Everest is an instance of mountain / this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; all instances ... instance of volcanic landform); K2 is an instance of mountain / this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; all instances ... instance of volcanic landform); K2 is an instance of mountain / this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; all instances ... instance of volcanic landform); K2 is an instance of mountain

Got 13 rows and 2 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| item                              | itemLabel                      |
| --------------------------------- | ------------------------------ |
| cement shoes (wd:Q5058656)        | cement shoes (lang:en)         |
| crushing (wd:Q17087776)           | crushing (lang:en)             |
| crushing by elephant (wd:Q213490) | crushing by elephant (lang:en) |
| decapitation device (wd:Q3537288) | decapitation device (lang:en)  |
| domoji (wd:Q12593000)             | domoji (lang:en)               |
| ...                               | ...                            |
| junshi (wd:Q1071761)              | junshi (lang:en)               |
| Maiden (wd:Q1434462)              | Maiden (lang:en)               |
| peine forte et dure (wd:Q191990)  | peine forte et dure (lang:en)  |
| seppuku (wd:Q133462)              | seppuku (lang:en)              |
| trampling (wd:Q37853778)          | trampling (lang:en)            |

Answer:
I ran a transitive-subclass query (wdt:P279*) anchored at the Wikidata item execution method (wd:Q15169167), excluding the root item itself. The query returns 13 distinct subclass items (IRI and English label):

- wd:Q5058656 — cement shoes
- wd:Q17087776 — crushing
- wd:Q213490 — crushing by elephant
- wd:Q3537288 — decapitation device
- wd:Q12593000 — domoji
- wd:Q2746270 — forced suicide
- wd:Q840649 — garrote
- wd:Q128015 — guillotine
- wd:Q1071761 — junshi
- wd:Q1434462 — Maiden
- wd:Q191990 — peine forte et dure
- wd:Q133462 — seppuku
- wd:Q37853778 — trampling

Notes on the approach:
- I first located the appropriate Wikidata item for "execution method" (wd:Q15169167) and verified its usage.
- I used the property-path wdt:P279* to get the transitive closure of subclasses. The final query filters out the root class itself so only proper subclasses are returned.

If you want additional information for each returned item (instance-of, descriptions, links to pages, or only immediate subclasses), I can extend the query accordingly.

I ran a transitive-subclass query (wdt:P279*) anchored at the Wikidata item execution method (wd:Q15169167), excluding the root item itself. The query returns 13 distinct subclass items (IRI and English label):

- wd:Q5058656 — cement shoes
- wd:Q17087776 — crushing
- wd:Q213490 — crushing by elephant
- wd:Q3537288 — decapitation device
- wd:Q12593000 — domoji
- wd:Q2746270 — forced suicide
- wd:Q840649 — garrote
- wd:Q128015 — guillotine
- wd:Q1071761 — junshi
- wd:Q1434462 — Maiden
- wd:Q191990 — peine forte et dure
- wd:Q133462 — seppuku
- wd:Q37853778 — trampling

Notes on the approach:
- I first located the appropriate Wikidata item for "execution method" (wd:Q15169167) and verified its usage.
- I used the property-path wdt:P279* to get the transitive closure of subclasses. The final query filters out the root class itself so only proper subclasses are returned.

If you want additional information for each returned item (instance-of, descriptions, links to pages, or only immediate subclasses), I can extend the query accordingly.

SPARQL query over wikidata:
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
SELECT DISTINCT ?item ?itemLabel WHERE {
  ?item wdt:P279 * wd:Q15169167 .
  FILTER ( ?item != wd:Q15169167 ) OPTIONAL {
    ?item rdfs:label ?itemLabel FILTER ( LANG( ?itemLabel ) = "en" )
  }
}
ORDER BY ?itemLabel

Using entities:
- execution method (wd:Q15169167), also known as capital punishment method, method of execution: is subclass of method / is subclass of cause of death / method to carry out execution

Using properties:
- subclass of (wd:P279 as wdt), also known as all members of this class also belong to, category of, form of, has superclass, is a class of, etc.: this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; ALL instances ... of volcanic landform); Everest is an instance of mountain / this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; all instances ... instance of volcanic landform); K2 is an instance of mountain / this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; all instances ... instance of volcanic landform); K2 is an instance of mountain / this item is a subclass (subset) of that item; all instances ... instance of volcanic landform); K2 is an instance of mountain

Execution result:
Got 13 rows and 2 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| item                              | itemLabel                      |
| --------------------------------- | ------------------------------ |
| cement shoes (wd:Q5058656)        | cement shoes (lang:en)         |
| crushing (wd:Q17087776)           | crushing (lang:en)             |
| crushing by elephant (wd:Q213490) | crushing by elephant (lang:en) |
| decapitation device (wd:Q3537288) | decapitation device (lang:en)  |
| domoji (wd:Q12593000)             | domoji (lang:en)               |
| ...                               | ...                            |
| junshi (wd:Q1071761)              | junshi (lang:en)               |
| Maiden (wd:Q1434462)              | Maiden (lang:en)               |
| peine forte et dure (wd:Q191990)  | peine forte et dure (lang:en)  |
| seppuku (wd:Q133462)              | seppuku (lang:en)              |
| trampling (wd:Q37853778)          | trampling (lang:en)            |

[System]
You are a question answering assistant. Your job is to generate a SPARQL query to answer a given user question.

You should follow a step-by-step approach to generate the SPARQL query:
1. Determine possible entities and properties implied by the user question.
2. Search for the entities and properties in the knowledge graphs. Where applicable, constrain the searches with already identified entities and properties.
3. Gradually build up the SPARQL query using the identified entities and properties. Start with simple queries and add more complexity as needed. Execute intermediate queries to get feedback and to verify your assumptions. You may need to refine or rethink your current plan based on the query results and go back to step 2 if needed, possibly multiple times.
4. Use the answer or cancel function to finalize your answer and stop the generation process.

Available knowledge graphs:
- wikidata at http://localhost:7001 with prefix index for entities and similarity index for properties, and notes:
  - P106 = occupation. Use wdt:P106 to get occupations and fetch English labels with rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(?label)="en"). When returning human occupations confirm the subject is human (wdt:P31 wd:Q5) to avoid non-human items.
  - Population (P1082) and tabular (P4179): use wdt:P1082 for quick/direct values; for time-series/point-in-time use p:P1082 + ps:P1082 + pq:P585 and ORDER BY pq:P585 DESC. Inspect statement qualifiers (e.g., 'applies to part') and prov:wasDerivedFrom references (pr:P854 etc.) to detect city-proper vs metro/prefecture scopes before using values.
  - Common person properties: P31 (instance of human Q5), P106 (occupation), P569 (date of birth), P19 (place of birth), P27 (country of citizenship), P21 (sex/gender), P166 (award received). Use wdt: for direct values when possible.
  - P17 (country) can be incomplete/misleading for places (historical/overseas tags). To get modern cities in a country combine: instance-of city (P31=Q515) + wdt:P17 OR use wdt:P131* to find an admin parent whose wdt:P17 = the country. Also cross-check coordinates (P625) or admin hierarchy to spot outliers.
  - When filtering by date of birth (P569) use xsd:dateTime comparisons (e.g. >= "1900-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime). Be aware many items have year-only or imprecise dates and coverage is biased toward notable/public figures (sportspeople, politicians, artists).
  - To retrieve qualifiers (e.g., award year) use the statement/qualifier pattern: p:Pxxx / ps:Pxxx / pq:P585. Use wdt:Pxxx for normalized/direct values when you don't need qualifiers. Example: p:P166 + pq:P585 gives award year.
  - To get a person's occupations: use wdt:P106 for direct/normalized values and rdfs:label for human-readable names (FILTER(LANG(...))). Example: wd:Q... wdt:P106 ?occ . ?occ rdfs:label ?occLabel . FILTER(LANG(?occLabel)="en").
  - P166 = award received. Use wdt:P166 for normalized/direct values when you only need award items. To get award years or qualifiers use p:P166 / ps:P166 / pq:P585. Many statements lack pq:P585 — use OPTIONAL { ?stmt pq:P585 ?date } and ORDER BY DESC(?date). When listing award winners, filter ?person wdt:P31 wd:Q5 to ensure humans.
  - Population time-series pattern: wd:Q... p:P1082 ?stmt . ?stmt ps:P1082 ?pop . OPTIONAL { ?stmt pq:P585 ?date } . ORDER BY DESC(?date). pq:P585 is the point-in-time qualifier. IMPORTANT: time-series may mix scopes (city proper vs metro) — e.g., Tokyo has a 2016 entry ~38,140,000 likely metro vs smaller city figures. Inspect qualifiers/references for scope before use.
  - Use wdt:P131* to traverse the admin hierarchy and compare wdt:P17 on the place vs an admin parent to detect historical/colonial country assignments. When mismatches appear, inspect the admin parent's instance-of (P31), labels, qualifiers and references to interpret the historical scope.
  - wdt:P106 often yields multiple occupations for a person. Use GROUP_CONCAT(DISTINCT ?occLabel; separator=", ") or return multiple rows. Always fetch labels with rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(?label)="en") to get readable occupation names.
  - When a search_entity returns multiple hits (person vs sculpture vs memorial), confirm you selected the human/statements by checking wdt:P31 (instance of) and relevant wdt: properties (e.g., wdt:P106). This avoids using a non-human QID by mistake.
  - search_autocomplete can be constrained with a SPARQL pattern containing ?search (e.g., SELECT * WHERE { ?search wdt:P31 wd:Q5 }). Use constraints to focus results (e.g., humans) and avoid ambiguous fallbacks; if it returns no results, fallback to search_entity and verify wdt:P31.
  - Use search_property_of_entity to find relevant properties for an entity (e.g., 'award' -> P166) and search_object_of_property to discover candidate objects (e.g., 'physicist' for P106). This reduces guessing P/Q ids and surfaces qualifiers.
  - Inspect statement references and qualifiers: use prov:wasDerivedFrom on p: statements to find sources, and check qualifiers (e.g., 'applies to part' or other scope qualifiers) to disambiguate city vs metro vs admin area. Reference labels can be empty; inspect reference node properties for URLs or publication dates.

Index types used for entities and properties:
- Prefix index: Retrieves items by overlap between query keywords and item words. The query keywords can match item words exactly or as prefixes.
- Similarity index: Retrieves items by cosine similarity between their embeddings and the query embedding.

General notes across knowledge graphs:
- Use rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(?label)="en") for labels; avoid SERVICE wikibase:label. Use wdt:Pxxx for normalized/direct values when qualifiers aren't needed. Use p:Pxxx / ps:Pxxx / pq:Pxxx to access statement qualifiers (e.g., award year via pq:P585). When dates matter, prefer xsd:dateTime and watch for year-only precision.
- Practical query patterns: use rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(...)) for labels. Use wdt:Pxxx for direct/normalized values when qualifiers aren't needed. Use p:Pxxx / ps:Pxxx / pq:Pxxx to access qualifiers (dates via pq:P585). For dates use xsd:dateTime and expect year-only precision. For places: combine P17 with P131 or coordinate (P625) filters to avoid historical/overseas mismatches.
- Use OPTIONAL for pq: qualifiers (e.g., pq:P585), sort by qualifier (ORDER BY pq:P585 DESC) to prefer recent values. Use GROUP_CONCAT to combine multiple labels/values in one row. Watch for typed literals (xsd:dateTime, xsd:decimal) when filtering or sorting.
- Before querying, use search_entity to resolve human-friendly names to wd:Q identifiers and verify instance-of (e.g., check wdt:P31 = wd:Q5 for humans) to avoid ambiguous matches. Prefer the top match but programmatically confirm P31 before using its data.
- Use search_property to confirm property identifiers (e.g., "country" -> P17) before embedding them in queries. This prevents mistakes from assuming an ID and helps pick the best property if multiple choices exist.
- search_autocomplete can fall back to an unconstrained search or error when there are too many candidates. If this happens (e.g., "more than the maximum supported number of subject candidates"), retry with narrower constraints such as instance-of (wdt:P31), additional type filters, or short prefixes to reduce the candidate set; otherwise fallback to search_entity and verify wdt:P31.
- Use list(...) to inspect all triples on an entity for exploration, but expect large results for notable items. Prefer wdt: properties or targeted p:/ps:/pq: patterns in SPARQL when you need normalized values or qualifiers, respectively.
- Before embedding property or item IDs in SPARQL, use search_property, search_property_of_entity, and search_object_of_property to discover the appropriate P/PID or object QIDs. This reduces errors from guessing IDs and surfaces better property alternatives and qualifiers.
- search_constrained and search_autocomplete can return no results for constrained queries or when the index is large. If they fail, fallback to search_entity + verify P31 (or use search_property_of_entity). Constrain with instance-of (wdt:P31) or other properties in the SPARQL to improve matches.
- When selecting awards by year, prefer xsd:dateTime range filters (e.g., >= "2001-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime && < "2002-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) instead of YEAR() for portability and precision.
- When selecting award winners via wdt:P166, filter ?person wdt:P31 wd:Q5 to ensure humans — fictional characters or non-humans may have award claims. If you need award years use p:P166 / ps:P166 / pq:P585 and OPTIONAL { ?stmt pq:P585 ?year } to retrieve qualifier years.
- Use wdt:P625 (coordinates) together with wdt:P131* and wdt:P17 checks to validate a place's modern country or to filter by geography. When country labels mismatch historically, inspect admin parents and coordinates to resolve whether the item refers to historical/colonial scope or current boundaries.
- Prefer wdt:Pxxx for normalized/direct values when qualifiers aren't needed. Use p:Pxxx / ps:Pxxx / pq:Pxxx to access qualifiers (e.g., pq:P585 for award year). Always fetch labels with rdfs:label + FILTER(LANG(?label) = "en").
- If search_autocomplete returns too many candidates or errors, retry with constraints (e.g., SELECT * WHERE { ?search wdt:P31 wd:Q5 }) or narrower query text. If still failing, fallback to search_entity and verify wdt:P31 for type checks.
- For award-year queries use p:P166 / ps:P166 / pq:P585 to access award statements and year qualifiers. Filter by xsd:dateTime ranges (e.g., >= "2020-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime && < "2021-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) instead of YEAR() for robustness.
- Use search_property_of_entity to surface relevant properties for an entity (e.g., 'birth' -> P569/P19). list(...) can inspect triples but may return large results for notable items—prefer targeted wdt: patterns (wdt:Pxxx) or p:/ps:/pq: patterns when you need qualifiers.

SPARQL prefixes for use in function calls:
- bd: <http://www.bigdata.com/rdf#
- cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#
- data: <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityData/
- dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
- dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/
- foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
- geo: <http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
- geof: <http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/
- gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#
- hint: <http://www.bigdata.com/queryHints#
- imdb: <https://www.imdb.com/
- math: <http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math#
- ontolex: <http://www.w3.org/ns/lemon/ontolex#
- owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
- p: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/
- pq: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/
- pqn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value-normalized/
- pqv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/qualifier/value/
- pr: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/
- prn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value-normalized/
- prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
- prv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/reference/value/
- ps: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/
- psn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value-normalized/
- psv: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/statement/value/
- qb: <http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
- qfn: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/function#
- ql: <http://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/builtin-functions/
- qlss: <https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/spatialSearch/
- rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
- rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
- ref: <http://www.wikidata.org/reference/
- s: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/statement/
- schema: <http://schema.org/
- skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
- v: <http://www.wikidata.org/value/
- void: <http://rdfs.org/ns/void#
- wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/
- wdno: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/novalue/
- wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/
- wdtn: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct-normalized/
- wikibase: <http://wikiba.se/ontology#
- xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#

Additional rules to follow:
- Explain your thought process before and after each step and function call.
- Do not just use or make up entity or property identifiers without verifying their existence in the knowledge graphs first.
- Do not ask the user for clarifications without first attempting to complete the task. If the task input is incomplete or ambiguous, try to make reasonable assumptions and document them.
- Do not use "SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language ..." in SPARQL queries. It is not SPARQL standard and unsupported by the used QLever SPARQL endpoints. Use rdfs:label or similar properties to get labels instead.
- Always execute your final SPARQL query before giving an answer to make sure it returns the expected results.
- The SPARQL query should always return the actual identifiers / IRIs of the items in its result. It additionally may return labels or other human-readable information, but they are optional and should be put within optional clauses unless explicitly requested by the user.
- Do not stop early if there are still obvious improvements to be made to the SPARQL query. For example, keep refining your SPARQL query if its result contains irrelevant items or is missing items you expected.
- Do not perform additional computation (e.g. filtering, sorting, calculations) on the result of the SPARQL query to determine the answer. All computation should be done solely within SPARQL.
- For questions with a "True" or "False" answer the SPARQL query should be an ASK query.

[User] Which distinct items are subclasses of execution methods or the subclasses of those, and so on?

[Assistant]
I'll first search Wikidata for candidate items matching "execution method" and "method of execution", then inspect which item corresponds to the concept "execution method". I'll verify the item exists and is suitable, then build a SPARQL query that retrieves all items that are subclasses (transitive P279*) of that item (i.e., all subclass paths). I'll explain each step and run intermediate queries to validate labels and results.

Question: execution method

Top 10 entity alternatives:
1. execution method (wd:Q15169167), also known as capital punishment method, method of execution: is subclass of cause of death / method to carry out execution / is subclass of method
2. Methods of Execution (wd:Q6823865): is instance of album / album by Brodequin
3. The Method of Execution. (wd:Q55401364): is instance of scholarly article / is instance of academic article / scientific article
4. The Method of Execution (wd:Q93855965): scientific article published in October 1953 / scientific article published in October 1953 / scientific article published in October 1953 / is instance of scholarly article / is instance of academic article
5. Transaction execution method and system (wd:Q120640861): is instance of United States patent / US patent 11308494
6. Processor and instruction execution method (wd:Q121070420): is instance of United States patent / US patent 11442732
7. Service execution method and device (wd:Q121780196): is instance of United States patent / US patent 11188961
8. Service execution method and device (wd:Q121362021): is instance of United States patent / US patent 11347825
9. Service execution method and apparatus (wd:Q119170472): is instance of United States patent / US patent 11178604
10. Application execution method and apparatus (wd:Q118646169): is instance of United States patent / US patent 11196781

[Assistant]
Now I'll list triples for the candidate entity wd:Q15169167 ("execution method") to confirm it's the intended class and see relevant properties like instance-of or subclass-of. I'll fetch triples with that subject.

list

wd:Q15169167

Got 221 rows and 3 columns, showing the first 10 rows below:
| subject                         | property                               | object                                                                                |
| ------------------------------- | -------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| execution method (wd:Q15169167) | Google Knowledge Graph ID (wdtn:P2671) | <http://g.co/kg/g/121v7z13>                                                                                |
| execution method (wd:Q15169167) | Commons category (wdt:P373)            | Execution methods                                                                                |
| execution method (wd:Q15169167) | image (wdt:P18)                        | <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/A%20babocsai%20v%C3%A1r%20felad%C3%B3inak%20kiv%C3%A9gz%C3%A9se%201601.jpg> |
| execution method (wd:Q15169167) | subclass of (wdt:P279)                 | cause of death (wd:Q1931388)                                                                                |
| execution method (wd:Q15169167) | topic's main category (wdt:P910)       | wd:Q6625711                                                                                |
| execution method (wd:Q15169167) | FactGrid item ID (wdtn:P8168)          | <https://database.factgrid.de/entity/Q1181531>                                                                                |
| execution method (wd:Q15169167) | said to be the same as (wdt:P460)      | execution (wd:Q3966286)                                                                                |
| execution method (wd:Q15169167) | has use (wdt:P366)                     | capital punishment (wd:Q8454)                                                                                |
| execution method (wd:Q15169167) | KBpedia ID (wdtn:P8408)                | <http://kbpedia.org/kko/rc/ExecutionStyledMurder>                                                                               |
| execution method (wd:Q15169167) | wdt:P31279                             | method (wd:Q1799072)                                                                                |
| ...                             | ...                                    | ...                                                                                |

[Assistant]
I'll run a SPARQL query that finds all items whose subclass-of (P279) chain leads to the item "execution method" (wd:Q15169167). This uses the transitive property path wdt:P279* and returns distinct item IRIs and their English labels. I'll now execute that query.

execute

SELECT DISTINCT ?item ?itemLabel WHERE {
  ?item wdt:P279* wd:Q15169167 .
  OPTIONAL { ?item rdfs:label ?itemLabel FILTER(LANG(?itemLabel) = "en") }
}
ORDER BY ?itemLabel

Got 14 rows and 2 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| item                              | itemLabel                      |
| --------------------------------- | ------------------------------ |
| cement shoes (wd:Q5058656)        | cement shoes (lang:en)         |
| crushing (wd:Q17087776)           | crushing (lang:en)             |
| crushing by elephant (wd:Q213490) | crushing by elephant (lang:en) |
| decapitation device (wd:Q3537288) | decapitation device (lang:en)  |
| domoji (wd:Q12593000)             | domoji (lang:en)               |
| ...                               | ...                            |
| junshi (wd:Q1071761)              | junshi (lang:en)               |
| Maiden (wd:Q1434462)              | Maiden (lang:en)               |
| peine forte et dure (wd:Q191990)  | peine forte et dure (lang:en)  |
| seppuku (wd:Q133462)              | seppuku (lang:en)              |
| trampling (wd:Q37853778)          | trampling (lang:en)            |

[Assistant]
I'll re-run the same query to retrieve the full set of items so I can list them all in the final answer.

SELECT DISTINCT ?item ?itemLabel WHERE {
  ?item wdt:P279* wd:Q15169167 .
  OPTIONAL { ?item rdfs:label ?itemLabel FILTER(LANG(?itemLabel) = "en") }
}
ORDER BY ?itemLabel

Got 14 rows and 2 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| item                              | itemLabel                      |
| --------------------------------- | ------------------------------ |
| cement shoes (wd:Q5058656)        | cement shoes (lang:en)         |
| crushing (wd:Q17087776)           | crushing (lang:en)             |
| crushing by elephant (wd:Q213490) | crushing by elephant (lang:en) |
| decapitation device (wd:Q3537288) | decapitation device (lang:en)  |
| domoji (wd:Q12593000)             | domoji (lang:en)               |
| ...                               | ...                            |
| junshi (wd:Q1071761)              | junshi (lang:en)               |
| Maiden (wd:Q1434462)              | Maiden (lang:en)               |
| peine forte et dure (wd:Q191990)  | peine forte et dure (lang:en)  |
| seppuku (wd:Q133462)              | seppuku (lang:en)              |
| trampling (wd:Q37853778)          | trampling (lang:en)            |

[Assistant]
I'll run a query that returns the total count and a single concatenated string of item IRIs plus their English labels, so I can list every result unambiguously.

SELECT (COUNT(DISTINCT ?item) AS ?count) (GROUP_CONCAT(DISTINCT CONCAT(STR(?item), " ", ?itemLabel); separator="; ") AS ?items) WHERE {
  ?item wdt:P279* wd:Q15169167 .
  OPTIONAL { ?item rdfs:label ?itemLabel FILTER(LANG(?itemLabel) = "en") }
}

[Assistant]
I'll retrieve the results in pages of 5 rows (OFFSET 0, 5, 10) to capture all 14 items without truncation. First page (OFFSET 0).

SELECT DISTINCT ?item ?itemLabel WHERE {
  ?item wdt:P279* wd:Q15169167 .
  OPTIONAL { ?item rdfs:label ?itemLabel FILTER(LANG(?itemLabel) = "en") }
}
ORDER BY ?itemLabel
LIMIT 5 OFFSET 0

Got 5 rows and 2 columns:
| item                              | itemLabel                      |
| --------------------------------- | ------------------------------ |
| cement shoes (wd:Q5058656)        | cement shoes (lang:en)         |
| crushing (wd:Q17087776)           | crushing (lang:en)             |
| crushing by elephant (wd:Q213490) | crushing by elephant (lang:en) |
| decapitation device (wd:Q3537288) | decapitation device (lang:en)  |
| domoji (wd:Q12593000)             | domoji (lang:en)               |

[Assistant]
I'll fetch the second page (OFFSET 5, LIMIT 5).

SELECT DISTINCT ?item ?itemLabel WHERE {
  ?item wdt:P279* wd:Q15169167 .
  OPTIONAL { ?item rdfs:label ?itemLabel FILTER(LANG(?itemLabel) = "en") }
}
ORDER BY ?itemLabel
LIMIT 5 OFFSET 5

Got 5 rows and 2 columns:
| item                            | itemLabel                  |
| ------------------------------- | -------------------------- |
| execution method (wd:Q15169167) | execution method (lang:en) |
| forced suicide (wd:Q2746270)    | forced suicide (lang:en)   |
| garrote (wd:Q840649)            | garrote (lang:en)          |
| guillotine (wd:Q128015)         | guillotine (lang:en)       |
| junshi (wd:Q1071761)            | junshi (lang:en)           |

[Assistant]
I'll fetch the third page (OFFSET 10, LIMIT 5) to get the remaining items. I will also exclude the root class in the final query, but for completeness I'm paging through current results.

SELECT DISTINCT ?item ?itemLabel WHERE {
  ?item wdt:P279* wd:Q15169167 .
  OPTIONAL { ?item rdfs:label ?itemLabel FILTER(LANG(?itemLabel) = "en") }
}
ORDER BY ?itemLabel
LIMIT 5 OFFSET 10

Got 4 rows and 2 columns:
| item                             | itemLabel                     |
| -------------------------------- | ----------------------------- |
| Maiden (wd:Q1434462)             | Maiden (lang:en)              |
| peine forte et dure (wd:Q191990) | peine forte et dure (lang:en) |
| seppuku (wd:Q133462)             | seppuku (lang:en)             |
| trampling (wd:Q37853778)         | trampling (lang:en)           |

[Assistant]
I'll run the final SPARQL query that returns all distinct subclasses (transitively) of execution method (wd:Q15169167), excluding the execution method item itself, and including English labels. I'll execute it now to confirm the final result.

SELECT DISTINCT ?item ?itemLabel WHERE {
  ?item wdt:P279* wd:Q15169167 .
  FILTER(?item != wd:Q15169167)
  OPTIONAL { ?item rdfs:label ?itemLabel FILTER(LANG(?itemLabel) = "en") }
}
ORDER BY ?itemLabel

Got 13 rows and 2 columns, showing the first 5 and last 5 rows below:
| item                              | itemLabel                      |
| --------------------------------- | ------------------------------ |
| cement shoes (wd:Q5058656)        | cement shoes (lang:en)         |
| crushing (wd:Q17087776)           | crushing (lang:en)             |
| crushing by elephant (wd:Q213490) | crushing by elephant (lang:en) |
| decapitation device (wd:Q3537288) | decapitation device (lang:en)  |
| domoji (wd:Q12593000)             | domoji (lang:en)               |
| ...                               | ...                            |
| junshi (wd:Q1071761)              | junshi (lang:en)               |
| Maiden (wd:Q1434462)              | Maiden (lang:en)               |
| peine forte et dure (wd:Q191990)  | peine forte et dure (lang:en)  |
| seppuku (wd:Q133462)              | seppuku (lang:en)              |
| trampling (wd:Q37853778)          | trampling (lang:en)            |

[Assistant]
answer

SELECT DISTINCT ?item ?itemLabel WHERE {
  ?item wdt:P279* wd:Q15169167 .
  FILTER(?item != wd:Q15169167)
  OPTIONAL { ?item rdfs:label ?itemLabel FILTER(LANG(?itemLabel) = "en") }
}
ORDER BY ?itemLabel

Answer:
I ran a transitive-subclass query (wdt:P279*) anchored at the Wikidata item execution method (wd:Q15169167), excluding the root item itself. The query returns 13 distinct subclass items (IRI and English label):

- wd:Q5058656 — cement shoes
- wd:Q17087776 — crushing
- wd:Q213490 — crushing by elephant
- wd:Q3537288 — decapitation device
- wd:Q12593000 — domoji
- wd:Q2746270 — forced suicide
- wd:Q840649 — garrote
- wd:Q128015 — guillotine
- wd:Q1071761 — junshi
- wd:Q1434462 — Maiden
- wd:Q191990 — peine forte et dure
- wd:Q133462 — seppuku
- wd:Q37853778 — trampling

Notes on the approach:
- I first located the appropriate Wikidata item for "execution method" (wd:Q15169167) and verified its usage.
- I used the property-path wdt:P279* to get the transitive closure of subclasses. The final query filters out the root class itself so only proper subclasses are returned.

If you want additional information for each returned item (instance-of, descriptions, links to pages, or only immediate subclasses), I can extend the query accordingly.